Search

We determined the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Nemateleotris decora by using a long polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and next-generation sequence (NGS) technology. The total length of N. decora mitogenome is 16 502 bp, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs genes, and a non-coding control region. The overall base composition of N. decora is 25.22% for A, 25.90% for T, 30.69% for G, and 18.19% for C. Our results showed the complete mitogenome is a good marker for the phylogenetic study.

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of the Clarion angelfish, Holacanthus clarionensis (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae) has been sequenced by next-generation sequencing method. The length of the assembled mitogenome is 16,615 bp, including 13 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and two ribosomal RNAs genes. The overall base composition of Clarion angelfish is 28.3% for A, 29.3% for C, 16.5% for G, 25.9% for T and show 85% identities to flame angelfish Centropyge loriculus. The complete mitogenome of the Clarion angelfish provides essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogeography and evolutionary analysis for marine angelfish phylogeny.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the stone loach Triplophysa bleekeri collected from the Anning River, a tributary of the Yalong River, in Sichuan Province was sequenced. The genome is 16,573 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and a noncoding control region. Most of the genes are encoded on the heavy strand, except for ND6 and eight tRNAs. The overall base composition of T. bleekeri is 28.1% for A, 28.4% for T, 25.5% for C, 18.0% for G, with a slight A+T bias of 56.5%. The complete mitochondrial genetic variability is high among different Triplophysa species and between the two T. bleekeri individuals from different rivers.

In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of Loligo beka. The genome was 17 483 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and three main non-coding regions. The overall base composition of L.beka is A 40.35%, T 32.53%, C 18.53%, and G 8.58%, with a highly A + T bias of 72.89%. All the three control regions (CR) contain termination-associated sequences and conserved sequence blocks. Here we describe a phylogenetic analysis of 11 species cephalopoda based on the complete mitochondrial genome, the result showed that the Loliolus uyii is most closely related to L. beka. This mitogenome sequence data would play an important role in the investigation of phylogenetic relationship, taxonomic resolution and phylogeography of the cephalopoda.

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Coilia brachygnathus (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) was determined by long PCR and primer walking methods. The complete mitochondrial genome is 16,677 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes as well as a displacement loop (D-loop). The overall base composition of the genome is A(31.21%), T(26.25%), C(27.06%), G(15.48%). The mitogenome of C. brachygnathus displayed novel gene order arrangement compared with published Coilia ectenes to date. The mitogenome would contribute to resolving phylogenetic position and interrelationships of Coilinae.

Ord's kangaroo rat is a kangaroo rat native to western North America. In this study, we first reported the complete mitochondrial genome of Dipodomys ordii that the first has the complete mitochondrial genome in the genus of Heteromyidae. The mitogenome is a circular molecule of 16 257 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs and a putative displacement loop region. All protein-coding genes started with a traditional ATN codon and terminated with the mitochondria stop codon (TAA/TAG/AGA) or a single T base. The gene order and composition of mitogenome was similar to that of most other Sciurognathi species and its GC content was 36.73%. Thirteen protein-coding genes of D. ordii together with eight other closely species were used to construct the species phylogenetic tree for verification of the accuracy of new determined mitogenome sequences.

Pundamilia nyererei, a member of the family cichlid lived in individual African lakes, regarded as a significant evolution model. Recently the genome sequencing had been done, but no more information of its mitochondrial reported. Herein, we first assembled the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Pundamilia nyererei. It is a 16 758 bp long sequence with most mitogenome's characteristic structure, 13 protein-coding genes, 20 of tRNA genes, two of rRNA genes, and one putative control region. The GC-content of our fresh sequence is 45.24%, similar to closely related species Oreochromis niloticus. It can verify the accuracy and the utility of new determined mitogenome sequences by the phylogenetic analysis, based on whole mitogenome alignment with Dimidiochromis compressiceps, which is closest relative to Pundamilia nyererei, and seven others. We expect that using the full mitogenome to address taxonomic issues and study the related evolution events. Moreover, this is the first report of the mitogenome of genus Pundamilia nyererei.

Genetic diversity in cytochrome c oxidase I (coxI) among 7 species of Anopheles mosquitoes from Pakistan, and 37 species from different geographical regions of the world, was recorded. Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analysis revealed a clear gap between intraspecific and interspecific distances of 7 species from Pakistan. However, genetic distances of 37 Anopheles species failed to adequately differentiate species in a global context. Intraspecific and interspecific divergences for 7 Anopheles species of Pakistan varied from 0.0% to 2.5% (mean = 0.49%) and 8% to 22.3% (mean = 12.77%), respectively. Similarly, intraspecific distances for 37 species from different parts of world ranged from 0.0% to 11.2% (mean = 0.65%) while values of interspecific divergences ranged from 3.4% to 35% (mean = 11.75%). Although phylogenetic tree revealed separate clades for 7 Anopheles species of Pakistan, it failed to produce separate clades for 37 species of the world. It is concluded that although standard barcode region is helpful for identifying Anopheles mosquitoes, combination of multi-locus approaches and morphology may be required to accurately identify species in this genus.

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of the Vermiculated angelfish (Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus) (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae) has been sequenced by the next-generation sequencing method. The assembled mitogenome consisting of 16,998 bp, including 13 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and two ribosomal RNAs genes. The overall base composition of vermiculated angelfish is 27.6% for A, 30.7% for C, 16.1% for G, and 25.6% for T and show 85% identities to Bluestripe angelfish C. septentrionalis in the same genus. The complete mitogenome of the Vermiculated angelfish provides essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogeography and evolutionary analysis for marine angelfishes.

We reported the complete mitochondrial genome of the Damaraland mole rat Fukomys damarensis which was retrieved from the published genome of the Brandt's bat Myotis brandtii. The mitogenome of F. damarensis is 16 868 bp in length with a base composition of 33.81% A, 30.79% T, 22.20% C, and 13.20% G, and contains 22 tRNA, two rRNA, 13 protein-coding genes, and a non-coding control region. The sequence of F. damarensis was verified by a phylogenetic analysis. Our study suggests a caution when utilizing the published genome assembly generated by next-generation sequencing.

Here is a first record for a mitochondrial genome of marine fungus Acremonium fuci and closely related species Emericellopsis sp. One strain for each species, differentiated by morphological features was studied. Complete mitochondrial sequences are 24 565 and 24 951 bp in length. The circular molecule encodes all genes typical for fungal mitochondrial genomes: 15 protein-coding genes, 28 tRNAs, and large and small subunits of RNA. All structural genes are located on one strand and transcribed in one direction. Mitogenomes of species have 99% identity in protein-coding genes, but differ in some structural features: one of them has additional ORF with a similarity to cox1 gene, and another one has an intron in nad5 gene.

Sinibotia pulchra (Cypriniformes: Cobitidae) is a small cyprinid fish. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of S. pulchra is sequenced. The S. pulchra complete mitochondrial genome (GenBank accession no. KT362179) was a circular molecule of 16 568 bp in length, with 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosome RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, an L-strand replication origin (OL) and a control region (D-loop). The nucleotide acid composition of the entire mitogenome was 31.69% for A, 25.63% for T, 26.94% for C and 15.74% for G, with an AT content of 57.32%. The AT content of 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and D-loop was 50.21%, 56.86% and 66.74%, respectively.

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of the Emperor angelfish, Pomacanthus imperator (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae) has been sequenced by the next-generation sequencing method. The assembled mitogenome consisting of 16,538 bp, including 13 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and two ribosomal RNAs genes. The overall base composition of Emperor angelfish is 28.4% for A, 28.2% for C, 16.2% for G, 27.2% for T and show 82% identities to Bluestripe angelfish Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis. The complete mitogenome of the Emperor angelfish provides essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogeography and evolutionary analysis for marine angelfish phylogeny.

The banjofish (Banjos banjos) is the only species in the monotypic genus Banjos and in the family Banjosidae. To understand the phylogenetic relationship of banjofish in teleost, we firstly determined the complete mitochondrial genome of banjofish. The entire mitochondrial genome of banjofish is 16 485 bp in length, including 13 protein-coding genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA) and a control region (CR). The overall base composition is T, 26.2%; C, 29.2%; A, 28.6% and G, 16.0%. The central conserved sequence blocks (CSB) were identified and the core sequence (ACATATATGT) of terminal-associated sequences was recognized in the control region. The gene arrangement, base composition, and tRNA structures of the complete mitochondrial genome of banjofish is consistent with those of other teleost. The complete mitochondrial genome of banjofish was used to construct phylogenetic tree, which shows that banjofish is clustered with the fishes of the family Histiopteridae. We expect that the availability of mitochondrial genome of banjofish will facilitate the further investigations of the taxonomic resolution, biogeography and molecular systematic.

We sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of the big-eared horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus macrotis. Total length of the mitogenome is 16,848 bp, with a base composition of 31.2% A, 25.3% T, 28.8% C and 14.7% G. The mitogenome consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA (12S and 16S rRNA) genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region. It has the same gene arrangement pattern as those of typical vertebrate mitochondrial genome. The results will contribute to our understanding of the taxonomic status and evolution in the genus Rhinolophus bats.

A partial genome dataset was sequenced for the orchid Cattleya crispata using both Illumina and 454 technologies. The chloroplast genome was assembled using iterative runs of MIRA software that yielded a circular molecule with 148,343 bp in length and deposited in GenBank database (Accession Number KP168671). The plastid genome conserved the quadripartite structure present in most Orchidaceae chloroplasts and was composed by 79 protein-coding genes, 39 tRNAs and 8 rRNAs. Genome structure, gene order and orientation were similar to previously described chloroplasts for Cymbidium orchids, differing in gene order for petN and psbM genes. Data described here contain the first report of a complete chloroplast for the Neotropical subtribe Laeliinae and may contribute to improve the phylogenetic resolution and allow the development of new molecular markers for population genetic studies of orchids.

Drosophila formosana (Diptera: Drosophilidae) belongs to the Drosophilidae group of Drosophila. The mitochondrial genome sequence of Drosophila formosana is determined in this study. Mitochondrion of D. formosana is a circular DNA molecule of the 16 100 nucleotide pairs (bp) that contains one encoding region including 37 genes and 1 non-coding A + T-rich region. The similarity and typicality have been showed by the structure and organization analysis. All genes are arranged in the circular DNA molecule. In addition to DN5 that use GTG start codon, all other protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with an ATN start codon. Ten protein-coding genes stop with the termination codon TAN, while other protein-coding genes (PCGs) used incomplete termination codon TA- (cox2, nad5, nad1). The A + T-rich region with a length of 1088 bp is located between rrnS and trnI. The mitochondrial genome of D. formosana has been completely sequenced for the first time in this study.

In this study, we reported the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Cubiceps squamiceps, and its phylogenetic relationship. The full length of this mitogenome was 16 510 bp, including 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and a putative control region. The location of genes in mitochondrial genome was similar to other fish species within family Nomeidae. Twenty-eight genes were located on the heavy strand, while nine genes were located on the light strand. The nucleotide composition of this mitogenome was 27.5% for A, 28.5% for C, 17.5% for G, and 26.5% for T. From the NJ phylogenetic tree, we can find that C. squamiceps was genetically closest to C. pauciradiatus among 20 species within suborder Stromateoidei. This study could lay the basis for the future studies in population genetic diversity, taxonomic status, molecular systematics, and conservation genetics in C. squamiceps.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Bombyx mori strain Yu5 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is a circular molecule of 15,644  bp in length, containing 37 typical coding genes and one non-coding AT-rich region. The overall composition of the mitogenome was A (43.07%), G (7.34%), C (11.33%), and T (38.26%). Its gene order and content were identical to the common type found in most insect mitogenomes. All protein coding genes (PCGs) started with a typical ATN initiation codon, except for the cox1 gene, which began with CGA codon. Eleven genes used standard complete termination codon TAA, whereas the cox1 and cox2 genes ended with single T. All tRNA genes displayed typical secondary cloverleaf structures as those of other insects. Additionally, the 494  bp long AT-rich region contained several structures common to the other lepidopterons, such as some structures of repeated motifs and microsatellite-like elements and a poly-A element upstream of transfer RNA M (trnM) gene.

The Sorex genus is type genus in Soricidae. Most of them lack comprehensive biological data. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Sorex bedfordiae was determined. The mitogenome is 17 160 base pairs in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and one control region. The nucleotide sequence data of 12 heavy-strand protein-coding genes of Sorex bedfordiae and other 10 species in Soricidae were used for phylogenetic analyses. Tree constructed using Bayesian phylogenetic methods demonstrated Sorex bedfordiae as a sister to Sorex cylindricauda. Phylogenetic analyses further confirmed that Blarinella diverged prior to Sorex and Anourosorex, but Episoriculus differentiated earlier than Neomys and Nectogale within subfamily Soricinae.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the hybrid of Megalobrama amblycephala (♀) × Megalobrama skolkovii (♂) was characterized first in this study. The total length of the genome was identical to the female parent as 16 623 bp, and the overall base composition was 31.23% A, 24.69% T, 27.89% C, and 16.19% G, with a slight A + T bias. It contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 2 main non-coding regions (the control region and the origin of the light-strand replication). This study discovered the 99.88% sequence identity between the hybrid and its female parent, which confirmed the maternal inheritance pattern followed by the mitochondrial genome of the hybrid. However, the sequence alignment of mitochondrial genomes between the hybrid and its female parent revealed a total of 20 variable sites in 10 genes or regions, especially 4 sense mutations in 2 PCGs (COX1 and ATPase6). The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of this hybrid bream may provide an important dataset for further study in mitochondrial inheritance mechanism.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Epinephelus fuscoguttatus was presented in this study. The mitochondrial genome is 16,648 bp long and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. The gene order and the composition of E. fuscoguttatus mitochondrial genome were similar to that of most other vertebrates. The nucleotide compositions of the light strand are 26.91% of A, 15.58% of C, 29.19% of T, and 28.32% of G. With the exception of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) and eight tRNA genes, all other mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand.

Wild yak is a special breed in China and it is regarded as an important genetic resource for sustainably developing the animal husbandry in Tibetan area and enriching region's biodiversity. The complete mitochondrial genome of wild yak (16,322 bp in length) displayed 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes and A + T-rich (61.01%), with an overall G + C content of only 38.99%. It contained a non-coding control region (D-loop), 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes. Most of the genes have ATG initiation codons, whereas ND2, ND3, and ND5 genes start with ATA and were encoded on H-strand. The gene order of wild yak mitogenome is identical to that observed in most other vertebrates. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of wild yak reported here could provide valuable information for developing genetic markers and phylogenetic analysis in yak.

Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was first introduced to the Philippines in 1950 for aquaculture. Since then, other species of tilapia have been introduced to the country and some of them (mainly Oreochromis niloticus) have become established in lakes and other water bodies. In this study, DNA barcoding using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was done to assess the reliability of morphological identification and the degree of introgression among feral tilapias (Oreochromis spp.) in seven major Philippine lakes, namely Laguna de Bay, Lake Lanao, Taal Lake, Lake Mainit, Lake Naujan, Lake Bato, and Lake Buhi. Specimens were also collected from a private hatchery in Sual, Pangasinan to serve as reference. Morphological traits, Nucleotide BLAST (BLASTn), and Translated BLAST (BLASTx) analyses were used to classify the specimens. A Neighbor-Joining tree was constructed using the Kimura 2-Parameter method, incorporating 66 COI sequences generated from the study and 20 additional reference sequences obtained from GenBank. Three Oreochromis clusters were obtained and were classified as the O. niloticus group, O. mossambicus group, and O. aureus group, with bootstrap support values of 99%, 74%, and 99%, respectively. The mean K2P genetic distances within each group were 0.008%, 0.959%, and 0.086%, respectively. The clustering of COI sequences generated from this study corresponded with the results of the BLASTn analysis. Oreochromis hybrids were also found in all the lakes. The study highlights the usefulness of DNA barcoding for molecular identification and detection of introgressed individuals, with potential applications in management of feral stocks.

The mitochondrial genome is typically a single circular chromosome in eukaryotes. In the present study, the sequenced mitochondrial genome of Acropora aculeus was of 18 532 bp in length, and encoded thirteen typical protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and two transfer RNA genes. All genes except trnM, rrnL, trnW, atp8, and cox2 were engulfed by the large intron of the nad5 gene. A unique initiation codon TTG presented in the nad3 gene. In the phylogenic tree, the tree length of genus Montipora/Astreopora was longest among all genus pairwise comparisons in the family Acroporidae, and it was also longer than the tree length of A. aculeus/other species. These results suggested that the mitochondrial genome evolution of genus Astreopora could be fastest in the family Acroporidae.

Northern shoveler (Anas clypeata) is a middle-sized duck living in an extremely geographical range in northern hemisphere. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome of A. clypeata (16 599 bp in length) has been analyzed for building the database. Similar to the typical mtDNA of vertebrates, it contained 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes) and a non-coding region (D-loop). Overall base composition of the complete mitochondrial DNA is A (29.4%), G (15.7%), C (32.5%) and T (22.4%), the percentage of A and T (51.8%) is slightly higher than G and C (48.2%). All the genes in A. clypeata were distributed on the H-strand, except for the ND6 subunit gene and 9 tRNA genes which were encoded on the L-strand. The phylogenetic relationships of 12 Anatidae species were reconstructed based on the complete mtDNA sequences using the Bayesian inference method.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the hermit crab Clibanarius infraspinatus was recovered by genome skimming using Next-Gen sequencing. The Clibanarius infraspinatus mitogenome has 16,504 base pairs (67.94% A + T content) made up of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal subunit genes, 22 transfer RNAs and a putative 1500 bp non-coding AT-rich region. The Clibanarius infraspinatus mitogenome sequence is the first for the family Diogenidae and the second for the superfamily Paguroidea and exhibits a translocation of the ND3 gene not previously reported for the Decapoda.

The Verreaux's sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi, is a medium-sized lemur that inhabits in tropical dry lowland and montane forest. Here, we reported the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of this species. The mitogenome of P. verreauxi is 17 106 bp in length and composed of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and a control region. The structure about gene order and composition is identical to that of the other lemur species and related genera. The overall base composition of the heavy strand in descending order is A (32.84%), T (27.13%), C (26.95%), and G (13.08%). Most of the genes are encoded on the heavy strand except for the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) and eight tRNA genes. With the exception of COX3, which terminates with an incomplete stop codon (T-), all the other PCGs initiates with a traditional ATN start codon and ends with the typical mitochondrial stop codon (TAG/TAA/AGA). The phylogenetic tree constructed using the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of P. verreauxi together with 15 other closely related species with Neighbor-Joining (NJ) method shows that P. verreauxi is closer to P. coquereli in the phylogenetic relationship.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Synanceia verrucosa has been sequenced. The mitochondrial genome is 16,506 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and one control region. The gene order and the composition of S. verrucosa mitochondrial genome were similar to that of most other vertebrates. The overall nucleotides base composition of the heavy strand is A (31.01%), G (15.06%), C (25.60%), and T (28.34%). With the exception of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) and eight tRNA genes, all other mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand. The tRNA-Ser2 gene lacked DHC arm and could not fold into a typical clover-leaf secondary structure. Seen from the phylogenetic tree, a stonefish (S. verrucosa), two lionfishes, and eight rockfishes from the same order (Scorpaeniformes) clustered into one branch.

The Fossorochromis rostratus is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi in East Africa. In this study, we first reported the complete mitochondrial genome of F. rostratus. The whole mitochondrial genome is 16 581 bp in length, which contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes. The GC content of this mitochondrial genome is 45.96% (27.47% A, 26.57%T, 30.12% C, and 15.84% G), similar to Astatotilapia calliptera (the GC content of 45.90%). We constructed a phylogenetic tree on the complete mitochondrial genomes of these two species and other 10 closely related species to show their phylogenic relationship. The complete mitochondrial genome of F. rostratus and its phylogenic relationship with other related species would facilitate our understanding of the evolution of Cichlidae mitochondrial genome.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is one of the important molecular markers in studying population genetic structure and evolutionary history. Hyla tsinlingensis is an endemic species in the family Hylidae, which is only distributed on Tsinling-Dabieshan Mountains in central China. The complete mitochondrial genome of H. tsinlingensis was sequenced (18,295 bp in length, GenBank accession number KP212702). Similar to the typical mtDNA of amphibians, the complete mtDNA sequence of H. tsinlingensis contained two rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), and one D-loop region. The nucleotide composition was 29.3% A, 27.1% C, 15.0% G, and 28.6% T.

The complete mitochondrial genomes of the Indo-Pacific scleractinians, Pseudosiderastrea formosa and P. tayamai, were sequenced. The mitochondrial genomes are 19,475 bp in length for both P. formosa and P. tayamai, representing the longest mitochondrial genome in the complex corals sequenced to date. The overall GC composition (36.3%) and the gene arrangement are similar to those of the other scleractinian corals, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes (rnl and rns) and 2 tRNA genes (tRNA-Met and tRNA-Trp). All genes, except tRNA-Trp, tRNA-Met, rnl, cox1, and atp8, are engulfed by a large group I intron in the nad5 gene. The second group I intron (970 bp) encoding a putative homing endonuclease is inserted in the cox1 gene, where insertion site is different from those of robust corals. Genes were separated by intergenic spacer regions for a total of 2593 bp, of which the cytb-nad2 region may correspond to the putative control region.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Epinephelus awoara was presented in this study. The mitochondrial genome is 16 798-bp long and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region. The gene order and composition of Epinephelus awoara mitochondrial genome was similar to that of most other vertebrates. The nucleotide compositions of the light strand in descending order is 27.35% of A, 16.53% of C, 28.44% of T, and 27.69% of G. With the exception of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) and eight tRNA genes, all other mitochondrial genes are encoded on the heavy strand. The phylogenetic analysis by maximum-likelihood (ML) method shows that the Epinephelus awoara was closer to Epinephelus fasciatomaculosus in the phylogenetic relationship.

In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Serranidae sp. was determined first. The entire mitochondrial genome of Serranidae sp. is 16 512 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA) and 2 main non-coding regions (the control region and the origin of the light-strand replication). The gene arrangement, base composition and tRNA structures of Serranidae sp. are similar to most of the bony fishes. The central conserved sequence blocks (CSB-1, CSB-2, and CSB-3) and the core sequence (ACATATATGT) of terminal-associated sequences were recognized in the control region. Meanwhile, the conserved motif 5'-GCCGG-3' was identified in the origin of light-strand replication of Serranidae sp. Phylogenetic tree, which is constructed based on the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of Serranidae sp., shows that Serranidae sp. is clustered with the fishes of the family Pentacerotidae. We expect that the mitochondrial genome of Serranidae sp. would play a key role in phylogenetic analysis of Serranidae.

The complete chloroplast genome of Morinda officinalis, an endangered and important Chinese medicine with great economic value, has been sequenced in this article. The genome size is 153 398 bp in length, with 38.05% GC content. A pair of inverted repeats (IRs, 51 834 bp) are separated by a large single copy region (LSC, 83 996 bp) and a small single copy region (SSC, 17 566 bp). The chloroplast genome contains 103 unique genes, 80 protein-coding genes, 19 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. In these genes, 8 genes contained 1 intron, and 2 genes comprised of 2 introns.

The mitogenome of the beaubrummel damselfish, Stegastes flavilatus Gill, 1862 (Genebank accession number KP136922), has a total length of 16,816 bp. It encodes 13 protein-coding, two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. Base composition is 28.6% A, 26.0% T, 29.8% C, and 15.7% G and 45.5% GC content. The gene arrangement was found to be the same of other pomacentrid mitogenomes.

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of largescale mullet (Teleostei: Mugilidae) has been sequenced by the next-generation sequencing method. The assembled mitogenome, consisting of 16,832 bp, had the typical vertebrate mitochondrial gene arrangement, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, two ribosomal RNAs genes, and a non-coding control region of D-loop. D-loop which has a length of 1094 bp is located between tRNA-Pro and tRNA-Phe. The overall base composition of largescale mullet is 27.8% for A, 30.1% for C, 16.2% for G, and 25.9% for T. The complete mitogenome may provide essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis for Mugilidae.

We sequenced and annotated the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Bactrocera diaphora (Diptera: Tephtitidae), which is an economically important pest in the southwest area of China, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Malaysia. This mitogenome is 15 890 bp in length with an A + T content of 74.103%, and contains 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes that are arranged in the same order as that of the inferred ancestral insects. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) start with a typical ATN codon, except cox1 that begins with TCG. Ten PCGs stop with termination codon TAA or TAG, whereas cox1, nad1 and nad5 have single T-- as the incomplete stop codon. All of the transfer RNA genes present the typical clover leaf secondary structure except trnS1 (AGN) with a looping D-arm. The A + T-rich region is located between rrnS and trnI with a length of 946 bp, and contains a 20 bp poly-T stretch and 22 bp poly-A stretch. Except the control region, the longest intergenic spacer is located between trnR and trnN that is 94 bp long with an excessive high A + T content (95.74%) and a microsatellite-like region (TA) 13 .

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of the Symphysodon aequifasciatus has been sequenced by next-generation sequencing method. The mitogenome consists of 16 545 bp, including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs and 2 ribosomal RNAs genes. The overall base composition of the fish is 28.8% for A, 30.1% for C, 15.0% for G, and 26.1% for T, suggesting a 99% identity to S. discus Heckel and a 98% identity to S. haraldi. It provides essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogeography and evolutionary analysis for Symphysodon phylogeny.

The sliteye shark Loxodon macrorhinus is the only member of the genus Loxodon in the family Carcharhinidae. In this study, we first present the complete mitochondrial genome of L. macrorhinus and determine its phylogenetic position within Carcharhinidae based on relative mitogenomes. The mitochondrial genome was 16 702 bp in length with the typical gene order in vertebrates. The overall base composition of the H-strand was 31.7% A, 25.8% C, 13.1% G, and 29.4% T. Two start codons (ATG and GTG) and three stop codons (TAG, AGG, and TAA/T) were found in the protein-coding genes. The tRNA genes ranged from 67 bp to 75 bp. Loxodon macrorhinus was placed as sister to the genus Scoliodon in the Bayesian tree.

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of the Tiger angelfish, Apolemichthys kingi (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae), has been sequenced by the next-generation sequencing method. The assembled mitogenome consisting of 16,816 bp includes 13 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and two ribosomal RNAs genes. The overall base composition of Tiger angelfish is 28.1% for A, 29.4% for C, 16.7% for G, 25.7% for T and show 86% identities to flame angelfish Centropyge loriculus. The complete mitogenome of the Tiger angelfish provides essential and important DNA molecular data for further phylogeography and evolutionary analysis for marine angelfish phylogeny.

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Antheraea pernyi strain Yu6 (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) has been reported for the first time. It is a circular molecule of 15,569 bp in length, containing 37 typical coding genes and 1 non-coding AT-rich region. The overall composition of the mitogenome is A (39.27%), G (7.71%), C (12.01%), and T (41.01%). Its gene order and content are identical to the common type found in most insect mitogenomes. All protein coding genes (PCGs) start with a typical ATN initiation codon, except for the cox1 gene, which begins with TTAG codon. Nine genes used standard complete termination codon TAA, whereas the cox1, cox2, nad3, and nad5 genes end with single T. All tRNAs display typical secondary cloverleaf structures as those of other insects. Additionally, the 552 bp long AT-rich region contained several structures common to the other lepidopterons, such as some structures of repeated motifs and microsatellite-like elements. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Antheraea pernyi Yu6 was close to Saturniidae.

The mitogenome of the Syntrichia filaris (GenBank accession number KP984758) has a total length of 106,343 bp and consists of 40 protein-coding genes, 3 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 24 transfer RNA. The mitochondrial structure and gene order was similar to other Bryophytes. Phylogenetic tree based on the combined analysis of amino acid sequences of 31 mitochondrial genes common in S. filaris, 17 Bryophyta and 3 Marchantiophyta, was well congruent with traditional species relationship of the moss order Pottiales.

Dioscorea zingiberensis (Dioscoreceae) is an important medicinal plant endemic to China. Here, its chloroplast genome sequence is reconstructed from the whole-genome Illumina sequencing data. The circular genome is 153,970 bp in length, and comprises a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,491 bp each, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,950 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,038 bp. The chloroplast genome contains 132 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes (79 PCG species), 8 ribosomal RNA genes (four rRNA species) and 38 transfer RNA genes (30 tRNA species). Out of these genes, 10 harbor a single intron, and 7 contain a couple of introns. The overall A + T content of the whole genome is 62.8%, while the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC and IR regions are 64.9%, 68.8% and 57.0%, respectively.

In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of Elaphe anomala (Squamata: Colubridae) is first determined using long PCR. It is a circular molecule of 17,164 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and 2 control regions (CRI and CRII). The gene order and nucleotide composition of E. anomala are very similar with E. schrenckii. Mitochondrial genomes analyses based on the NJ method yield phylogenetic tree of 17 species snakes of Colubridae. Species E. anomala, E. schrenckii, E. bimaculata and E. davidi seemed to have formed a monophyletic group with the high bootstrap value (100%) except E. poryphyracea. Oligodon ningshaanensis and Thermophis zhaoermii are special species. The molecular data presented here provide a useful tool for setting the stage for further studies.

The first complete mitochondrial genome of the family Hemerobiidae (Neuronema laminatum Tjeder, 1936) is sequenced in this study. The complete mitochondrial genome is a typical double-stranded circular molecule of 17,164 bp (GenBank accession number: KR078257) containing 37 typical animal mitochondrial gene and an A + T-rich region. The gene order is identical to that of the putative ancestral arrangement of insects and other lacewings. Thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs) possessed common triplet initiation codons ATN and mostly terminate with TAN codons except for ND5 with a single T residue adjacent to a downstream tRNA gene. All the 22 tRNAs, ranging from 63 to 72 bp, can be folded into classic clover-leaf secondary structure except for tRNA(Ser(AGN)), in which the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm did not form a stable stem-loop structure. The control region is 2131 bp long with an A + T content of 87.4%. In the sampled families of Neuroptera, Osmylidae + the remaining families, Hemerobiidae + Mantispidae, Polystoechotidae + Rapismatidae, are recovered in phylogenetic analyses with high supports.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1766 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunidae) was determined in this study. The full length mitogenome is 16 157 bp in size, and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and a non-coding control region, with the base composition of 33.70% for A, 18.99% for C, 12.22% for G, and 35.09% for T. The gene order of P. pelagicus mainly retains as the pancrustacean ground pattern, except for a single translocation of tRNA(His) gene. The mitogenome data provide a basis for further studies on population genetics and phylogenetics.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the Taiwan red pine Pinus taiwanensis Hayata chloroplast genome (cpDNA) is determined in this study. The genome is composed of 119,741 bp in length, containing a pair of very short inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions of 495 bp, which was divided by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 65,670 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 53,080 bp in length. The cpDNA contained 115 genes, including 74 protein-coding genes (73 PCG species), 4 ribosomal RNA genes (four rRNA species) and 37 tRNA genes (22 tRNA species). Out of these genes, 12 harbored a single intron, and one (rps12) contained a couple of introns. The overall AT content of the Taiwan red pine cpDNA is 61.5%, while the corresponding values of the LSC, SSC and IR regions are 62.2%, 60.6% and 63.6%, respectively. A maximum parsimony phylogenetic analysis suggested that the genus Pinus, Picea, Abies and Larix were strongly supported as monophyletic, and the cpDNA of P. taiwanensis is closely related to that of P. thunbergii.

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the hedgehog seahorse Hippocampus spinosissimus was first determined in this article. The total length of H. spinosissimus mitogenome is 16 527 bp and consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region. The gene order and composition of H. spinosissimus were similar to those of most other vertebrates. The overall base composition of H. spinosissimus is 32.1% A, 30.3% T, 14.9% G and 22.7% C, with a slight A + T-rich feature (62.4%). Phylogenetic analyses based on complete mitochondrial genome sequence showed that H. spinosissimus has a close genetic relationship to H. ingens and H. kuda.

In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the little squid (Loligo duvaucelii). The genome is 17,413 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 3 main non-coding regions. The overall base composition of L. duvaucelii is 40.01% A, 32.33% T, 19.14% C and 8.52% G, with a high A + T bias of 72.34%. All of the three control regions (CR) contain termination-associated sequences and conserved sequence blocks. Here, we describe a phylogenetic analysis of 10 species of Cephalopoda based on the complete mitochondrial genome, the result showed that the Loliolus uyii is most closely related to L. duvaucelii. This mitogenome sequence data would play an important role in the investigation of phylogenetic relationship, taxonomic resolution and phylogeography of the Cephalopoda.