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Primates are highly social animals and should ideally be housed together with conspecifics in social groups. Although group-housing enhances the psychological wellbeing of captive primates, it also leads to an inherent risk of some individuals becoming overweight. Indeed, overweight occurs in almost a quarter of group-housed primates. Measuring and monitoring overweight is important because overweight primates (1) perform less natural behaviour and (2) have a higher risk of health problems. The best way to measure overweight in group-housed primates is a species-specific weight-for-height index. Measuring this non-invasively minimizes disturbances to the primates. Variation in body weight can be measured non-invasively by letting individuals voluntarily step on a scale in their home enclosure. In the colony of the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC) in Rijswijk, overweight cannot be explained by differences in housing condition, stress levels or behaviour of the primates, while the natural dominance rank has a strong effect. This complicates the application of husbandry strategies to reduce overweight as social organization and dominance rank should not be disrupted. Overweight prevention should therefore be favored over overweight reduction, and this can be achieved by providing diets that mimic the natural diets of wild primates with regard to provisioning, composition and amount of food. Altogether, this thesis provides insight in the correlates, consequences and control of overweight in group-housed primates. Having an overweight management program is recommended for all facilities housing primates to ensure good primate welfare.

Primates are highly social animals and should ideally be housed together with conspecifics in social groups. Although group-housing enhances the psychological wellbeing of captive primates, it also leads to an inherent risk of some individuals becoming overweight. Indeed, overweight occurs in almost a quarter of group-housed primates. Measuring and monitoring overweight is important because overweight primates (1) perform less natural behaviour and (2) have a higher risk of health problems. The best way to measure overweight in group-housed primates is a species-specific weight-for-height index. Measuring this non-invasively minimizes disturbances to the primates. Variation in body weight can be measured non-invasively by letting individuals voluntarily step on a scale in their home enclosure. In the colony of the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC) in Rijswijk, overweight cannot be explained by differences in housing condition, stress levels or behaviour of the primates, while the natural dominance rank has a strong effect. This complicates the application of husbandry strategies to reduce overweight as social organization and dominance rank should not be disrupted. Overweight prevention should therefore be favored over overweight reduction, and this can be achieved by providing diets that mimic the natural diets of wild primates with regard to provisioning, composition and amount of food. Altogether, this thesis provides insight in the correlates, consequences and control of overweight in group-housed primates. Having an overweight management program is recommended for all facilities housing primates to ensure good primate welfare.

AIM: This study aimed to examine the extent, range and variety of research in Europe describing healthcare interventions for older people with dementia (PwD) and family caregivers. METHODS: This was a scoping review and followed the PRISMA Scoping Review guideline. MEDLINE, CINAHL and Cochrane library databases were searched for studies published between 2010 and 2020. Studies reporting healthcare interventions in Europe for PwD over 65 years and their family caregivers were included. RESULTS: Twenty-one studies from six European countries were included. The types of healthcare intervention identified were categorized as follows: (1) family unit intervention (interventions for both PwD and their family caregiver), (2) individual intervention (separate interventions for PwD or family caregivers) and (3) family caregiver only intervention (interventions for family caregivers only but with outcomes for both PwD and family caregivers). CONCLUSIONS: This review provides insight into healthcare interventions for older PwD and family caregivers in Europe. More studies are needed that focus on the family as a unit of care in dementia.

Workshop over de Next Food Collective, een samenwerkingsverband voor duurzame en gezonde voeding.

Organisations increasingly offer worksite health promotion to improve the health and lifestyle of their employees, and also because doing so has been reported to affect employees’ productivity. Worksite health promotion can take diverse forms, such as offering healthy food choices in the worksite cafeteria and providing onsite fitness facilities. Many of the positive effects of worksite health promotion are contingent on the extent to which employees use it. However, only a limited number of employees does so, and there is large variation between organisations in employee participation rates. In this dissertation, Anne van der Put studies the role of the work environment in explaining worksite health promotion use and its outcomes. To do so, she makes use of unique multilevel survey data of employees in many organisations from nine European countries. In addition, she designed and conducted a survey experiment to examine worksite health promotion for employees working from home. This dissertation contributes by answering novel questions in relation to worksite health promotion and health behaviours in the context of work. By focussing on the work environment, and social relations at work in particular, it contributes to understanding how to increase worksite health promotion use. A unique dataset with ample variation in work environments allowed for this. Furthermore, the research shows that worksite health promotion exceeds the physical limitations of the workplace, by accounting for the new context of hybrid work. Finally, examining different types of worksite health promotion provides deeper insights into its use and outcomes. The results show that the work environment matters for the use of worksite health promotion, both in the workplace and when employees work from home. Especially colleagues are important for the healthy choices employees make, both at work and outside. When colleagues encourage a healthy lifestyle, employees are more likely to participate in worksite health promotion, eat more fruits and vegetables and engage in more physical activity. The more colleagues participate in worksite health promotion, the more employees do so too. Additionally, the healthy eating behaviours of colleagues are related to each other. Organisational culture also plays a role. When work goes above and beyond everything, employees refrain from using worksite health promotion. These findings also apply when employees work from home: employees are more likely to use worksite health promotion when their colleagues do so and when this takes place during working hours. By allowing this, the organisation signals that they care about its employees’ well-being. This research furthermore shows that higher educated employees are more likely to use worksite health promotion, which translates in increased health inequalities. Employers also benefit, as the results indicate that employees that use worksite health promotion, but also those that are aware of its existence, perform better. Employers should ensure all employees are provided access to worksite health promotion, are aware of its existence and are able to use it. This will help employees in being healthy at work.

Organisations increasingly offer worksite health promotion to improve the health and lifestyle of their employees, and also because doing so has been reported to affect employees’ productivity. Worksite health promotion can take diverse forms, such as offering healthy food choices in the worksite cafeteria and providing onsite fitness facilities. Many of the positive effects of worksite health promotion are contingent on the extent to which employees use it. However, only a limited number of employees does so, and there is large variation between organisations in employee participation rates. In this dissertation, Anne van der Put studies the role of the work environment in explaining worksite health promotion use and its outcomes. To do so, she makes use of unique multilevel survey data of employees in many organisations from nine European countries. In addition, she designed and conducted a survey experiment to examine worksite health promotion for employees working from home. This dissertation contributes by answering novel questions in relation to worksite health promotion and health behaviours in the context of work. By focussing on the work environment, and social relations at work in particular, it contributes to understanding how to increase worksite health promotion use. A unique dataset with ample variation in work environments allowed for this. Furthermore, the research shows that worksite health promotion exceeds the physical limitations of the workplace, by accounting for the new context of hybrid work. Finally, examining different types of worksite health promotion provides deeper insights into its use and outcomes. The results show that the work environment matters for the use of worksite health promotion, both in the workplace and when employees work from home. Especially colleagues are important for the healthy choices employees make, both at work and outside. When colleagues encourage a healthy lifestyle, employees are more likely to participate in worksite health promotion, eat more fruits and vegetables and engage in more physical activity. The more colleagues participate in worksite health promotion, the more employees do so too. Additionally, the healthy eating behaviours of colleagues are related to each other. Organisational culture also plays a role. When work goes above and beyond everything, employees refrain from using worksite health promotion. These findings also apply when employees work from home: employees are more likely to use worksite health promotion when their colleagues do so and when this takes place during working hours. By allowing this, the organisation signals that they care about its employees’ well-being. This research furthermore shows that higher educated employees are more likely to use worksite health promotion, which translates in increased health inequalities. Employers also benefit, as the results indicate that employees that use worksite health promotion, but also those that are aware of its existence, perform better. Employers should ensure all employees are provided access to worksite health promotion, are aware of its existence and are able to use it. This will help employees in being healthy at work.

In early life, the intestinal microbiota undergoes a tremendous maturation and if disturbed this has been associated with negative effects on immune and brain development. Healthy microbiome maturation is supported by components like prebiotics like short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), which are present in infant formula milk to mimic human breast milk. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the additional effects of a dietary combination of scGOS:lcFOS and n-3 PUFAs to improve health as well as to prevent cow’s milk allergy (CMA) development. In healthy mice, the combination of scGOS:lcFOS and n-3 PUFAs altered the intestinal bacterial composition in a distinct manner compared to the effects of the compounds individually. Additionally, scGOS:lcFOS improved social behaviour and reduced anxiety-like and repetitive behaviour, however, the n-3 PUFA and the combined interventions had limited to no effect on the evaluated behaviours and immune system parameters. CMA development was partly prevented by scGOS:lcFOS or n-3 PUFAs in mice but no additional effect was observed by the combination. Splenic cytokine responses were reduced and caecal butyrate level was induced by scGOS:lcFOS which tended to be impaired when combined with n-3 PUFAs, indicating the individual effects seemed to be negatively impacted when combined. It could also suggest a possible interaction between the dietary components, which was evaluated by studying modulation of intestinal Pparɣ expression, physical and chemical interaction and modulation of intestinal bacterial fermentation. It is no option to leave scGOS:lcFOS or n-3 PUFAs out of formula milk but it is essential to evaluate individual components and combinations as they might act differently than expected.

In early life, the intestinal microbiota undergoes a tremendous maturation and if disturbed this has been associated with negative effects on immune and brain development. Healthy microbiome maturation is supported by components like prebiotics like short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), which are present in infant formula milk to mimic human breast milk. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the additional effects of a dietary combination of scGOS:lcFOS and n-3 PUFAs to improve health as well as to prevent cow’s milk allergy (CMA) development. In healthy mice, the combination of scGOS:lcFOS and n-3 PUFAs altered the intestinal bacterial composition in a distinct manner compared to the effects of the compounds individually. Additionally, scGOS:lcFOS improved social behaviour and reduced anxiety-like and repetitive behaviour, however, the n-3 PUFA and the combined interventions had limited to no effect on the evaluated behaviours and immune system parameters. CMA development was partly prevented by scGOS:lcFOS or n-3 PUFAs in mice but no additional effect was observed by the combination. Splenic cytokine responses were reduced and caecal butyrate level was induced by scGOS:lcFOS which tended to be impaired when combined with n-3 PUFAs, indicating the individual effects seemed to be negatively impacted when combined. It could also suggest a possible interaction between the dietary components, which was evaluated by studying modulation of intestinal Pparɣ expression, physical and chemical interaction and modulation of intestinal bacterial fermentation. It is no option to leave scGOS:lcFOS or n-3 PUFAs out of formula milk but it is essential to evaluate individual components and combinations as they might act differently than expected.

This study explores if multiple alterations of the classrooms' indoor environmental conditions, which lead to environmental conditions meeting quality class A of Dutch guidelines, result in a positive effect on students' perceptions and performance. A field study, with a between-group experimental design, was conducted during the academic course in 2020–2021. First, the reverberation time (RT) was lowered in the intervention condition to 0.4 s (control condition 0.6 s). Next, the horizontal illuminance (HI) level was raised in the intervention condition to 750 lx (control condition 500 lx). Finally, the indoor air quality (IAQ) in both conditions was improved by increasing the ventilation rate, resulting in a reduction of carbon dioxide concentrations, as a proxy for IAQ, from ~1100 to

Dit artikel zoomt in op de verschillende activiteiten en initiatieven die zijn ondernomen om studenten- en docentenwelzijn te bevorderen. Bij alle initiatieven die ontplooid zijn is het concept Positieve Gezondheid gebruikt als tool om de activiteiten op een gedegen wijze vorm te geven.

Dit artikel zoomt in op de verschillende activiteiten en initiatieven die zijn ondernomen om studenten- en docentenwelzijn te bevorderen. Bij alle initiatieven die ontplooid zijn is het concept Positieve Gezondheid gebruikt als tool om de activiteiten op een gedegen wijze vorm te geven.

In dit rapport wordt het proces en de resultaten beschreven van fase 2 – projectjaar 2 tot en met 4 - van het project ‘Samen in Beweging met kwetsbare inwoners’. Het project is uitgevoerd door het consortium ‘Samen in beweging’ dat bestaat uit GGD IJsselland, GGD Noord- en Oost-Gelderland, Wageningen Universiteit (Academische Werkplaats AGORA),Hogeschool Viaa (Werkplaats Sociaal Domein Regio Zwolle) en de zes deelnemende gemeenten: Kampen, Zwartewaterland. Het vierjarige project is mede mogelijk gemaakt door ZonMw vanuit het preventieprogramma ‘Aan de slag met preventie in uw gemeente’.

A large proportion of the global workforce migrated home during the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns. It remains unclear what the exact differences between home workers and non-home workers were, especially during the pandemic when a return to work was imminent. How were building, workplace, and related facilities associated with workers’ perceptions and health? What are the lessons to be learned? Lifelines Corona Research Initiative was used to compare employees’ workplaces and related concerns, facilities, work quality, and health in a complete case analysis (N = 12,776) when return to work was imminent. Mann-Whitney U, logistic regression, and Wilcoxon matched-pairs were used for analyses. Notwithstanding small differences, the results show that home workers had less favourable scores for concerns about and facilities of on-site buildings and workplaces upon return to work, but better scores for work quality and health than non-home workers. However, additional analyses also suggest that building, workplace, and related facilities may have had the capacity to positively influence employees’ affective responses and work quality, but not always their health.

A large proportion of the global workforce migrated home during the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns. It remains unclear what the exact differences between home workers and non-home workers were, especially during the pandemic when a return to work was imminent. How were building, workplace, and related facilities associated with workers’ perceptions and health? What are the lessons to be learned? Lifelines Corona Research Initiative was used to compare employees’ workplaces and related concerns, facilities, work quality, and health in a complete case analysis (N = 12,776) when return to work was imminent. Mann-Whitney U, logistic regression, and Wilcoxon matched-pairs were used for analyses. Notwithstanding small differences, the results show that home workers had less favourable scores for concerns about and facilities of on-site buildings and workplaces upon return to work, but better scores for work quality and health than non-home workers. However, additional analyses also suggest that building, workplace, and related facilities may have had the capacity to positively influence employees’ affective responses and work quality, but not always their health.

Lector Sanne de Vries startte tien jaar geleden als lector bij het lectoraat Gezonde Leefstijl in Stimulerende Omgeving (GLSO). In het afgelopen decennium veranderde de focus van het lectoraat én groeide de kenniskring uit tot een maatschappelijk betrokken groep onderzoekers met impact in het werkveld. Een terugblik op tien jaar onderzoek met de lector die zelf minimaal drie keer per week sport en houdt van gezond én lekker eten.

Presentatie op uitnodiging bij Gemeente Emmen

Elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem can be achieved by a combination of HPV vaccination and screening for early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions. Screening by primary HPV testing is currently replacing cytology in many organized screening programs. HPV-based programs will also be adapted multiple times in the future as they need to take into account changes such as the development of more advanced technologies and the decline in HPV infections following HPV vaccination. In this thesis, multiple aspects of HPV-based screening are described, with a focus on optimization of strategies using risk stratification. In particular, this thesis aims to I) evaluate the clinical performance of HPV self-sampling offered in the Netherlands as an alternative primary screening option, II) study risk profiles of unvaccinated women using HPV genotyping and screening history, III) study risk profiles of vaccinated women attending HPV-based screening, and IV) assess the costs of HPV testing following public tendering in Italian regional settings. I) Primary HPV testing on a self-collected sample was found to have similar accuracy but a slightly lower sensitivity as compared to HPV testing on a clinician-collected sample, thus the consensus guidelines for use in cervical screening were met although a re-evaluation of the workflow procedure is warranted to optimize its performance. II) Taking into account HPV genotyping information and screening outcomes from the previous screening round can lead to a more precise risk assessment. We found that 5-year HPV type concordance signals high CIN3+ risk which supports immediate referral for colposcopy without additional cytology triage. We also found that HPV detection and CIN3+ risk were higher among women who had a positive HPV test in the past, warranting a re-evaluation of the 10-year interval implemented in the Dutch program for women with a negative HPV test at age 40 or 50 years. III) With the use of a type-specific data-driven statistical model, we projected the lifetime CIN3+ risks under 5-yearly primary HPV screening and different HPV vaccination scenarios and found that HPV vaccination will lead to a strong decline in the lifetime CIN3+ risk supporting de-intensification of the screening program in vaccinated women. Screening vaccinated women using HPV testing and cytology triage remains feasible, although intervals beyond 5 years should be considered. IV) HPV tests can be purchased at very low prices if procured at high volume. Enhancing transparency by reporting tender-based unit prices can support health authorities in their decision to implement primary HPV screening.

Elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem can be achieved by a combination of HPV vaccination and screening for early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions. Screening by primary HPV testing is currently replacing cytology in many organized screening programs. HPV-based programs will also be adapted multiple times in the future as they need to take into account changes such as the development of more advanced technologies and the decline in HPV infections following HPV vaccination. In this thesis, multiple aspects of HPV-based screening are described, with a focus on optimization of strategies using risk stratification. In particular, this thesis aims to I) evaluate the clinical performance of HPV self-sampling offered in the Netherlands as an alternative primary screening option, II) study risk profiles of unvaccinated women using HPV genotyping and screening history, III) study risk profiles of vaccinated women attending HPV-based screening, and IV) assess the costs of HPV testing following public tendering in Italian regional settings. I) Primary HPV testing on a self-collected sample was found to have similar accuracy but a slightly lower sensitivity as compared to HPV testing on a clinician-collected sample, thus the consensus guidelines for use in cervical screening were met although a re-evaluation of the workflow procedure is warranted to optimize its performance. II) Taking into account HPV genotyping information and screening outcomes from the previous screening round can lead to a more precise risk assessment. We found that 5-year HPV type concordance signals high CIN3+ risk which supports immediate referral for colposcopy without additional cytology triage. We also found that HPV detection and CIN3+ risk were higher among women who had a positive HPV test in the past, warranting a re-evaluation of the 10-year interval implemented in the Dutch program for women with a negative HPV test at age 40 or 50 years. III) With the use of a type-specific data-driven statistical model, we projected the lifetime CIN3+ risks under 5-yearly primary HPV screening and different HPV vaccination scenarios and found that HPV vaccination will lead to a strong decline in the lifetime CIN3+ risk supporting de-intensification of the screening program in vaccinated women. Screening vaccinated women using HPV testing and cytology triage remains feasible, although intervals beyond 5 years should be considered. IV) HPV tests can be purchased at very low prices if procured at high volume. Enhancing transparency by reporting tender-based unit prices can support health authorities in their decision to implement primary HPV screening.

The risk for development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) can be predicted by somatic or mental symptoms and dietary alterations aimed at improvement of those symptoms could potentially delay development of NCDs. The goal of this study was to identify whether self-initiated dietary changes could reduce mental and somatic symptoms in relatively healthy individuals. Participants (n = 494) recruited from the Dutch population filled out weekly questionnaires on dietary intake, somatic and mental symptoms and physical activity at baseline and during dieting for four weeks. There was a significant reduction in mental and somatic symptoms, body weight, and waist circumference at four weeks, whereas physical activity remained unchanged. Five dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis labelled "Processed foods", "Animal source foods", "Wheel of Five", "Traditional Dutch", and "Party". Reduction in mental symptoms was correlated to increased physical activity and increased intake of Wheel of Five foods. Reduction in somatic symptoms was correlated to body weight loss and less Processed foods, more Wheel of Five foods, and lower intake of fat and protein. Higher intake of protein and fat and lower intake of carbohydrates, however, were correlated to body weight loss. In conclusion this research showed that a self-initiated dietary change can lead to a significant reduction of mental and somatic symptoms.

Snelkookpan Citizen Science workshopEen korte workshop (45 min.) in ronde 1 over de fundamenten van Citizen Science. In Citizen Science wordt de betrokkenheid van burgers, docent-onderzoekers en professionals aanzienlijk vergroot waardoor de kans op impact door onderzoek en innovatie toeneemt. Tegelijk zijn Citizen Science projecten daardoor vaak complexer van aard. In deze workshop hoor je meer over de ins en outs van Citizen Science.

The increasing temperatures due to climate change pose a major threat to human health with increasing morbidity and mortality as a result. The level of vulnerability of humans due to the heat depends on many factors, such as environmental parameters, physiological and anatomical characteristics and behaviour. The aims of the current thesis were to investigate the effects of sex and age on vulnerability in the heat and explore the use of thermal models to provide individualized advice regarding heat stress and heat strain prevention. It was shown that the critical Wet Bulb Globe Temperature limits differ between sexes. Therefore it needs to be considered to have sex as a separate factor in thermal models and indices, in line with the observation that heat-related mortality is higher in elderly women than men in the Netherlands. It is also shown that people are able to adapt to the increasing ambient temperatures by an upward shift in the minimum mortality temperature, e.g. the ambient temperature at which the least amount of people die. Furthermore, it was shown that caretakers cannot estimate heat strain of their children reliably. More effort is required to educate caretakers in thermal strain detection and reduction. The tool ClimApp was shown to be a valid and user-friendly tool to predict heat strain. It may be incorporated in heat policies to reach a broader audience and vulnerable populations to provide relevant, individually focused advice regarding the risks of the heat and precautionary measures.

Ondanks de inzichten uit de verhoren van de parlementaire enquête laait de discussie steeds weer op: moet er weer gas gewonnen worden uit het Groningenveld? Deze bijeenkomst geeft meer inzicht in het gaswinningsdossier en de gevolgen van de gaswinning voor bewoners. Welke (internationale) belangen spelen een rol en waarom zijn deze inzichten voor heel Nederland van belang?Ervaringsdeskundigen en onderzoekers gaan in gesprek en geven een overzicht van wat de gaswinning, aardbevingen, schade aan huizen en versterking en sloop van panden doet met bewoners.Nicole van Eijkern en Eline de Flines, moeder en dochter, delen hun verhaal als bewoners van het gebied.

Several studies found that classrooms' indoor environmental quality (IEQ) can positively influence in-class activities. Understanding and quantifying the combined effect of four indoor environmental parameters, namely indoor air quality and thermal, acoustic, and lighting conditions on people is essential to create an optimal IEQ. Accordingly, a systematic approach was developed to study the effect of multiple IEQ parameters simultaneously. Methods for measuring the IEQ and students' perceived IEQ, internal responses, and academic performance were derived from literature. Next, this systematic approach was tested in a pilot study during a regular academic course. The perceptions, internal responses, and short-term academic performance of participating students (n = 163) were measured. During the pilot study, the IEQ of the classrooms varied slightly. Significant associations (p 0.05) were observed between these natural variations and students' perceptions of the thermal environment and indoor air quality. These perceptions were significantly associated with their physiological and cognitive responses (p 0.05). Furthermore, students' perceived cognitive responses were associated with their short-term academic performance (p 0.01). The observed associations confirm the construct validity of the systematic approach. However, its validity for investigating the influence of lighting remains to be determined.

Gezond010 heeft korte lijnen met onderwijsinstellingen binnen en buiten Rotterdam. In de rubriek ‘Lector aan het woord’ vertellen lectoren over (de ontwikkelingen in) hun vakgebied. In deel 4: dr. Henk Rosendal. Hij is sinds 2018 lector van De Gezonde Wijk bij het Kenniscentrum Zorginnovatie. Dit is onderdeel van Hogeschool Rotterdam. ‘Gezondheid wordt voor een groot deel bepaald door iemands directe omgeving.’

The percentage of overweight children in The Netherlands is rising. In 2020, 18.5% of children between 2-25 years old were overweight (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2022). From the perspective of the healthcare professionals, long periods between consultations could be used more efficiently and effectively to help these children develop healthier eating patterns and physical activity habits and reach a healthier weight.

Krewerd is een klein dorp in het Noordoosten van het Groningen-gasveld. Een kerk, een dorpshuis en ruim veertig huizen. Stuk voor stuk zijn ze in meer of mindere mate beschadigd. Alle bewoners wachten al jaren op een versterkingsadvies.

Deze scriptie gaat over de indirecte vaccinatieplicht die voortkomt uit de Tijdelijke Wet coronatoegangsbewijzen en artikel 8 EVRM. De overheid probeert met deze tijdelijke wet het recht op gezondheid te beschermen. De anti-vaccinatiebeweging stelt echter dat hierdoor hun recht op eerbiediging van de lichamelijke integriteit wordt geraakt. Het doel van dit onderzoek is om te achterhalen of een inbreuk gerechtvaardigd kan worden. De centrale vraag van deze scriptie luidt derhalve als volgt: Vormt de indirecte coronavaccinatieplicht, voortkomende uit de Tijdelijke wet coronatoegangsbewijzen, een inbreuk op het recht op eerbiediging van het privéleven en de daarmee in verband staande lichamelijke integriteit, zoals bedoeld in artikel 8 EVRM? Dit is een kwalitatief en juridisch dogmatisch onderzoek. Door de tijdelijke wet te koppelen aan de literatuur en primaire bronnen uit het theoretisch kader en de beschreven probleemanalyse, wordt een compleet beeld geschetst over het recht uit artikel 8 EVRM. Geconcludeerd kan worden dat de indirecte vaccinatieplicht geen inbreuk maakt op artikel 8 EVRM, maar dat er achteraf gezien niet aan de subsidiariteitstoets wordt voldaan. Tevens wordt met de vrijheidstheorieën van Mill en Berlin beredeneerd of de conclusie te verantwoorden is inzake de Nederlands democratische opvatting. Een aanbeveling die hieruit volgt is om het 1G-beleid in te voeren.

Observational learning is considered powerful to promote (implicit) motor learning. While it is a common tool in practice, little is known about the effects of video instructions on movement execution. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of watching biomechanically optimal (OPT) and suboptimal (SUBOPT) sidestep cutting (SSC) video instructions on movement execution. Ten male basketball players (age 15.5 ± 1.2 years, height 189.9 ± 3.1 cm, mass 75.4 ± 7.1 kg) from a Regional Talent Center performed anticipated 45° SSC tasks in baseline (BASE) followed by two counterbalanced experimental conditions. Subjects watched expert videos (matched by sex and height) of OPT and SUBOPT movement executions and were asked to imitate this to the best of their ability. Kine(ma)tic data was captured with 21 reflective markers and 2 force plates. After watching the videos, subjects displayed smaller ankle dorsiflexion angles (p