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Eotetranychus palatiensis sp. nov. [Japanese name: Kôkyo-akehadani] (Figs 1–22) Diagnosis. Dorsocentral setae simple, acicular, longer than longitudinal intervals between their bases; striation pattern transverse on genital flap, pregenital striae irregular but can be more or less transverse (in pallidus species group as defined by Tuttle et al. (1976)). Peritreme with short distal hook. Tarsus I of female with 5 tactile setae and one solenidion proximal to duplex seta; tibia I of both sexes with 9 tactile setae; tibia II of both sexes with 8 tactile setae; femora IV of both sexes with 3 setae. Empodia I–II of male short, thick, bifid with each side bearing 3 distal teeth, median tooth strongest and longest. Aedeagus shaft linear, with dorsal and ventral margins of proximal part of shaft more or less parallel, shaft bending ventrally at a slight angle near middle of total aedeagal length, ventrally directed portion tapered to a narrow truncate tip. Egg with a short thin dorsal stipe on its center. Description. Female (n=10, paratypes). Body greenish yellow. Length of body including gnathosoma 326– 433; gnathosoma 79–96 long; width of body 182–246. Dorsum. Dorsal body setae long, linear, acicular; length of setae: v 2 47 –54; sc 1 78–88; sc 2 60–72; c 1 67–76; c 2 71–83; c 3 62–70; d 1 67–74; d 2 67–79; e 1 61–72; e 2 68–78; f 1 58–66; f 2 43–53; h 1 29–36. Dorsocentral opisthosomal setae long and thin, longer than distance between their bases, not set on tubercles (Fig. 1). Prodorsum with longitudinal striation; hysterosomal striation transverse medially, oblique and longitudinal laterally (Fig. 1); lobes on dorsal striae square shaped (truncate), usually broader than tall (Figs 1, 2). Gnathosoma. Stylophore rounded anteriorly with longitudinal striation dorsally. Peritreme with short distal hook (Fig. 4). Terminal sensillum (spinneret) of palptarsus long, approximately three times as long as wide: 7.7–8.8 long and 2.2–3.1 wide; dorsal sensillum (solenidion) spindle shaped 4.5–5.8 long; eupathidia asymmetrical ul’’ζ longer than ul’ζ, 8.2–9.2 and 6.2–7.1 long, respectively (Fig. 3). Venter. Genital flap with transverse to weakly arched striae; striae on pregenital area irregular, which is typical striae of the pallidus species group as defined by Tuttle et al. (1976) (Fig. 5), but striae can vary from rather transverse to oblique (Fig. 6). Two pairs of ventrocaudal (h 2 , h 3 ) setae and two pairs of pseudanal (ps 1 , ps 2 ) setae present. Legs. Leg I 185–214, leg II 155–170, leg III 170–181; leg IV 186–220 long (from trochanter to tarsus). Length of segments of leg I as follows: femur 60–67, genu 28–34, tibia 35–41, tarsus 58–63 long. Leg setal counts as follows (Figs 8–11): I 2 - 1 - 10 - 5 - 9 + (1) - 14 + (1) + 2 duplexes II 2 - 1 - 7 - 5 - 8 - 13 + (1) + 1 duplex III 1 - 1 - 4 - 4 - 6 - 10 + (1) IV 1 - 1 - 4 - 4 - 7 - 10 + (1) Tarsus I with 5 tactile setae and 1 solenidion proximal to proximal set of duplex setae; distal duplex solenidion of tarsus I longer than that of proximal duplex: 59–62 and 40–46 long, respectively; tactile setae of distal and proximal duplexes equal in length 13–15 (Fig. 8). Tarsus II with 4 tactile setae and 1 solenidion proximal to duplex seta, one tactile seta near level of duplex seta; solenidion of duplex seta 30–33 long and tactile seta 10–11; tibia II with 8 tactile setae (Fig. 9). Empodia I–IV split into 3 pairs of ventrally directed hairs of equal size and length (Figs 7–11). Male (n=11, holotype and 10 paratypes). Body greenish yellow as female. Length of body including gnathosoma 261 (258–308); gnathosoma 76 (72–85) long; width of body 134 (130–152). Dorsum. Dorsal body setae simple, acicular, longer than distance between bases of consecutive setae, length of setae: v 2 40 (36–42); sc 1 68 (68–72); sc 2 49 (47–52); c 1 59 (55–62); c 2 68 (65–71); c 3 52 (49–58); d 1 59 (49–59); d 2 66 (59–68); e 1 52 (47–55); e 2 62 (59–67); f 1 42 (35–45); f 2 24 (20–25); h 1 15 (14–16). Gnathosoma. Peritreme as in female (Fig. 4). Terminal sensillum of palptarsus long, approximately four times as long as wide: 7.7 (6.7–7.8) long and 1.8 (1.7–2.3) wide; dorsal sensillum (solenidion) spindle shaped 5.4 (4.6– 5.5) long; eupathidia asymmetrical ul’’ζ longer than ul’ζ, 7.7 (7.2–8.4) and 6.2 (4.9–6.7) long, respectively (Fig. 12). Legs. Leg I 179 (174–180); leg II 137 (133–139); leg III 143 (137–143); leg IV 170 (161–172) long (from trochanter to tarsus). Length of first leg segments as follows: femur 52 (42–54); genu 27 (23–29); tibia 31 (25–32); tarsus 55 (50–55) long. Leg setal count as follows (Figs 14–17): I 2 - 1 - 10 - 5 - 9 + (4) -13 + (3) + 2 duplexes II 2 - 1 - 7 - 5 - 8 - 13 + (1) + 1 duplex III 1 - 1 - 4 - 4 - 6 - 10 + (1) IV 1 - 1 - 4 - 4 - 7 - 10 + (1) Tarsus I with 4 tactile setae and 3 solenidia proximal to proximal set of duplex setae; distal duplex solenidion of tarsus I longer than that of proximal duplex: 47 (46–50) and 32 (28–32) long, respectively; tactile seta of distal and proximal duplexes equal in length 13.8 (12–14) (Fig. 14). Tarsus II with 4 tactile setae and 1 solenidion proximal to duplex seta, one tactile seta near level of duplex seta; tarsus II solenidion of duplex seta 25 (24–28) long, tactile 9.7 (10–11); tibia II with 8 tactile setae (Fig. 15). Empodia I–II thick, with 3 pairs of teeth, middle pair strongest, ventral and dorsal digits slender and shorter (Figs 13–15). Empodia III–IV split into 3 pairs of hairs as in female (Figs 7, 16–17). Aedeagus. Shaft of aedeagus more or less linear, with dorsal and ventral margins of proximal part of shaft more or less parallel, shaft bent ventrally at a slight angle near middle of aedeagus, with ventrally directed distal portion nearly straight and narrowing to a truncate tip (Figs 18–22). Measurements of aedeagus: dorsal margin (shaft/tip) 10.4 (10.4–12.5), ventral margin longer than dorsal (shaft/tip) 14.3 (13.6–16.5) length, width (broadest part of shaft) 2.6 (2.4–3.7). Etymology. This species is named after the type locality, the Imperial Palace Estate. Type series. Holotype: male (voucher specimen no. 0540), the Imperial Palace Estate (35°40’N 139°45’E), Chiyoda City, Tokyo, 6-VI-2011 (T. Gotoh leg.), on Morus australis Poiret (Moraceae). Paratypes: 17 males and 16 females (voucher specimen no. 0540), data same as for holotype. Remarks. Eotetranychus palatiensis sp. nov. belongs to the pallidus species group with transverse striae on the genital flap, and irregular striae in the pregenital area, however, the pattern of the pregenital area varies from irregular to transverse. The aedeagus of E. palatiensis sp. nov. is identical to another Japanese mite Eotetranychus boreus Ehara, 1969 (the pallidus species group) collected from apricot, Japanese apricot and plum (Prunus spp., Rosaceae). Some examined specimens of the new species also closely resemble E. boreus by the pattern of striation in the genital area of the female and other characters, but are distinguished in leg chaetotaxy: tibia II with seven, tibia III with five and tibia IV with five-six tactile setae in E. boreus, whilst E. palatiensis sp. nov. has eight, six and seven tactile setae (without any intraspecific variation observed), respectively. The aedeagus of E. palatiensis sp. nov. is morphologically close to two other species: Eotetranychus cornicola Ehara, 1989 (the willamettei species group), and Eotetranychus asiaticus Ehara, 1966 (the sexmaculatus species group), which are both described from Japan, on Cornus controversa Hemsley (Cornaceae) and Ficus erecta Thunberg (Moraceae), respectively. The new species resembles E. cornicola by leg chaetotaxy, also some individuals of both species have identical striation in the female genital area, but E. palatiensis sp. nov. can be easily distinguished by the length of terminal sensillum (spinneret) on palptarsus of male, which is far smaller and conical in E. cornicola. Both sexes of the new species differ from E. cornicola by having a short hook on the peritremal ends (varies from simple bulb to golf-club shaped in E. cornicola), and E. cornicola can be separated from the new species by the female empodium I which has a minute mediodorsal spur (absent in E. palatiensis sp. nov.). Eotetranychus palatiensis sp. nov. shares morphological characters with E. asiaticus, but differs in the shape of peritremal ends of both sexes and by the distinctive striation of the genital (longitudinal and oblique anteriorly) and pregenital area (longitudinal in E. asiaticus) of female. Eotetranychus palatiensis sp. nov. also resembles Eotetranychus talisiae (Hirst, 1920) (the sexmaculatus species group) described from a glasshouse in England on Talisia princeps Oliver (Sapindaceae), which has an aedeagus of similar shape, and females are pale yellowish green. But both sexes of the new species differ from E. talisiae by having a longer spinneret on the palp, which is at least 2.5 times as long as wide, instead of less than 2 times longer than wide in E. talisiae. This is especially so of the spinneret of male E. talisiae which is extremely tiny. Some acarologists consider that E. asiaticus is a junior synonym of Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley, 1890), but nobody directly compares their morphology based on their slide preparations and their DNA sequence data yet. So, in the present work, E. asiaticus is treated as a valid species according to Ehara (1999), and this problem will be solved in the future.

Genus Eotetranychus Oudemans, 1931 Eotetranychus Oudemans, 1931:224; Pritchard & Baker 1955:138; Meyer & Ryke 1959:348; Baker & Pritchard 1960:473; Wainstein 1960:178; Gutierrez 1967:370; Tuttle & Baker 1968:85; Meyer 1974:189; Tuttle, Baker & Abatiello 1976:37; Meyer 1987:110; Seeman et al. 2017:492. Type-species: Trombidium tiliarium Hermann, 1804 Diagnosis. Two pairs of pseudanal (ps 1 , ps 2 ) and two pairs of ventrocaudal setae (h 2 , h 3 ) present in female; opisthosomal seta h 1 present; striae on opisthosoma transverse with small lobes; duplex setae on tarsus I distal and adjacent; tarsus I with 3���5 tactile setae proximal to duplex setae; true claws pad-like and with tenent hairs; empodia with 3 pairs of ventrally directed proximoventral hairs; dorsal body setae at least as long as distance between their bases (Tuttle et al. 1976; Meyer 1987; Seeman et al. 2017)., Published as part of Gotoh, Tetsuo & Arabuli, Tea, 2019, New species of the genus Eotetranychus (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae) from Japan, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 4555 (1) on page 3, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2623998, {"references":["Oudemans, A. C. (1931) Acarologische Aanteekeningen CVII. Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam, 8, 221 - 236.","Pritchard, A. E. & Baker, E. W. (1955) A revision of the spider mite family Tetranychidae. Memoir Series 2. Pacific Coast Entomological Society, San Francisco, 472 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 150852","Meyer, M. K. P. S. & Ryke, P. A. J. (1959) A revision of the spider mites (Acarina: Tetranychidae) of South Africa, with descriptions of a new genus and new species. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 22, 330 - 366.","Baker, E. W. & Pritchard, A. E. (1960) The tetranychoid mites of Africa. Hilgardia, 29, 455 - 574. https: // doi. org / 10.3733 / hilg. v 29 n 11 p 455","Wainstein, B. A. (1960) Tetranychoid Mites of Kazakhstan. Publishing House of the Academy of Science of Kazakhstan, Alma- Ata. 5, 276 pp. [in Russian]","Gutierrez, J. (1967) Huit nouvelles especes du genre Eotetranychus Oudemans (Acariens: Tetranychidae) de Madagascar. Acarologia, 9, 370 - 394.","Tuttle, D. M. & Baker, E. W. (1968) Spider Mites of Southwestern United States and a Revision of the Family Tetranychidae. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 143 pp.","Meyer, M. K. P. S. (1974) A revision of the Tetranychidae of Africa (Acari) with a key to the genera of the world. Entomology Memoir, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Republic of South Africa, 36, 1 - 291.","Tuttle, D. M., Baker, E. W. & Abbatiello, M. J. (1976) Spider mites of Mexico (Acari: Tetranychidae). International Journal of Acarology, 2, 1 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647957608683760","Meyer, M. K. P. S. (1987) African Tetranychidae (Acari: Prostigmata) - with reference to the world genera. Entomology Memoir, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, Republic of South Africa, 69, 1 - 175.","Seeman, O. D., Beard, J. J. & Zhang, L. (2017) A new Australian species of Eotetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae) from buck spinifex Triodia mitchelli (Poaceae), intraspecific variation in Eotetranychus, and the synonymy of Platytetranychus with Eotetranychus. Zootaxa, 4324 (3), 491 - 517. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4324.3.5","Hermann, J. F. (1804) Memoirs apterologique. Strasbourg, F. G. Levrault: 144 pp."]}

Eotetranychus linderae sp. nov. [Japanese name: Kuromoji-akehadani] (Figs 46���66) Diagnosis. Dorsocentral setae simple, acicular, longer than longitudinal intervals between their bases; striation pattern transverse on both genital flap and pregenital area (in willamettei species group as defined by Tuttle et al. (1976)). Peritreme terminates in a simple expanded bulb. Duplex setae on tarsus I distal and adjacent; tarsus I of female with 5 tactile setae and one solenidion proximal to duplex seta; tibia I of both sexes with 9 tactile setae; tibia II of both sexes with 8 tactile setae and femora IV with 3 setae. Empodia of legs I���IV of female and legs II���IV of male split into three pairs of hairs; empodium I of male bifid, each side with 3 equally strong digits. Aedeagus shaft bent ventrally half way along length, ventrally directed portion linear, more or less parallel sided, with an abrupt narrowing at tip to form short fine finger-like tip. Egg with a short thin dorsal stipe on its center. Description. Female (n=9, paratypes). Body greenish yellow. Length of body including gnathosoma 347���414; gnathosoma 76���89 long; width of body 194���244. Dorsum. Dorsal body setae long, linear, acicular; length of setae: v 2 43 ���53; sc 1 80���91; sc 2 57���68; c 1 72���78; c 2 75���85; c 3 69���76; d 1 65���75; d 2 76���87; e 1 60���69; e 2 76���81; f 1 60���68; f 2 52���56; h 1 40���45. Dorsocentral setae long and thin, much longer than distance between their bases, not set on tubercles (Fig. 46). Prodorsum with longitudinal striation; hysterosomal striation transverse medially; oblique and longitudinal laterally (Fig. 46); lobes on dorsal striae rounded to truncate, broader than tall (Figs 46, 47). Gnathosoma. Stylophore rounded anteriorly, with longitudinal striation dorsally; peritreme straight, with simple expanded bulb distally, distal enlargement asymmetrical like a golf-club, varying in size and shape among and between specimens (Fig. 49). Terminal sensillum of palptarsus about two times as long as wide, 6.3���6.8 long and 2.7���3.6 wide; dorsal sensillum (solenidion) spindle-shaped, 4.4���5.6 long; eupathidia asymmetrical ul�������� longer than ul�����, 6.8���8.1 and 4.8���6.2 long, respectively (Fig. 48). Venter. Genital flap and pregenital area both with transverse striae, typical of the willamettei species group as defined by Tuttle et al. (1976) (Fig. 50). Legs. Leg I 178���193, leg II 142���167, leg III 146���168; leg IV 171���189 long (from trochanter to tarsus). Length of segments of leg I as follows: femur 58���65, genu 27���34, tibia 31���37, tarsus 54���62 long. Leg setal counts as follows (Figs 52���55): I 2 - 1 - 10 - 5 - 9 + (1) - 14 + (1) + 2 duplexes II 2 - 1 - 7 - 5 - 8 - 13 + (1) + 1 duplex III 1 - 1 - 4 - 4 - 6 - 10 + (1) IV 1 - 1 - 3 - 4 - 7 - 10 + (1) Tarsus I with 5 tactile setae and 1 solenidion proximal to proximal set of duplex setae; distal duplex solenidion of tarsus I longer than proximal one: 53���60 and 36���42 long, respectively; tactile setae of distal and proximal duplexes equal in length, 11���14 (Fig. 52). Tarsus II with 4 tactile setae and 1 solenidion proximal to duplex seta, one tactile seta near level of duplex seta; solenidion of duplex seta 28���34 long and tactile seta 9���11; tibia II with 8 tactile setae (Fig. 53). Empodia I���IV split into 3 pairs of ventrally directed equal hairs (Figs 51���55). Male (n=11, holotype and 10 paratypes). Body greenish yellow as female. Length of body including gnathosoma 305 (285���336); gnathosoma 85 (72���86) long; width of body 143 (139���159). Dorsum. Dorsal body setae acicular, longer than distance between bases of consecutive setae, length of setae: v 2 45 (40���51); sc 1 87 (79���91); sc 2 57 (53���57); c 1 67 (60���75); c 2 73 (66���75); c 3 64 (58���69); d 1 70 (58���71); d 2 75 (64��� 75); e 1 52 (49���55); e 2 60 (59���70); f 1 42 (36���43); f 2 33 (26���34); h 1 21 (15���22). Gnathosoma. Peritreme straight, bulbous distally like in female (Fig. 49). Terminal sensillum (spinneret) of palptarsus about two times as long as wide, 2.8 (2.2���2.9) long and 1.3 (1.2���1.7) wide; dorsal sensillum (solenidion) spindle-shaped, 4.6 (3.5���5.9) long; eupathidia asymmetrical with ul�������� longer than ul�����, 6.5 (5.6���6.8) and 4.9 (4.1��� 5.2) long, respectively (Fig. 56). Legs. Leg I 197 (177���197); leg II 135 (130���144); leg III 134 (132���158); leg IV 178 (165���179) long (from trochanter to tarsus). Length of first leg segments as follows: femur 56 (47���58); genu 29 (27���30); tibia 32 (31���36); tarsus 53 (50���54) long. Leg setal count as follows (Figs 58���61): I 2 - 1 - 10 - 5 - 9 + (4) -13 + (3) + 2 duplexes II 2 - 1 - 7 - 5 - 8 - 13 + (1) + 1 duplex III 1 - 1 - 4 - 4 - 6 - 10 + (1) IV 1 - 1 - 3 - 4 - 7 - 10 + (1) Tarsus I with 4 tactile setae and 3 solenidia proximal to proximal set of duplex setae; distal duplex solenidion of tarsus I longer than proximal one: 56 (48���56) and 36 (31���36), respectively; tactile setae of distal and proximal duplexes equal in length, 11.1 (11���13) (Fig. 58). Tarsus II with 4 tactile setae and 1 solenidion proximal to duplex seta, one tactile seta near level of proximal duplex seta; tarsus II solenidion of duplex seta 31 (26���32) long, tactile seta 9 (9���11); tibia II with 8 tactile setae (Fig. 59). Empodium I bifid with each side bearing 3 short teeth of equal length (Figs 57, 58). Empodia II���IV split into 3 pairs of hairs as in female (Figs 59���61). Aedeagus. Aedeagus shaft bent ventrally half way along length, ventrally directed portion linear, more or less parallel sided, with an abrupt narrowing of dorsal margin at extreme tip to form short fine, finger-like tip, dorsal margin appearing concave in profile (Figs 62���66). Measurements of aedeagus: dorsal margin (shaft/tip) 15.5 (14.7���16.8), ventral margin (shaft/tip) 15.6 (14.8���16.9), width (broadest part of shaft) 4.6 (3.9���4.9). Etymology. This species is named after the generic name of the host plant, Lindera. Type series. Holotype: male (voucher specimen no. 0641), Makabe (36��14���N 140��05���E), Sakuragawa City, Ibaraki Pref., 9-IX-2013 (Y. Kitashima leg.), on Lindera umbellata Thunberg (Lauraceae). Paratypes: 19 males and 22 females (voucher specimen no. 0641), data same as for holotype. Remarks. Eotetranychus linderae sp. nov. shares the abruptly narrowed aedeagus tip with two other species from Mexico: one is Eotetranychus guaymas (Tuttle, Baker, Abbatiello, 1976) in the willamettei group (Tuttle et al. 1976) and the other is Eotetranychus zempoalensis (Tuttle, Baker & Abbatiello, 1976) in the hicoriae species group (Tuttle et al. 1976). Also, this new species has a similar aedeagus tip to a species from Japan, Eotetranychus toyoshimai Ehara & Gotoh, 2006, in the hicoriae species group (Tuttle et al. 1976). Eotetranychus linderae sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from E. guaymas by the number of tactile setae and solenidia on leg segments of both sexes, and by the overall shape of the aedeagus. Eotetranychus guaymas has tarsus I with 4 tactile setae and 1 solenidion proximal to duplex seta (E. linderae sp. nov. 5 tactile setae and 1 solenidion), tibia I with 8 tactile setae and 1 solenidion (E. linderae sp. nov. 9 tactile setae and 1 solenidion) and tibia II with 7 tactile setae (E. linderae sp. nov. 8 tactile setae) for female; tarsus I with 4 tactile setae and 3 solenidia proximal to duplex seta (E. linderae sp. nov. same), tibia I with 8 tactile setae and 3 solenidia (E. linderae sp. nov. 9 tactile setae and 4 solenidia) and tibia II with 7 tactile setae (E. linderae sp. nov. 8 tactile setae) for male; the aedeagus shaft of E. guaymas is bent at a more acute angle than that of E. linderae sp. nov. The new species E. linderae sp. nov. shares the same setal counts on tarsi I���II and tibiae I���II with E. zempoalensis, i.e. tarsus I with 5 tactile setae and one solenidion proximal to proximal duplex seta, tibia I with 9 tactile setae and one solenidion, tarsus II with 4 tactile setae and one solenidion proximally, tibia II with 8 tactile setae; however, the aedeagus of E. linderae sp. nov. is bent at a more obtuse angle than that of E. zempoalensis, which is bent at almost a right angle. Eotetranychus linderae sp. nov. has transverse striae in pregenital area, while E. toyoshimai has irregular (longitudinal and oblique) striae in this area. Molecular analyses. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted to clarify the position of the new described species using molecular data. After alignment, the COI fragment had 318 nucleotide sites, of which 103 were parsimony informative sites and contained no insertions or deletions. In the COI tree, the taxonomic status of each newly described species was robustly supported because all three species were independently clustered and clearly separated from other Eotetranychus species and from Schizotetranychus cercidiphylli (Fig. 67, bootstrap values = 100)., Published as part of Gotoh, Tetsuo & Arabuli, Tea, 2019, New species of the genus Eotetranychus (Acari, Prostigmata, Tetranychidae) from Japan, pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 4555 (1) on pages 17-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4555.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2623998, {"references":["Tuttle, D. M., Baker, E. W. & Abbatiello, M. J. (1976) Spider mites of Mexico (Acari: Tetranychidae). International Journal of Acarology, 2, 1 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647957608683760","Ehara, S. & Gotoh, T. (2006) Description of a new Eotetranychus from Japan with notes on two other species (Acari: Prostigmata: Tetranychidae). International Journal of Acarology, 32, 39 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647950608684441"]}

Eotetranychus carpinicolus sp. nov. [Japanese name: Shide-akehadani] (Figs 23–43) Diagnosis. Dorsocentral setae simple, acicular, much longer than longitudinal intervals between their bases; striation pattern transverse on both genital flap and pregenital area (in willamettei species group as defined by Tuttle et al. (1976)). Peritreme hooked distally. Duplex setae on tarsus I distal and adjacent; tarsus I of female with 5 tactile setae and one solenidion proximal to duplex seta; tibia I of female and male each with 9 tactile setae; tibia II of both sexes with 8 tactile setae and femora IV with 4 setae. Empodia of all legs of both sexes bear small but distinct mediodorsal spurs; male empodium I bifid, each half bearing 3 equally strong digits. Aedeagus almost linear, with dorsal and ventral margins of shaft relatively parallel, shaft bent ventrally at slight angle near tip, with ventrally directed portion short, nearly straight, narrowing to a truncate tip. Egg with a short thin dorsal stipe on its center. Description. Female (n=7, paratypes). Body greenish yellow. Length of body including gnathosoma 414–473; gnathosoma 80–91 long; width of body 250–301. Dorsum. Dorsal body setae long, linear, acicular; length of setae: v 2 62 –68; sc 1 102–110; sc 2 73–77; c 1 89–97; c 2 98–102; c 3 83–87; d 1 88–93; d 2 95–102; e 1 86–92; e 2 90–97; f 1 71–80; f 2 65–76; h 1 57–63. Dorsocentral setae long and thin, much longer than distance between their bases, not set on tubercles (Fig. 23). Prodorsum with longitudinal striation; hysterosomal striation transverse medially; oblique and longitudinal laterally (Fig. 23); lobes on dorsal striae square-shaped (truncate), broader than tall (Figs 23, 24). Gnathosoma. Stylophore rounded anteriorly, with longitudinal striation dorsally; peritreme strongly hooked, with short U-shaped distally (Fig. 26). Terminal sensillum of palptarsus long, about one and one-half times as long as wide, 6.2–7.1 long and 3.8–4.1 wide; dorsal sensillum (solenidion) spindle-shaped, 3.9–5.1 long; eupathidia asymmetrical ul’’ζ longer than ul’ζ, 8.2–9.2 and 5.8–6.9 long, respectively (Fig. 25). Venter. Genital flap and area immediately anterior with transverse striae, typical of willamettei species group as defined by Tuttle et al. (1976) (Fig. 27). Legs. Leg I 218–229, leg II 180–192, leg III 174–183; leg IV 207–220 long (from trochanter to tarsus). Length of segments of leg I as follows: femur 71–75, genu 36–40, tibia 39–45, tarsus 68–72 long. Leg setal count as follows (Figs 29–32): I 2 - 1 - 10 - 5 - 9 + (1) - 14 + (1) + 2 duplexes II 2 - 1 - 7 - 5 - 8 - 13 + (1) + 1 duplex III 1 - 1 - 4 - 4 - 6 - 10 + (1) IV 1 - 1 - 4 - 4 - 7 - 10 + (1) Tarsus I with 5 tactile setae and 1 solenidion proximal to proximal set of duplex setae; distal duplex solenidion of tarsus I longer than proximal one: 65–70 and 41–45 long, respectively; tactile setae of distal and proximal duplexes equal in length 12–15 (Fig. 29). Tarsus II with 4 tactile setae and 1 solenidion proximal to duplex seta, one tactile seta near level of duplex seta; solenidion of duplex seta 34–37 long and tactile seta 9–11; tibia II with 8 tactile setae (Fig. 30). Empodia I–IV split into 3 pairs of ventrally directed hairs of equal size and length, with a small but distinct mediodorsal spur (Figs 28–32). Male (n=7, holotype and 6 paratypes). Body greenish yellow as is female. Length of body including gnathosoma 374 (343–405); gnathosoma 82 (70–88) long; width of body 167 (167–177). Dorsum. Dorsal body setae simple, acicular, longer than distance between bases of consecutive setae, length of setae: v 2 58 (54–58); sc 1 94 (90–96); sc 2 62 (60–68); c 1 79 (73–80); c 2 87 (82–94); c 3 78 (72–83); d 1 76 (72–79); d 2 87 (83–92); e 1 66 (63–67); e 2 79 (77–83); f 1 54 (51–56); f 2 29 (28–32); h 1 23 (20–23). Gnathosoma. Peritreme with short recurved hook distally as in female (Fig. 26). Terminal sensillum of palptarsus about two times as long as wide, 3.1 (2.9–3.2) long and 1.6 (1.4–1.7) wide; dorsal sensillum (solenidion) spindle-shaped, 3.8 (3.5–4.1) long; eupathidia asymmetrical ul’’ζ longer than ul’ζ, 6.9 (6.8–7.1) and 4.8 (4.6–5.3) long, respectively (Fig. 33). Legs. Leg I 224 (208–230); leg II 163 (156–168); leg III 173 (164–177); leg IV 215 (193–215) long (from trochanter to tarsus). Length of first leg segments as follows: femur 71 (65–74); genu 31 (30–35); tibia 37 (35–39); tarsus 60 (57–64) long. Leg setal count as follows (Figs 35–38): I 2 - 1 - 10 - 5 - 9 + (4) -13 + (3) + 2 duplexes II 2 - 1 - 7 - 5 - 8 - 13 + (1) + 1 duplex III 1 - 1 - 4 - 4 - 6 - 10 + (1) IV 1 - 1 - 4 - 4 - 7 - 10 + (1) Tarsus I with 4 tactile setae and 3 solenidia proximal to proximal set of duplex setae; distal duplex solenidion of tarsus I longer than the proximal one: 59 (58–62) and 40 (39–42), respectively; tactile setae of distal and proximal duplexes equal in length 11.4 (11–13) (Fig. 35). Tarsus II with 4 tactile setae and 1 solenidion proximal to duplex seta, one tactile seta near level of duplex seta; tarsus II solenidion of duplex seta 35 (35–38) long, tactile seta 10.2 (10–12); tibia II with 8 tactile setae (Fig. 36). Empodium I bifid with each side bearing 3 equally strong digits, with small mediodorsal spur (Figs 34, 35). Empodia II–IV split into 3 pairs of hairs, with distinct mediodorsal spur as in female (Figs 36–38). Aedeagus. Aedeagus almost linear, with dorsal and ventral margins of shaft relatively parallel, shaft bent ventrally at slight angle near tip, with ventrally directed portion short, nearly straight, narrowing to a truncate tip (Figs 39–43). Measurements of aedeagus: dorsal margin (shaft/tip) 10.6 (8.4–11.8), ventral margin (shaft/tip) 12.2 (11.7–12.9), width (broadest part of shaft) 3.1 (2.7–3.6). Etymology. This species is named after the generic name of the host plant, Carpinus. Type series. Holotype: male (voucher specimen no. 0864), Sekimoto (36°53’N 140°36’E), Kita-ibaraki City, Ibaraki Pref., 16-VIII-2015 (M. Morishita leg.), on Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold et Zuccuccarini) (Betulaceae). Paratypes: 6 males and 5 females (voucher specimen no. 0864) on C. laxiflora and 2 males and 2 females (voucher specimen no. 0857) on Carpinus cordata Blume, data same as for holotype; 3 males and 11 females (voucher specimen no. 0867), 17-VIII-2017 (M. Morishita & Y. Kitashima leg.), on C. cordata, data same as for holotype. Remarks. Eotetranychus carpinicolus sp. nov. shares some character states with E. cornicola (in the willamettei species group) which has the following character states—striae on genital flap and pregenital area both transverse; tibiae II–IV with same setal counts; similar general shape of the aedeagus, except the distal bent portion is much shorter in E. carpinicolus sp. nov. than in E. cornicola; both species have green females. Eotetranychus carpinicolus sp. nov. shares some character states with E. boreus (in the pallidus species group) which has the following character states—peritreme with short U-shaped tip; striae on genital flap transverse, striae on pregenital area more or less transverse; similar general shape of the aedeagus, except the distal bent portion is much shorter in E. carpinicolus sp. nov. than in E. boreus; both species have green females. Eotetranychus carpinicolus sp. nov. closely resembles E. asiaticus (in the sexmaculatus species group) which has the following character states—tibiae II–IV with same setal counts; similar general shape of the aedeagus, except the distal bent portion is much shorter in E. carpinicolus sp. nov. than in E. asiaticus; both species with green females. Eotetranychus carpinicolus sp. nov. shares some character states with E. rubricans Ehara, 1999 (in the hicoriae species group), which was recorded from a plant in the same genus, Carpinus tschonoskii Maximowicz, such as: peritreme with short U-shaped hook distally; same leg setal counts; empodia with short but distinct mediodorsal spur. However, they can be separated by the following character states: the shape of the aedeagus shaft more or less linear, bent slightly ventrally, narrowing to a truncate tip in E. carpinicolus sp. nov. (Figs 39–43), versus shaft abruptly bent ventrally distally to form weakly sigmoid, tapering finger-like tip in E. rubricans (Figs 44, 45); genital flap and pregenital area both with transverse striae in E. carpinicolus sp. nov. versus genital flap with transverse striae and pregenital area with longitudinal striae in E. rubricans; male E. rubricans lacks a terminal sensillum on palp tarsus, while it is well developed (two times as long as wide) in E. carpinicolus sp. nov.; the female body color of E. carpinicolus sp. nov. is greenish-yellow versus red for E. rubricans.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Relative humidity (%) measurements made during the experiments.

Vulgarogamasus edurus sp. nov. [Japanese name: Ken-yadoridani] (Figs. 1−22) Female (holotype, average for three paratypes in parentheses) Dorsal idiosoma. Dorsum divided into two shields, podonotal 393 (410) µm length along midline, 436 (420) µm width at level of setae r3, and opisthonotal 320 (300) µm length, 462 (452) µm width, the two shields are overlapping near the centre and gradually separating towards lateral corners. Podonotal shield (Fig. 1) with striations on lateral margins; with 21 pairs of simple setae, of these j1 58 (65), z1 20 (18), j2 66 (70), j3 70 (62), r3 130 (125) the longest, and a pair of distinct lyrifissures posteriad z1; setae z1 distinctly shorter than distance between z1 and j1. Opisthonotal shield (Fig. 2) completely reticulated; with 24 pairs of setae, of approximate length J1 60 (62), J2 63 (60), J3 63 (61), J5 65 (64), Z1 74 (76), R1 55 (54). Ventral idiosoma. Tritosternum normal in shape, with long narrow base 25 (26) and pilose laciniae 35 (33); presternal region with 3–4 transverse lines and two subtriangular presternal shields (Fig. 5); sternal shield strongly reticulated, with three pairs of setae st1 23 (25), st2 20 (19), st3 19 (20), st1–st3 78 (80), st2–st2 57 (56) and two pairs of lyrifissures, the posterior pair of lyrifissures located equidistant between sternal setae st2 and st3 (Fig. 5). Metasternal shields with one pair of setae st4 16 (18), st4–st4 56 (58) and a pair of lyrifissures; genital shield triangular, with rounded endogynium. Peritremes extend to level between coxae I & II. Opisthogastric shield 156 (160) (length from genital shield base to post-anal seta), completely reticulated (Fig. 3); with eight pairs of setae excluding the para-anals and the post-anal seta. Gnathosoma. Corniculi short 42 (44); three pairs of hypostomal setae and a pair of palpcoxal setae present, h1 120 (122), h2 88 (85), h3 91 (98), pcx 86 (88) (Fig. 6); anterolateral seta of the palp-femur deeply branched while al1 and al2 of palp-genu entire (Fig. 7); epistome trispinate and stout, with central prong 35 (33) little longer than lateral ones 27 (29) (Fig. 8). Movable digit of chelicera 118 (122) with three teeth; the fixed digit with eight teeth (five large and three small) and a pilus dentilis, one minute tooth located distally and the two proximal teeth broad, with blunt tip (Figs. 4, 9). Legs. Leg I 843 (860), leg II 633 (602), leg III 554 (542), leg IV 890 (915). Deutonymph (average for 3 paratypes) Dorsal idiosoma. Dorsum divided into two shields, podonotal 306 (320) length, 300 (285) width, and opisthonotal 188 (200) length, 290 (282) width, at widest point. The two shields are well separated with soft integument. Podonotal shield (Fig. 10) with striations along its lateral margins; with 20 pairs of simple setae, of these j1 44 (46), z1 16 (14), j2 42 (45), j3 47 (44), j4 49 (45), j5 45 (46), j6 38 (34), r3 110 (122) the longest; a pair of distinct lyrifissures located posteriad z1; setae z1 shorter than distance between z1 and j1. Opisthonotal shield (Fig. 11) completely reticulated; with 13 pairs of setae, of these J1 35 (34), J2 38 (37), J3 38 (38), J4 40 (37), J5 45 (44). Ventral idiosoma. Tritosternum normal, with rectangular base 83 (80) length and pilose laciniae 163 (166). Sternal shield (Fig. 15) 224 (230) length along midline, entirely reticulated, with longitudinal lines along lateral edges, slightly concave anteriorly, with three pairs of setae st1 50 (51), st2 35 (37), st3 28 (26), distances between sternal setae st1–st2 82 (80), st2–st3 51 (53), st2–st2 94 (96), setae st4 and st5 off shield, on soft cuticle. Opisthogaster represented by soft cuticle, one pair of small irregular-shaped medapodal shields present, one pair of minute setae directly located posteriad coxae IV, opisthogaster with seven pairs of pre-anal setae in central area posterior to anal shield, setae ZV3 missing but bases distinctly visible (Fig. 16). Anal shield 93 (100) length, 97 (93) width, reticulated and with one pair of simple setae 42 (45) located laterally on shield, in addition to a pair of para-anal setae 18 (20) and a post-anal seta 22 (24). Gnathosoma. Corniculi short 27 (30). Hypostomal and palpcoxal setae (Fig. 17) present, h1 45 (46), h2 36 (37), h3 40 (42), pcx 40 (45); epistome trispinate, with median prong 27 (28) longer than lateral ones 16 (18) (Fig. 18); anterolateral setae of the palp-femur branched while al1 and al2 entire on palp-genu, as in female. Movable digit of chelicera 88 (90) with three teeth, the fixed digit with 11 teeth (seven large and four minute teeth distally) and a pilus dentilis (Fig. 12). Legs. Leg I 700 (734), leg II 487 (476), leg III 422 (431), leg IV 654 (662). Male (average for three paratypes) Dorsal idiosoma. Dorsum strongly sclerotised and separated into two shields by a transverse suture. Podonotal shield 397 (412) µm length, 430 (422) µm width, with lateral striations, with 21 pairs of normal setae, r3 the longest 116 (122). Opisthonotal shield 345 (333) µm length, 426 (412) µm width, completely reticulated; with 25– 26 pairs of simple setae. Ventral idiosoma. Tritosternum with a reduced base 10 (12) and pilose laciniae 66 (70); two subtriangular presternal shields present; holoventral shield with five pairs of setae and three pairs of lyrifissures in the area between coxae of legs I-IV, distances between setae st1–st2 94 (97), st2–st3 60 (58), st3–st4 55 (57), st4–st5 71 (77), st2–st2 97 (102), entirely reticulated except the area lateral to the first pair of lyrifissures. The genital orifice opens at the anterior margin of holoventral shield; peritremes extend to level between coxa I & II; opisthogastric shield completely reticulated, with para-anals slightly shorter than the post-anal seta. Gnathosoma. Corniculi short 27 (30); three pairs of hypostomal setae and a pair of palpcoxal setae present, h1 52 (50), h2 32 (35), h3 48 (51), pcx 44 (47) (Fig. 19); epistome trispinate, with prongs shorter than in female and deutonymph (Fig. 20), central prong 10 (9), lateral prongs 6 (7); anterolateral setae on the palp-femur and palpgenu as in female; movable digits of chelicerae 84 (88) unidentate and with spermatotremes (Figs 13, 21). Legs. Leg II with apophyses on femur, genu and tibia (Figs 14, 22). Leg I 880 (892), leg II 642 (655), leg III 570 (583), leg IV 820 (803). Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from Latin word edurus meaning hard and refers to its rigid or tough sclerotised body. Type material. Holotype female and 9 females, 6 males and 7 deutonymph paratypes were collected from a mixture of leaf litter and soil at Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki Prefecture, 36° 02' 09" N, 140° 12' 54" E, 10 November 2017, coll. M. W. Negm. Type specimens will be deposited in the National Museum of Nature and Science (NMNS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Remarks. The new species is closely related to Vulgarogamasus fujisanus (Ishikawa, 1972), originally described as Eugamasus fujisanus Ishikawa, 1972, from female specimens found in a pit “Kaminari-ana” at Kansuyama, Shizuoka Prefecture. However, the new species was extracted from leaf litter and soil, mostly in association with collembolan insects. Also, the new species is relatively close to V. oligochaetus Gu & Huang (Gu & Huang, 1993) and V. zhenningensis Gu & Wang (Gu et al., 1987) collected from a bird nest and Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout (Mammalia: Rodentia), respectively. However, the former differs from V. edurus in having only two pairs of sternal setae located on the sternal shield, and in the shape of epistome, while the latter differs in having both setae r3 and cheliceral digits distinctly longer. Table 3 lists the interspecific variations between females of V. edurus and its closely related species described from China. Since the new species is most similar to V. fujisanus, females of the two species were investigated in detail. By the examination of the holotype female of V. fujisanus (National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan) and based on the original designation of species, V. fujisanus and V. edurus are similar in having strongly reticulated dorsum and venter, trispinate epistome, and a relatively similar hypostome. However, the following taxonomic features separate their females (V. fujisanus vs. V. edurus): the former has distinctly longer idiosomal setae than the latter (Table 2 shows the differences in some setal measurements between the two comparable species), setae r3 261 µm vs. 130 (125) µm; setae z1 64 µm longer than distance between bases of z1 and j1 vs. z1 20 (18) shorter than distance between z1 and j1; 10 pairs of opisthogastric setae (excluding para-anals and post-anal seta) vs. eight pairs (one pair each of JV and ZV series absent); epistome with central prong much longer and thicker than lateral ones vs. central prong 35 (33) little longer than lateral ones 27 (29), but the same thickness; fixed digit of chelicera with two large and five small teeth vs. five large and three small teeth; anterolateral setae (al1, al2) on palp-genu in same shape and length vs. al1 shorter than al2 and with pointed tip but al2 with blunt tip. Vulgarogamasus fujisanus was described as new and compared with Eugamasus maschkeae (Willmann, 1936) based on numerical differences of setal pairs on podonotal and opisthonotal shields, and the opisthogaster. Also, the length of the central prong of the trispinate epistome was variable. However, Micherdziński (1969) depicted the epistome of E. maschkeae with two prongs only (Fig. Abb. 378C, D; p. 540), highlighting that according to Willmann (1936) and Holzmann (1955) a short blunt central prong should be present. In the present new species, all female type specimens have a uniform shape of the epistome. Moreover, the fixed digit of the chelicera of E. maschkeae females has more teeth, including a remarkable row of seven adjacent equal teeth (Micherdziński, 1969; Fig. Abb. 378B; p. 540).

Genus Oligonychus Berlese, 1886 Oligonychus Berlese, 1886: 24; Pritchard & Baker, 1955: 270; Wainstein, 1960: 203; Tuttle & Baker, 1968: 116; Meyer, 1974: 248; Mitrofanov, 1977: 1801 -1802. Type-species: Heteronychus brevipodus Targioni Tozzetti, 1878., Published as part of Arabuli, Tea & Gotoh, Tetsuo, 2018, A new species of spider mite, Oligonychus neocastaneae sp. nov. (Acari: Tetranychidae), from Japan, pp. 563-572 in Zootaxa 4378 (4) on page 564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4378.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1171664, {"references":["Berlese, A. (1886) Acari dannosi alle piante coltivate. Premiata tipografia editrice F. Sacchetto, Padova, 31 pp.","Pritchard, A. E. & Baker, E. W. (1955) A revision of the spider mite family Tetranychidae. Memoir Series 2. Pacific Coast Entomological Society, San Francisco, 472 pp.","Wainstein, B. A. (1960) Tetranychoid mites of Kazakhstan. Vol. 5. Publishing House of the Academy of Science of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata, 276 pp. [in Russian]","Tuttle, D. M. & Baker, E. W. (1968) Spider Mites of Southwestern United States and a Revision of the Family Tetranychidae. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 143 pp.","Meyer, M. K. P. S. (1974) A revision of the Tetranychidae of Africa (Acari) with a key to the genera of the world. Entomology Memoir, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Republic of South Africa, 36, 1 - 291.","Mitrofanov, V. I. (1977) The taxonomy of the family Tetranychidae (Acariformes, Trombidiformes). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 56, 1797 - 1804.","Targioni Tozzetti, A. (1878) Relazione interno ai lavori della Stazione di entomologia agrarian di Firenze per I' anno 1876. Acaridei. Annali dell' Agricoltura, 1, 242 - 275."]}

Oligonychus neocastaneae Arabuli & Gotoh sp. nov. [JapaneSe name: NiSe-kuri-no-tSumehadani] (FigS. 1–18) Description. Female (n = 10). Body greeniSh brown. Length of body including gnathoSoma 485–520; gnathoSoma 94–107 long; width of body 321–350. Dorsum. DorSal body Setae long and SparSely SetoSe; lengthS of Setae: v2 75 –86; sc1 110–118; sc2 95–111; c1 99–113; c2 94–108; c3 94–107; d1 98–112; d2 109–117; e1 101–109; e2 106–113; f1 94–99; f2 83–93; h2 50–54. DorSal Setae not Set on tubercleS, length of Setae longer than diStance between their baSeS; Second pair of prodorSal Setae (sc1) longer than firSt (v2) and third (sc2) pairS. Medial hySteroSomal Striation with V-Shaped Striae between d1-d1 and e1-e1, Small area of longitudinal Striae between e1-e1, and tranSverSe Striae poSterior to e1-e1 (Fig. 1); lobeS on dorSal Striae Square Shaped with rounded cornerS, broader than tall (Fig. 2). Gnathosoma. Peritreme Straight, diStal end enlarged forming a Simple bulb SometimeS poSteriorly directed (Fig. 6). PalptarSuS Spinneret about aS long aS wide: 4.1–4.8 long and 3.6–4.3 wide; dorSal SenSillum (Solenidion) Slender 5.1–5.7 long; eupathidia ul’ζ and ul”ζ Subequal in length 6.1–6.8 long (Fig. 7). Venter. Genital flap with tranSverSe Striae; pregenital Striae longitudinal (Fig. 8). Legs. Leg I 238–255, leg II 195–220, leg III 2 18 –235, leg IV 229–long (from trochanter to tarSuS). LengthS of SegmentS of leg I aS followS: femur 77–87, genu 39–46, tibia 40–45, tarSuS 72–79 long. Leg Setal count aS followS (FigS. 3, 4): I 2 – 1 – 8 – 5 – 7 + (1) – 11 + (1) + 2 duplexeS II 2 – 1 – 6 – 5 – 5 – 11 + (1) + 1 duplex III 1 – 1 – 2 – 2 – 5 – 8 + (1) IV 1 – 1 – 1 – 2 – 5 – 8 + (1) TarSuS I diStal duplex Solenidion longer than proximal Solenidion: 70–75 and 49–55, reSpectively. Tactile Setae either of diStal and proximal duplexeS Subequal in length: 14–17 and 17–19, reSpectively. TarSuS II Solenidion of duplex Setae 58–69 long and tactile Seta 15–18 (FigS. 3, 4). TarSuS I with 3 tactile Setae and 1 Solenidion proximal to proximal Set of duplex Setae (Fig. 3); tarSuS II with 3 tactile Setae and 1 Solenidion proximal to duplex Setae (Fig. 4). Empodia I–IV uncinate, long, clawlike with 4–5 pairS of proximoventral hairS; empodial claw aS long aS proximoventral hairS (Fig. 5). Male (n = 11). Body greeniSh brown with pale reddiSh tint at the tip of prodorSum. Holotype—length of body including gnathoSoma 446 (428–451); gnathoSoma 82 (78–94) long; width of body 230 (225–240). Dorsum. DorSal body Setae long, far longer than diStance between baSeS of conSecutive Setae, length of Setae: v2 68 (64–76); sc1 97 (84–97); sc2 78 (74–83); c1 81 (76–88); c2 86 (74–86); c3 92 (85–93); d1 84 (76–88); d2 91 (75–91); e1 85 (75–86); e2 90 (82–94); f1 69 (65–70); f2 58 (50–58); h2 34 (29–35). Gnathosoma. Peritreme aS in female (Fig. 12). PalpuS with Spinneret about aS long aS wide: 3.7 (3.7–4.1) long and 3.4 (3.2–3.5) wide; Solenidion obviouSly Spindle-Shaped 4.1 (4.0–4.3) long; eupathidia ul’ζ and ul”ζ Subequal in length 5.1 (5.0–5.3) long (Fig. 13). Legs. Leg I 231 (221–235); leg II 185 (184–199); leg III 182 (180–195); leg IV 195 (195–209) long (from trochanter to tarSuS). Length of firSt leg SegmentS aS followS: femur 65 (64–79); genu 41 (38–44); tibia 35 (33–37); tarSuS 72 (71–79) long. Leg Setal count aS followS (FigS. 9, 10): I 2 – 1 – 8 – 5 – 7 + (4) – 11 + (3) + 2 duplexeS II 2 – 1 – 6 – 5 – 5 – 11 + (1) + 1 duplex III 1 – 1 – 2 – 2 – 5 – 8 + (1) IV 1 – 1 – 1 – 2 – 5 – 8 + (1) TarSuS I diStal duplex Solenidion longer than proximal Solenidion: 64 (61–65) and 47 (44–52), reSpectively. Tactile Setae of diStal and proximal duplexeS Subequal in length: 16 (14–16) and 17 (16–18), reSpectively (Fig. 9). TarSuS II Solenidion of duplex Setae 41 (40–46) long, tactile 16 (15–17) (Fig. 10). TarSuS I with 3 tactile Setae and 3 Solenidia proximal to proximal Set of duplex Setae (Fig. 9); tarSuS II with 3 tactile Setae and 1 Solenidion proximal to duplex Setae (Fig. 10). Empodia I with 3 pairS of proximoventral hairS, thick, claw-like, the proximoventral SpurS much Shorter than dorSal claw and each with 2 fine dorSal hairS (Fig. 11). Empodia II –IV uncinate, long, claw-like with 3 pairS of proximoventral hairS; empodial claw aS long aS proximoventral hair (Fig. 11). Aedeagus. Shaft of aedeaguS narrowing, bent ventrad, diStally leSS than at right angle and form a very Small Sigmoid, acuminate tip; Sigmoid part taperS (FigS. 14–18). MeaSurementS of aedeaguS (Fig. 14): a 6.3 (5.8–6.8); b 12.4 (10.5–12.5); c 3.6 (3.4–4.1); d 31.3 (26.7–32.1). AedeaguS meaSurementS (n=6) of O. castaneae (FigS. 19–23; voucher Specimen no. 696) collected from KanegaSaki (39°16’N 141°05’), ISawa Prov., Iwate Pref., 19-VIII-2013 (Y. KitaShima leg.): a 4.3–4.9; b 9.1–11.4; c 3.4–4; d 33.2–35.5. Type series. Holotype: male (NSMT-Ac 14218), KanegaSaki (39°13’N 141°05’E), ISawa Prov., Iwate Pref., 5- VII-2009 (N. NiShizawa leg.), on Castanea crenata Sieb. & Zucc. (Fagaceae). ParatypeS: 23 maleS and 27 femaleS (voucher Specimen no. 327) including 4 maleS (NSMT-Ac 14219-14222) and 5 femaleS (NSMT-Ac 14223-14227) depoSited to NSMT, data Same aS for holotype. Other specimens. Remainder of the paratypeS and additional SpecimenS are retained in AEZ-IU under the Serial voucher Specimen numberS. 4 maleS and 8 femaleS (voucher Specimen no. 325), Tomi (36°21’N 138°20’E), Nagano Pref., 20-VII-2009 (N. NiShizawa leg.), on Castanea crenata; 5 maleS and 8 femaleS (voucher Specimen no. 326), Kawachi-Nagano (34°24’N 135°32’E), OhSaka Pref., 21-VII-2009 (A. Suwa leg.), on Quercus acutissima Carruth. (Fagaceae); 3 maleS and 8 femaleS (voucher Specimen no. 346), Kumagaya (36°10’N 139°24’E), Saitama Pref., 16-VIII-2009 (N. NiShizawa leg.), on Quercus serrata Murray (Fagaceae); 4 maleS and 7 femaleS (voucher Specimen no. 349), Fujioka (36°17’N 139°37’E), ShimotSuga Prov., Tochigi Pref., 16-VIII-2009 (N. NiShizawa leg.), on Q. acutissima. Diagnosis. The female of the new SpecieS iS cloSely related to O. castanea. Both infeSt the upper Side of leaveS of fagaceouS hoSt plantS and are browniSh green in colour. However, the main morphological character that SeparateS theSe two SpecieS iS the Shape and Size of the aedeaguS. That of the new SpecieS haS a longer diStal portion that formS a very Small Sigmoid Shape and haS an acuminate tip. In contraSt, the aedeaguS of O. castaneae iS bent at a right angle to the Shaft axiS and it haS a Straight, truncate tip bent anteriorly. In addition, the new SpecieS iS diStinguiShed from O. castaneae by having 11 tactile Setae and one Solenidion on tarSuS II of the female, inStead of 12 tactile Setae and one Solenidion; and 11 tactile Setae and one Solenidion on tarSuS II of the male, inStead of 12 tactile Setae and 2 Solenidia. The number of tactile Setae proximal to the duplex Setae on tarSuS I iS SometimeS uSeful for diStinguiShing SpecieS. However, femaleS of O. castanea from Ami (the type locality) are characterized by having tarSuS I with 4 tactile Setae and 1 Solenidion proximal to proximal duplex Setae, but tarSuS I of female SpecimenS from other localitieS have 3 or 4 tactile Setae and 1 Solenidion proximal to proximal duplex Setae. So, the number of proximal tactile Setae on the tarSuS I iS not uSeful for diStinguiShing theSe SpecieS. ThiS new SpecieS reSembleS to O. newcomeri (McGregor, 1950); however, aedeaguS of O. neocastaneae iS diStinct from that of O. newcomeri in being widened at the bend with the upper Surface Straight (Pritchard & Baker 1955). The new SpecieS alSo cloSely reSembleS to O. castaneae, O. gotohi Ehara, 1999, O. amiensis Ehara, 1999, and O. coffeae (Nietner, 1861) (Ehara & Gotoh 2007). However, the new SpecieS can be eaSily Separated from the other SpecieS by uSing the morphology of aedeaguS, becauSe aedeagi of the latter three SpecieS have cloSely Similar Shape with O. castaneae. There are other two conSpicuouS differenceS between the new SpecieS and theSe four SpecieS: (1) there are four or more proximoventral hairS in the male leg I of the latter four SpecieS, but only three in the new SpecieS; and (2) the proximoventral hairS in the male leg I are free, but there are fuSed (at leaSt partially) in the new SpecieS. The Shape of aedeaguS of the new SpecieS iS alSo cloSely related to that of O. clavatus (Ehara, 1959), but the latter differS from the new SpecieS in having 6 tactile Setae on tibia I inStead of 7 in the new SpecieS. Molecular analyses. After alignment, the COI fragment had 714 nucleotide SiteS, of which 180 were parSimony informative SiteS and contained no inSertionS or deletionS. In the COI tree, the taxonomic StatuS of each SpecieS waS robuStly Supported becauSe all eight Oligonychus SpecieS analyzed in the current Study were independently cluStered (Fig. 24, bootStrap valueS = 100), meaning that O. neocastaneae sp. nov. waS a clearly Separate SpecieS from O. castaneae. Etymology. ThiS SpecieS inhabitS the Same hoSt plant than O. castaneae to which it iS morphologically cloSely related. AS it waS diScovered after O. castaneae we deSignated it by the SpecieS name neocastaneae., Published as part of Arabuli, Tea & Gotoh, Tetsuo, 2018, A new species of spider mite, Oligonychus neocastaneae sp. nov. (Acari: Tetranychidae), from Japan, pp. 563-572 in Zootaxa 4378 (4) on pages 564-570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4378.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1171664, {"references":["Pritchard, A. E. & Baker, E. W. (1955) A revision of the spider mite family Tetranychidae. Memoir Series 2. Pacific Coast Entomological Society, San Francisco, 472 pp.","Ehara, S. (1999) Revision of the spider mite family Tetranychidae of Japan (Acari, Prostigmata). Species Diversity, 4, 63 - 141.","Nietner, J. (1861) Observations on the enemies of the coffee tree in Ceylon. The Ceylon Times Office, Ceylon, 31 pp.","Ehara, S. & Gotoh, T. (2007) Two new species of Oligonychus closely related to O. gotohi Ehara (Acari: Tetranychidae). International Journal of Acarology, 33, 15 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01647950708684495","Ehara, S. (1959) Description of a new spider mite attacking Japanese pines. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 32, 97 - 100."]}

The mite taxa (205 species, 4 genera, 1 subgenus, and 1 tribe) created by the late Dr. S. Ehara and his coauthors are listed here. The original names of the taxa are used but listed under each taxa is the new name (if it has changed), the type localities, habitats and depositories of each type series (along with Museum and accession number(s) of holotype and a part of paratypes). The full list of Ehara’s publications is also presented as well as his obituary. 江原昭三とその共著者によって創設されたダニ類タクサ（1 族，4属，1 亜属，205 種）は多くの論文に分かれて発表されているので，これらのタクサをリストアップし，合わせてタイプ・シリーズの保管施設（博物館など）を記した。すなわち，原記載のままの学名，現在の和名（丸かっこ内），学名記載頁，図番号，タイプ産地とタイプ生息地，タイプ・シリ－ズの保管施設名（ホロタイプのすべてと一部のパラタイプについては標本番号）を記録した。ここで取り上げたタクサの一部は，こんにち変更されている場合があり，この場合には現行の学名が付記されている。巻末には，江原昭三著作目録を掲げる。