Search

Safe assets are recognized as being the cornerstone of contemporary financial systems. Due to financial globalization and massive international capital flows, they transformed into global safe assets, meaning that both demand and supply sides can be created by international investors. The article consists of two main parts. The first one concentrates on the theoretical issues of safe assets: definitions, attributes, categories of investors who search for them, as well as categories of suppliers. The theoretical considerations lead to the conclusions that only debt instruments can be used as safe assets, and due to limited substitutability between private and public issues, only the latter can perform this function properly, especially in times of stress. In the context of global safe asset considerations, it seems reasonable that only countries issuing reserve currencies can become public issuers of safe assets. The empirical analysis presented in the second part of the article confirms the theoretical predictions. A study of sovereign bond yield differentials conducted for two groups of countries (issuers of reserve currency and non‑issuers but possessing the highest credit ratings) shows that in the period 2005-2017, the spreads in the first group were depressed by the mere fact they held the status of a reserve currency issuer.

The paper concerns the impact of announcements published by rating agencies on the government bond yield in selected countries of the world. Ratings assigned to debt securities on account of the issuer’s financial standing are an important determinant of their yield. Factors that affect the rate of return of a given traded debt, in addition to idiosyncratic factors, i.e. those related to the issuer’s economy, and global factors, also include the ratings of connected countries. Moreover, empirical studies carried out in this area prove that the relationship is asymmetrical. This allows us to suppose that favourable information concerning the improvement of government bond ratings is not reflected in the decrease in their yield. The aim of the paper is the analysis of interactions between the yields of 10‑year government bonds issued by selected economies. A subject that is of particular interest is the evaluation of the impact of positive and negative changes in credit rating assessments made by international agencies on the yield of bonds issued by other economies than the country concerned in the assessment. The spatial scope of the analysis concerns 10‑year government bonds issued by 40 countries in the period of 2008-2017. In the study, dynamic spatial models for pooled time series and cross‑sectional data and dynamic spatial panel data models were used.

Indonesia sovereign bonds are investment graded bonds, therefore, it will have global exposure and it will be more interlinked with global market condition. The purpose of this research is to examine the impacts of US bond yield, exchange rate, and inflation on Indonesian bond yield. Our result conclude that based on Vector Error Correction Model there are long run causality from inflation, US 10 year bond yield, and USD/IDR exchange rate to Indonesia 10 year bond yield. There are also short-run causality from inflation and US 10 year bond yield to Indonesia 10 year bond yield. Based on impulse response function, Indonesia 10 year bond yield respond permanently to changes in US 10 year bond yield. Based on Granger causality we also reveal that inflation and US 10 year bond yield can cause Indonesia 10 year bond yield. US 10 year bond yield has a larger impact than inflation when it comes to affecting Indonesia 10 year bond yield

Abstract This paper addresses the question of the optimal debt level of a state (canton) that issues new bonds and subsequently invests the borrowed capital. For that purpose, we first estimate the effect of the debt level on the interest rate and then we contrast the predicted interest rate with potential revenue from the capital markets. The estimation is based on panel data from the 26 Swiss cantons between 1980 and 2015. The median performance of Swiss pension funds serves as a reference value for the revenue achieved in the capital market. The results show an exponential relationship between the debt and its interest rate; raising indebtedness by 1000 Swiss francs per capita makes the spread between the risk-free rate and the interest rate on the debt increase by 5%. Given this small effect, the inherent optimal debt level equals more than twice the initial levels and the reinvested uncommitted funds provide a return potential of nearly 5% of the total cantonal receipts, on average.

Bulgarian pension funds have been operating for more than 15 years since the fundamental reform in the pension system in our country was implemented in 2002. For the whole period Bulgarian lev has been fixed to the euro due to the currency board system. In such an environment Bulgarian central bank cannot finance the budget deficits of the state. Bulgarian government is trying to balance the budget or to form small deficits because in a currency board monetary system eventual shortages of cash inflows should be compensated by the private sector – mainly by the institutional investors – banks, pension funds, insurance companies etc. In this situation Bulgarian pension funds are one of the cash sources that could be used. But are they a real source in the long term? In the next lines a research is done on the structure of the government bond portfolio held by Bulgarian pension funds and how these financial institutions actually support the financing of the deficits formed by the Bulgarian government for the last 10 years. The research is trying to find answers to the following questions: • Is the share of government bonds in Bulgarian universal pension fund portfolio constant or is it variable for the last 10 years. • What is the share of the Bulgarian government bonds in government bond portfolio managed by the pension funds? • Could we expect that these financial institutions will continue to finance the budget deficits of the Bulgarian government in the long term and to what extent? The last question is quite important having in mind that the introduction of the funded component of the pension system was accompanied by a transfer of the contribution due for the first pillar of the system (pay-as-you-go) towards the second one (fully funded with defined contributions). So part of the deficit formed into the pay-as-you-go pension system is due to this reduction of the contribution rate paid by those individuals insured into the universal pension funds.

The article contains the results of studying instruments of the domestic market for government securities in Ukraine. Due to the fact that the financial market has become a powerful and efficient source for accumulating temporarily free funds, which will satisfy interests of investors themselves, the state is trying to diversify and improve the list of government securities of Ukraine. The main trends in the development of government borrowing in the domestic market of Ukraine are described, the advantages and disadvantages of the subtypes of government debt obligations are considered. Over the past decades the number of instruments in the government debt market of Ukraine has increased. In particular, these are VAT bonds, domestic government bonds in foreign currency, indexed bonds, hryvnia-denominated and US dollar-denominated treasury bills, war bonds. Despite a rather large list of financial instruments, almost all issues of non-standard debt instruments did not have much success. The main factors affecting the issuance and circulation of government securities in Ukraine are identified. Moreover, the relationship of the state and the NBU in the government securities market is highlighted. Financial bills and discussions of scientists about its legal status are considered in the context of financial instruments. There analyzed foreign experience in implementing government debt relief programs in the USA, Japan, and Canada, in which employers participate to financially support their employees. Positive and negative aspects of their functioning are identified, and conclusions are drawn about the possible consequences and prospects for Ukraine. There substantiated proposals for measures to increase the level of investor interest in government debt instruments in the securities market that concern both legal and economic components of qualitative changes and reforms.

What are the long-term effects of the financial sanctions against Russia? We provide a time-sensitive analysis of the sanctions impact on certain Russian financial markets and highlight how Russia has responded strategically. Our analysis also captures the effect of the threat of sanctions and informs the debate on sanctions effectiveness. Thus, our study indicates how financial sanctions can be incorporated into theories of deterrence and conflict resolution. We also provide some policy implications that can be generalized and reinforce previous research. Russia's banking system is highly dependent on dollar transactions, and in response to sanctions, Russia has systematically undertaken measures to promote its economic sovereignty under conditions of continued financial integration. We argue that sanctions put some pressure on the Russian budget, and that this effect has been exacerbated by the Covid-19 crisis, but also that Russia has used debt placements strategically in order to deter sanctions escalation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of an emerging capital market is necessary and requires all available resources and inputs from various sources to realize this objective. Several debates on government bonds' contribution to Nigeria's capital market developmental growth have ensued but have not triggered comprehensive studies in this area. The present research work seeks to close the breach by probing the impact of government bonds on developing the capital market in Nigeria from 2003-2019. We employ total market capitalization as the response variable to proxy the capital market, while various government bonds serve as the independent variables. The inflation rate moderates the predictor components. The research uses multiple regression technique to assess the explanatory variables' impact on the total market capitalization. At the same time, diagnostic tests help guarantee the normality of the regression model's data distribution and appropriateness. The findings reveal that the Federal Government of Nigeria's (FGN) bond is statistically significant and positive in influencing Nigeria's capital market growth. The other predictor variables are not found significant in this study. The study suggests that the Government should improve on the government bonds' coupon, while still upholding the none default norm in paying interest and refunding principal to investors when due. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes how the large budget deficits of 2020 in the United States and the United Kingdom were financed, how central banks are in practice managed not just short-term interest rates but also yields on government bonds, and how their ability to resist a post-coronavirus surge in inflation has been compromised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian economy has been significantly affected by the Covid-19 virus and the associated health policy actions. This has warranted a comprehensive policy response from both fiscal and monetary policy. The monetary policy response has been directed at supporting households and businesses by keeping funding costs low and ensuring credit is available. The monetary policy actions have worked as expected by lowering the key interest rate benchmarks in the economy to historically low levels, which has been transmitted through to historically low borrowing rates for households and businesses, as well as governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Business Consultant / Poslovni Konsultant is the property of FINconsult Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses a simple method for estimating the probability of sovereign default function based on the determination of the key factors for the assessment of default and their weighting factors according to the statistics for the group of countries which past history contains the event. Pilot calculations are implemented for identifying the specified default functions for the two groups of countries - Ecuador, Argentina, Mexico and Thailand, South Korea and Russia. On the basis of these estimates specifics of defaults are revealed in the different regions of the world and in every country within these regions. The generalization of the proposed method is drafted for carrying out a large-scale applied research.

Copyright of Business Consultant / Poslovni Konsultant is the property of FINconsult Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to empirically analyse the relationship between marketable securities (government bonds and treasury bills) and bank deposits in European markets. Using a proper database and proper methodological framework, we will analyse this relationship for the last two decades observed in 32 European countries between 1990Q1 and 2018Q2. We specifically focus on the levels of issued treasury bills and government bonds, as well as on their shares in each country's GDP. Our empirical results suggest the validation of the substitution hypothesis between bank deposits and marketable securities. This means that deposit holders tend to issue bills when they do not find the investment options from banks' solutions or from bonds' yields interesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Financing is the property of Financing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ORDO: Jahrbuch für die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Factor investing has become very popular during the last decades, especially with respect to equity markets. After extending Fama–French factors to corporate bond markets, recent research more often concentrates on the government bond space and reveals that there is indeed clear empirical evidence for the existence of significant government bond factors. Voices that state the opposite refer to outdated data samples. By the documentation of rather homogeneous recent empirical evidence, this review underlines the attractiveness of more sophisticated investment approaches, which are well established in equity and even in corporate bond markets, to the segment of government bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the presence of excess volatility and market efficiency in government bond markets of ASEAN-5 member countries. The individual country-level bond volatility is verified using an AR-GARCH model with a multivariate extension of panel approach to examine the effects of international diversification. Wavelet coherence is employed to present visually the co-movement between the bond prices in a time–frequency space. The empirical results indicate that the presence of excess volatility is found in all countries. In addition, the findings from the panel analysis reveal evidence of market inefficiency in government bonds but lower excess volatility in the 10-year bond. There is also a large difference of magnitude in excess volatility, suggesting that the ASEAN-5 bond market is inefficient in individual markets. Excess volatility is less persistent regionally with low correlations, implying that balanced portfolios would greatly benefit from international diversifications. The results from the wavelet coherence analysis imply that investment in ASEAN bond prices may yield lower risk reduction for long horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung Discussion Papers is the property of Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Western central banks embarked on alternative monetary policies that increased their balance sheets by $20 trillion over 10 years. It is only by spinning off those assets into sovereign bond funds that they will be able to alleviate the consequences of their lack of exit strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beside development of the economy as a whole, investments in government securities, as a financial instrument, contribute to the financing of the budget balance and the needs of the sectors of the national economy. For this reason, most countries of the world show increased interest in developing and increasing its attractiveness. This article proposes a synthesis of the evolution of the government securities market in the period of 2017-2020, its relations with the state budget, as well as an analysis of the level of attractiveness of government securities in relation to other investment opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses an estimation of public debt-to-GDP threshold ratio in the developing economy encountered with an excessive public debt impact on macro dynamics. An active field of the study focuses on the internal public debt due to a recent tendency of external share substitution in the developing economies. Among a lot of publications dedicated to the public debt, the study object usually focuses on an array of countries using the same method to evaluate the threshold ratio. Analyzing behavior specifics concerning economy in crises and thereafter, there is a need to carry out the public debt study for the particular economy as well. The research suggests an algorithm for determining internal public debt-to-GDP threshold ratio by applying a scenario modeling tool. Taking into account a growing burden of public debt in Ukraine, the authors have elaborated an econometric macro model operated through fiscal-monetary interaction. The model was used to evaluate the internal public debt-to-GDP threshold ratio in Ukraine. The threshold ratio proves to be 40% of GDP, while the similar result for the total amount of public borrowings is about twice as high. Although the given ratio remained below the estimated threshold as of the mid-term of 2017, a space degree is small and going to collapse soon. Considering sluggish economic recovery following the last recession took place in 2014–2015, Ukraine will face the challenge of reopening the agenda of growing debt burden in a near future.

The perspective of behavioural finance is that anomalies in the cross-section of returns are driven by mispricing that arises from investor irrationality that cannot be easily arbitraged away. In this study, we examine the implications of this for international government bond markets. Using data for 25 countries for the years 1992–2015, we replicate multiple factor strategies that represent four major return drivers: defensive (low-risk), carry, value and momentum. We investigate the relationships between the performance of these strategies and market-wide measures of limits to arbitrage and investor sentiment. We find that the defensive strategy performs best during tight arbitrage conditions whereas severe limits to arbitrage negatively affect momentum profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to assess the condition, prospects and determinants of the development of the retail Treasury bond market in Poland. The article uses the following research methods: literature analysis, observation method, data analysis published by the Ministry of Finance and the National Bank of Poland. As a result of the analysis, attention was paid to the chances for the development of the retail Treasury bond market in Poland resulting from the increase in household savings. It would also contribute to reducing the risk resulting from the involvement of foreign investors in the domestic government bond market.

The growth of an emerging capital market is necessary and requires all available resources and inputs from various sources to realize this objective. Several debates on government bonds’ contribution to Nigeria’s capital market developmental growth have ensued but have not triggered comprehensive studies in this area. The present research work seeks to close the breach by probing the impact of government bonds on developing the capital market in Nigeria from 2003–2019. We employ total market capitalization as the response variable to proxy the capital market, while various government bonds serve as the independent variables. The inflation rate moderates the predictor components. The research uses multiple regression technique to assess the explanatory variables’ impact on the total market capitalization. At the same time, diagnostic tests help guarantee the normality of the regression model’s data distribution and appropriateness. The findings reveal that the Federal Government of Nigeria’s (FGN) bond is statistically significant and positive in influencing Nigeria’s capital market growth. The other predictor variables are not found significant in this study. The study suggests that the Government should improve on the government bonds’ coupon, while still upholding the none default norm in paying interest and refunding principal to investors when due.

Safe assets are recognized as being the cornerstone of contemporary financial systems. Due to financial globalization and massive international capital flows, they transformed into global safe assets, meaning that both demand and supply sides can be created by international investors. The article consists of two main parts. The first one concentrates on the theoretical issues of safe assets: definitions, attributes, categories of investors who search for them, as well as categories of suppliers. The theoretical considerations lead to the conclusions that only debt instruments can be used as safe assets, and due to limited substitutability between private and public issues, only the latter can perform this function properly, especially in times of stress. In the context of global safe asset considerations, it seems reasonable that only countries issuing reserve currencies can become public issuers of safe assets. The empirical analysis presented in the second part of the article confirms the theoretical predictions. A study of sovereign bond yield differentials conducted for two groups of countries (issuers of reserve currency and non-issuers but possessing the highest credit ratings) shows that in the period 2005–2017, the spreads in the first group were depressed by the mere fact they held the status of a reserve currency issuer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of monetary policy outcomes suggest that Nigeria does not often enjoy ideal conditions to adopting a monetary policy regime aimed primarily at stabilizing prices due to increasing internal debt resulting from sales of government securities. This has also push-up the volume of money supplied into her economy. This has made the economy particularly exposed to price and quantity-type external shocks, which renders price stabilization all the more complicated. This study examines the impact of open market operations and money supply on inflation rate in Nigeria within the period of 1981-2016. Using the vector error correction model approach, the result revealed that Treasury bill, government bonds, and money supply have positive and significant relationship with inflation rate in Nigeria. However, total value of money market instruments, income per capita and interest rate had negative and significant impact on inflation rate in Nigeria. The study concluded that open market operations while controlling the supply of money had significantly impacted on price stability in the long-run in the Nigerian economy. The study suggests that there is need for an increase use in the open market operations as a tool for achieving stability of price in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Predicting bond betas using macro-finance variables. • We find differences in prediction across government, investment grade corporate and high-yield corporate bond betas. • The complete subset regressions (CSR) method performs well in predicting bond betas. • There are important portfolio and policy making implications. We predict bond betas conditioning on a number of macro-finance variables. We explore differences across long-term government bonds, investment grade corporate bonds, and high yield corporate bonds. We conduct out-of-sample forecasting using the new approach of combining predictor variables through complete subset regressions (CSR). We consider the robustness of CSR forecasts across the 1-month, 3-month, and 12-month forecasting horizons. The CSR method performs well in predicting bond betas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the relationships among credit default swap (CDS), government bond yield, foreign investors' ownership, and exchange rate by conducting Vector Error Correction Model and Vector Auto Regression. We compare the relationships in the period of 2008 to 2013 and in the sub period when financial crisis happened in 2008. Using daily data from April 28, 2008 to December 31, 2013 in Indonesian government bond market, we find government bond yield plays a significant role; and drives the movement of the other variables. However, during the 2008 crisis, the yield loses its dominance and tends to follow the movement of CDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the shifting relationship between the state and the rural elites in Sichuan during the last decades of the Qing dynasty through the lens of taxation and public debt by using a creditor-debtor model as a theoretical framework. Sichuan's unique rewarded land tax surcharge, called the "Contribution" and levied since 1864, established a relationship of symbolic and economic indebtedness of the imperial and local state to the taxpayer. Western-inspired reforms after 1898 directly attacked the symbolic and economic bonds established by the Contribution. The Railway Rent Share tax shifted the creditor-debtor relationship from the state to the public Sichuan-Hankou Railway Company by making individual taxpayers into shareholders. When Beijing eventually banned what it saw as a privatization of taxation and decided to nationalize the railway company, this ignited the Railway Protection Movement, which precipitated the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between credit risk and the pricing of local government bonds in China is explored in this paper. The pricing of local government bonds was found to reflect credit risk, but the risk premium was small. The type of bond ('directional' or 'non-directional') significantly affected pricing. Repayment source had no effect. The authors make recommendations for the central government, local governments and investors. Our research on local government bond pricing benefits China's central government, local governments and investors. We urge the central government to strengthen its regulation of directional bonds and special bonds, and then promote marketization. Local governments should reduce the size of directional bonds, and decouple special bonds from government financial guarantees. Investors should purchase the local government bonds which have the highest premium with equal risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The euro area recently experienced a prolonged period of weak economic activity and very low inflation. This paper reviews models of business cycle stabilization with an eye to formulating lessons for policy in the euro area. According to standard models, after a large recessionary shock accommodative monetary and fiscal policy together may be necessary to stabilize economic activity and inflation. The paper describes practical ways for the euro area to be able to implement an effective monetary-fiscal policy mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to offer a new explanation for the momentum effect in international government bonds. Using cross-sectional and time-series tests, we examine a sample of bonds from 22 countries for the years 1980 through 2018. We document significant momentum profits that are not attributable to bond-specific risk factors, such as volatility or credit risk. The global bond momentum is driven by the returns on underlying foreign exchange rates. Controlling for currency movements fully explains the abnormal returns on momentum strategies in international government bonds. The results are robust to many considerations including alternative sorting periods, portfolio construction methods, as well as subperiod and subsample analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Everything runs in a certain ecosystem, and the differences within the system are interrelated and play a role, which is the basic point of view of ecosystem. From the perspective of ecosystem, this paper finds that there is an inevitable relationship between government bond issuance and household consumption through theoretical model deduction. The basic conclusion is that the impact of government bond issuance on household consumption mainly depends on the relative risk aversion coefficient of consumers and the correlation coefficient between household consumption expenditure and government bond issuance. Taking China as an example, this paper empirically analyses the impact of government debt issuance on household consumption under the framework of Ricardo equivalence. It is found that Ricardo equivalence is not valid in the short term, and government debt issuance is complementary to household consumption, that is, the increase of government debt issuance will lead to the increase of household consumption. Compared with increasing government bond issuance through taxation, increasing government bond issuance has more expansive effect on residents' consumption demand. But in the long run, government bond issuance will squeeze out residents' consumption expenditure, which will be reduced accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public debt stock is an indicator of high interest at the macroeconomic level and regulated within the European Union by the Maastricht Treaty, which provides a level of public debt of at most 60% of GDP. Romania, as a member state of the EU, must fit this percentage. This article analyzes the evolution of public debt in our country in terms of dynamics and structure for the period 2000-2018. The evolution of governmental and local public debt, as well as the service of governmental public debt and the differences between the public debt determined according to the EU methodology and the one determined according to the national methodology is highlighted. Finally, we will draw some conclusions regarding the evolution of the public debt and its sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes China's bond market, which covers the interbank market, exchange market, and bank counter market. We compare various types of bonds and discuss their latest trends, which to a large extent are driven by government policies, resulting in rapid growth in central government and local government bond issues. The recent launch of the "Bond Connect" trading platform for bond transactions between mainland China and Hong Kong and the emergence of many new bond types suggest that China's bond market may provide more investment and growth opportunities for global investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problems of Economy is the property of Research Centre for Industrial Developmen Problems of Nas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Derevko H.S. The capitalization transactions of state banks in Ukraine are analyzed in the context of the establishment of an additional impact on the growth of the debt burden. It is shown that these operations were carried out in 2009-2016 under the contradictions of financial legislation in terms of lack of transparency, and the absence of clear rules that allow justifying the volumes, mechanism and consequences of state aid to banks in the form of capitalization. Overall during 2008-2016 years (first quarter) state spent about 88 billion UАН for such capitalization. Implementation of the capitalization of state banks at the expense of T-bills is very costly for the state budget. During the period 2008-2016 years (first quarter) state budget expenditures related to T-bills service, through which the capitalization of state banks was held, rich 37 billion UAH, or 15.4 percent of total expenditures made on public service debt over the named period.

As an effect of the economic crisis in 1997-1998, the Government of Indonesia has issued 650.000 billion rupiah of government bonds to restructure banks. These bonds called recapitalization bonds. Problems surface when the maturity date of bonds is in 2004 to 2009. That will burden the state budget (APBN). To overcome that problem, the Government of Indonesia implements the Debt Switching Policy in 2002 and 2003. This article is to discuss effects of the Debt Switching Policy on the state budget (APBN) and to comprehend the economy and politic phenomenon informulating that poling.

In the article, the causes and existence of the state budget deficit are defined. The main source of budget deficit financing in historical retrospective are considered. The most popular government securities which issued in foreign countries are compared in the article. The dynamics of the budget deficit in Ukraine and the sources of its coverage are analyzed in the article. There are three main types of government securities in Ukraine, such as: national currency-denominated government bonds, foreign currency-denominated government bonds and target government bonds. The main market maker of the government bonds' market is National Bank of Ukraine. The volume of resources, which are mobilized from the issue of the national currency-denominated government bonds are major then the volume of resources, which are mobilized from the issue of the foreign currency-denominated government bonds The necessity of further improvement of government securities as an important source of budget deficit financing is emphasized.

We examine the dependency between the European government bond markets around the recent sovereign debt crisis. A dynamic copula approach is used to model the time-varying dependence structure of those government bond markets, evaluate the nature and strength of their dependencies over time, and gauge the transmission of the crisis shocks. Our results can be summarized as follows: i) the eurozone sovereign bond markets under consideration have a significant and positive dependence with the Greek and the EMU benchmark sovereign bond markets; ii) the dynamic-BB7 copula function best describes the dependence structure between these sovereign bond markets and provides evidence of asymmetric tail dependence; iii) the conditional probability of crisis transmission from Greece to other eurozone countries is higher than the other way around; and iv) Greece is the most vulnerable country when the eurozone entered into the sovereign debt crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]