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Formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) perovskite without methylammonium and/or Cs cations is considered the most promising candidate for perovskite photovoltaics. However, the crystallization of photoactive α‐FAPbI3 requires high‐temperature annealing (≥150 °C) and a controlled humidity environment when methylammonium‐containing additives are absent. A methylammonium‐free ink is reported that enables low‐temperature (≤80 °C) crystallization of photoactive α‐FAPbI3 films, while also demonstrating compatibility with blade‐coating large‐area films in ambient air. The synergistical effects of methylphenyl sulfoxide and PbCl2 facilitate the formation of an intermediate phase of nanoscale‐disordered δ‐FAPbI3, which dramatically reduces the crystallization temperature of α‐FAPbI3 down to 80 °C and even below. The 80 °C crystalized α‐FAPbI3 exhibits reduced strain and improved uniformity compared to high‐temperature annealed counterparts. The synthesized ink and the corresponding intermediate precursor film are also found remarkably stable, allowing open‐air processing without the need for humidity control. Highly efficient n–i–p structured α‐FAPbI3 minimodules can be fabricated under an ambient environment RH 50% with the ink at 80 °C, achieving a power conversion efficiency of up to 22.4%. The discovery of the low‐temperature FAPbI3 ink paves a new avenue for printing perovskite solar cells and associated optoelectronic applications, accelerating the commercialization progress of perovskite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Our aims were to investigate whether the Farm Animal Welfare Committee 2011 target of prevalence of lameness in English sheep flocks of <2% by 2021 had been achieved and to identify management practices associated with controlling lameness. A retrospective postal survey was sent to a random sample of 1000 English farmers. The usable response percentage was 26.9%. The geometric mean prevalence of lameness was <2% in ewes and lambs, but the median was 3%; approximately 26% flocks had <2% lameness. Farmers that quarantined ewes for 3 or more weeks and did not use footbathing or foot trimming to prevent lameness had a 40–50% lower prevalence of lameness than those not using these practices. More farmers were not using routine foot trimming than in 2018, which is a positive impact. However, more farmers were footbathing sheep, and fewer farmers were using injectable antibiotics to treat footrot, a bacterial disease, which requires antibiotic injection for recovery and to minimise spread of disease. We conclude that the target of <2% lameness in England has been achieved by 26% of farmers, and further work is required for more farmers to follow the evidence-based management practices to minimise lameness. Since 2004, the prevalence of lameness in sheep flocks in England has reduced as farmers have adopted evidence-based management practices to control lameness. In 2011, the Farm Animal Welfare Council proposed a target prevalence of <2% lameness in sheep by 2021. This study investigated whether that target had been achieved and determined which practices were associated with prevalence of lameness. A postal questionnaire was sent to 1000 randomly selected farmers to investigate the prevalence of lameness and management practices in 2022. The geometric mean prevalence of lameness was <2% in ewes and lambs, but the median was 3%; approximately 26% flocks had <2% lameness. Data were analysed using robust variable selection with multivariable linear models. Farmers that quarantined ewes for ≥3 weeks and did not use foot bathing or foot trimming to prevent lameness had 40–50% lower prevalence of lameness than those not using these practices. Fewer farmers (19.0%) were always using parenteral antimicrobials to treat footrot, an effective practice, than in previous research (49.7%). We conclude that the target of <2% lameness in England has been achieved by 26% of farmers, and further work is required for more farmers to follow the evidence-based management practices to minimise lameness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lameness, an impaired gait, results from the pain dairy cows feel, which impacts their behaviour and performance, and consequently farmer income. Mobility scoring by visual inspection is the current gold standard in the UK for detecting this condition; however, it is prone to scoring biases and can only detect lameness once the cow feels pain, which may come too late for effective action to be taken. Conversely, the early detection of lameness allows for the better management and treatment of lameness cases, which is decisive in minimizing economic losses and animal pain, thereby improving cow welfare and the sustainability of the dairy industry. In a previous study, metabolites predictive of lameness were identified; however, the annotation of these metabolites has not yet been conducted. Although some annotation ambiguity is acceptable when performing untargeted analysis, accurately identifying compounds is crucial to understand which pathways are differentially altered between lame and non-lame cows. This study aimed to annotate the metabolites identified as predictors of lameness in the transition period and understand their biological role in the pathways and processes that lead to lameness. As a result, three metabolites predictive of lameness in dairy cows were identified at the highest confidence level, thus allowing for the understanding of the interactions between metabolism and immunity in lameness to be improved. The aim of this study was to identify with a high level of confidence metabolites previously identified as predictors of lameness and understand their biological relevance by carrying out pathway analyses. For the dairy cattle sector, lameness is a major challenge with a large impact on animal welfare and farm economics. Understanding metabolic alterations during the transition period associated with lameness before the appearance of clinical signs may allow its early detection and risk prevention. The annotation with high confidence of metabolite predictors of lameness and the understanding of interactions between metabolism and immunity are crucial for a better understanding of this condition. Using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with authentic standards to increase confidence in the putative annotations of metabolites previously determined as predictive for lameness in transition dairy cows, it was possible to identify cresol, valproic acid, and gluconolactone as L1, L2, and L1, respectively which are the highest levels of confidence in identification. The metabolite set enrichment analysis of biological pathways in which predictors of lameness are involved identified six significant pathways (p < 0.05). In comparison, over-representation analysis and topology analysis identified two significant pathways (p < 0.05). Overall, our LC-MS/MS analysis proved to be adequate to confidently identify metabolites in urine samples previously found to be predictive of lameness, and understand their potential biological relevance, despite the challenges of metabolite identification and pathway analysis when performing untargeted metabolomics. This approach shows potential as a reliable method to identify biomarkers that can be used in the future to predict the risk of lameness before calving. Validation with a larger cohort is required to assess the generalization of these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined, and new entries since January 2024 are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, progress in the field of optical (including solar) energy conversion was dominated by advances in the conventional concentrating optics and materials design. In recent years, however, conceptual and technological breakthroughs in the fields of nanophotonics and plasmonics combined with a better understanding of the thermodynamics of the photon energy-conversion processes reshaped the landscape of energy-conversion schemes and devices. Nanostructured devices and materials that make use of size quantization effects to manipulate photon density of states offer a way to overcome the conventional light absorption limits. Novel optical spectrum splitting and photon-recycling schemes reduce the entropy production in the optical energy-conversion platforms and boost their efficiencies. Optical design concepts are rapidly expanding into the infrared energy band, offering new approaches to harvest waste heat, to reduce the thermal emission losses, and to achieve noncontact radiative cooling of solar cells as well as of optical and electronic circuitries. Light-matter interaction enabled by nanophotonics and plasmonics underlie the performance of the third- and fourth-generation energy-conversion devices, including up- and down-conversion of photon energy, near-field radiative energy transfer, and hot electron generation and harvesting. Finally, the increased market penetration of alternative solar energy-conversion technologies amplifies the role of cost-driven and environmental considerations. This roadmap on optical energy conversion provides a snapshot of the state of the art in optical energy conversion, remaining challenges, and most promising approaches to address these challenges. Leading experts authored 19 focused short sections of the roadmap where they share their vision on a specific aspect of this burgeoning research field. The roadmap opens up with a tutorial section, which introduces major concepts and terminology. It is our hope that the roadmap will serve as an important resource for the scientific community, new generations of researchers, funding agencies, industry experts, and investors.