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Purpose Compare the effects of Incentive spirometry and deep breathing exercise on pulmonary functions after uncomplicated coronary artery bypass surgery. Methods Thirty two patients for elective coronary artery bypass surgery with age group of 38-68 years were included for the study. They were trained preoperatively and randomly assigned to two groups and performed either incentive spirometry or deep breathing exercises according to the group they assigned. Measurements Pulmonary function test variables including; FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC were measured preoperatively and third postoperative day. Arterial Blood Gas analysis for PaO2, PaCO2 were done on first three postoperative days before and after the breathing exercises. Results Independent paired test was performed to compare between the groups, and paired test was used to compare all variables within each group. Significant differences were found in PaO2 and PaCO2 in all three postoperative days after breathing exercises. There was no significant difference between the groups. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that, deep breathing exercises and incentive spirometry are of equal effect, provided the patients do not have any complication after coronary artery bypass surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotational isomerism in methyl trans crotonate (MC) and its properties in the ground (S0) and first excited (S1) electronic states have been studied by spectroscopic and quantum chemical techniques such as Density Functional Theory (DFT) with B3LYP functionals and RHF using extended basis sets like 6-31G, 6-31G*, 6-31G** and 6-311+G**. Electron correlational corrections at Moller–Plesset MP2 level have been included in RHF calculations. The molecule was treated as a two-rotor system with the additional possibility of hindered rotation of the methyl group about C–O bond. Conformations in which the carbonyl and methoxy groups are in cis position are found to be most stable with the methyl group having staggered conformation relative to the carbonyl group. Plot of potential energy curves in the S0 and S1 states by RHF /6-31G based calculations indicates in each case the presence of two stable rotameric conformations, Cc and Tc separated by 0.645 and 1.653 kcal/mol, respectively. The former, in which the C&z.dbnd6;C and C&z.dbnd6;O bonds are in cis positions, is more stable than the latter, in which these bonds are in trans position. Electronic excitation is found to substantially reduce rotational barrier between the two conformers, making their inter-conversion in the S1 state easier. Fully optimized geometries of the two stable conformers in the S0 and S1 states are being reported by RHF/ 6-31G** and RHF/6-311+G** basis sets. Based on suitably scaled RHF/ 6-31G** and DFT/6-311G** calculations, assignments have been provided to the fundamental vibrational bands of both the Cc and Tc conformers in terms of frequency, form and intensity of vibrations and potential energy distribution across the symmetry coordinates in the S0 state. A complete interpretation of the electronic spectra of Cc and Tc conformers of MC in terms of nature, energy and intensity of electronic transitions has been provided on the basis of configuration interaction level calculations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Occurrence of a new disease, shoot blight was observed afflicting mulberry (Morus spp.) in the southern peninsula of India. The disease initiated as marginal burning or blackening of leaf lamina which later spread across the whole lamina and then to the stems of affected shoots, resulting in the drooping of the entire shoot and complete death of the affected plants. On isolation of the causal organism, a bacterial isolate was found to be associated with the disease symptoms, which was identified as Xanthomonas campestris pv. mori. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of cross sections of stems revealed the presence of rod-shaped bacteria inside xylem vessels of affected plants. This indicates the vascular translocation and colonization of X. campestris pv. mori which resulted in shoot blight in mulberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface ultrastructure of the conidial stage and the infection process of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magn.) causing anthracnose disease on mulberry leaves are described by scanning electron microscopy. Unicelled conidium is hyaline, cylindrical or dumbbell-shaped which germinates by producing a single germ tube. The germ tubes usually show response to open stomata by growing towards them and extending away from the closed stomata. By 24h after inoculation, the germ tubes develop secondary lateral branches which enter into stomatal cavities and terminate into specialized intrastomatal infection vesicles. These infection vesicles develop primary infection hyphae which invade the leaf tissues. The disease symptoms become apparent by the 5th day after inoculation when large reddish-brown acervuli develop by rupturing the epidermal layer mostly near the idioblasts on the adaxial leaf surface. Abundant short conidiophores, each with a single conidium on its tip, are observed in the large acervuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]