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Introduction: Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) is an injectable agent used to treat Peyronie's disease (PD) by enzymatically degrading the interstitial collagen in plaques. CCH has been administered via multiple treatment protocols, in combination therapies, to patients with varying curvatures and in both the acute and stable phases of this condition., Objectives: To review the current literature and provide an update on CCH as an injectable therapy for PD, as a singular therapy or in conjunction with combination therapies, and its associated complications. We provide a brief background of PD treatments, evaluate CCH efficacy in penile curvature reduction and subjective improvement in a variety of protocols, and compare combination therapies (penile traction, sildenafil), plaque location, and efficacy in both acute and stable diseases., Methods: We performed a systematic review of the existing PubMed literature pertaining to CCH injection therapy in the treatment of PD and compared the effectiveness to different treatment modalities., Results: CCH is a safe and effective injectable agent for all curvature directions in both acute and stable PD. It can be used in conjunction with multiple penile modeling techniques, in combination with sildenafil, and following a shortened administration protocol. Moderate to severe treatment-related adverse events occur at a rate of 9% and are typically managed conservatively., Conclusion: Intralesional injections of CCH are FDA approved as a nonsurgical treatment for men with PD. The IMPRESS trials were instrumental in demonstrating the efficacy and safety of CCH and provided a standard protocol for administration. Additional studies are required to optimize treatment protocols and use in combination therapies. Further investigation of patients with ventral curvatures, hourglass deformities, and those in acute phase is needed. Natale C, McLellan D, Yousif A, et al. Review of Intralesional Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum Injection Therapy and Related Combination Therapies in the Treatment of Peyronie's Disease (an Update). Sex Med 2021;9:340-349., (Copyright © 2020 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a recognized therapeutic agent of modern medical care, routinely used to treat medical conditions affecting a variety of organ systems including the musculoskeletal, integumentary, and urological domains. Ongoing research is exploring BoNT's potential role as a therapeutic agent for a variety of male sexual pathologies., Objective: To review and analyze the literature regarding BoNT as a treatment option for male sexual dysfunction., Methods: A PubMed search was performed for English-language articles in peer-reviewed journals between 1970 and 2019 (with one article from 1897). Relevant articles referenced within these texts were also included. One article did not have an accompanied English full-text available. The following search terms were used: "Botox", "Botulinum toxin", "Botulinum toxin A", "Onabotulinum A", "Abobutlinum A", "BoNT", "BoNT-A", "Male sexual health", "Male sexual pathology", "Peyronie's disease", "Premature ejaculation", "Scrotal Pain", "Penile Retraction", "Scrotox", "Erectile Dysfunction", and "Botox in Urology"., Results: There is interest in the potential role of BoNT in the treatment of male sexual pathologies. We identified studies that used BoNT to treat chronic scrotal content pain, premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, Peyronie's disease, penile retraction, and more. However, despite preclinical/clinical data indicating some potential efficacy and safety in these settings, a lack of robust clinical trial data has resulted in no current Food and Drug Administration-approved indications for the use of BoNT in the treatment of male sexual pathology. As a result, much of the current use of BoNT by today's providers is "off-label," and ongoing clinical trials aim to further elucidate the potential role of this therapeutic agent., Conclusion: Current data suggest that BoNT could have a potential role as a treatment option for certain types of male sexual pathologies. However, more randomized controlled trial data regarding its long-term safety and efficacy are necessary before a widespread clinical adoption can take place. Reddy AG, Dick BP, Natale C, et al. Application of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Male Sexual Dysfunction: Where Are We Now?. J Sex Med 2021;9:320-330., (Copyright © 2020 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is both a common and complex disease process. Existing ED treatments do not always achieve adequate results. There is clinical interest in employing regenerative therapies, including low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT), platelet rich plasma (PRP), and stem cell therapy (SCT), in the treatment of ED as adjunct or alternative treatments. Here, we present evidence for emerging shockwave- and cell-based regenerative therapies for the treatment of ED following a thorough review of the existing PubMed literature pertaining to Li-ESWT, PRP, and SCT in relation to the treatment of ED. Li-ESWT causes microtrauma in tissue that hypothetically upregulates angiogenesis and recruits stem cells. Several large-scale systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported that Li-ESWT improved ED in humans. Additionally, evidence has commenced to show that Li-ESWT may be effective against two recognized and complex etiologies of ED: diabetic and neurogenic. PRP delivers an autologous sample rich in growth factors to damaged tissue. Animal model studies have demonstrated improved erectile function recovery as well as preservation of cavernous nerve axons. Studies with PRP in humans are limited. SCT utilizes the regenerative potential of stem cells for healing of damaged tissue. In the treatment of ED, SCT has been used in the setting of diabetic and post-prostatectomy ED. Results of human studies are varied, although SCT treatments did result in increased erectile rigidity with some patients recovering the ability to achieve penetration. While these regenerative therapies show potential to augment the current treatment regimen for ED, there is a paucity of evidence to support the safety and efficacy of these treatments. Further research is necessary to define the role of these alternative therapies in the treatment of ED., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: The author(s) declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), 2021.)

Background: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) after pelvic fracture (PFx) has garnered little attention in the urology literature., Aim: To review and summarize the current evidence regarding female PFx-related sexual function., Methods: We performed a systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, including PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. We included only English-language manuscripts and abstracts with sufficient data for inclusion. We used the search terms "female sexual dysfunction AND pelvic fracture," "sexual dysfunction AND pelvic fracture," and "female pelvic fracture AND sexual dysfunction." A total of 177 articles were identified; 41 abstracts were reviewed; of which, 19 manuscripts were reviewed. Fifteen met inclusion criteria for analysis., Outcomes: The main outcome measures of this study are rates and types of female sexual dysfunction after pelvic fracture., Results: FSD is prevalent after PFx, with reported rates between 25% and 62%. Three studies used the validated Female Sexual Function Index. The other 12 used non-validated questionnaires or adapted quality-of-life questionnaires with specific questions regarding FSD. The most common complaints include difficulty with intercourse, dyspareunia, orgasmic dysfunction, genitourinary pain, decreased interest in intercourse, decreased satisfaction with intercourse, and pelvic floor dysfunction. Only 1 study addressed resolution of dysfunction (30 of 98 patients [30.4%])., Clinical Implications: FSD is prevalent and an under-recognized sequela of pelvic fracture. This requires future prospective study to better characterize sexual dysfunction and identify effective treatments in trauma survivors., Strength and Limitations: To Increase awareness of FSD after pelvic trauma and the impact on the quality of life in trauma survivors. The current literature is limited by a lack of standardized assessment of FSD, limited follow-up, and minimal discussion of treatment options, in addition to the inherent bias of retrospective studies., Conclusions: FSD after traumatic PFx is not uncommon, occurs mostly in young women, and can be morbid. FSD after PFx is underreported in the urology literature. Thus, all female PFx patients should be screened for FSD by validated questionnaires. The published literature offers little knowledge as to the epidemiology, evaluation, definition, and potential treatments of FSD after PFx. Prospective studies are needed to better understand female sexual function in trauma survivors and the potential methods for prevention and rehabilitation, all within the context of a multidisciplinary approach. Walton AB, Leinwand GZ, Raheem O, et al. Female Sexual Dysfunction After Pelvic Fracture: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. J Sex Med 2021;18:467-473., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Purpose of Review: To review the current literature on acute management of traumatic penile fracture, with a specific discussion of those injuries following collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) injections for the treatment of Peyronie's disease., Recent Findings: The immediate repair of traumatic penile fracture injury is associated with significantly better prognosis for long-term sexual health. Corporal disruption following CCH administration has several distinct features, and the trend is to manage these patients conservatively in the absence of urethral injury. Traumatic penile fracture repair continues to have excellent results when performed immediately following injury. The post-CCH treatment setting portends increased difficulty during surgical management and can be successfully managed in most cases by conservative measures.

Purpose of Review: To analyze the literature on current conservative treatment options for Peyronie's disease (PD)., Recent Findings: Conservative therapy with intralesional collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) is safe and efficacious in either the acute or chronic phases of PD. Combination treatment with penile traction therapy (PTT) can produce even better results. While most PTT devices require extended periods of therapy up to 8 h per day, the RestoreX® device can be effective at 30-90 min per day. A variety of conservative therapies are available for treatment of PD. The available literature does not reveal any treatment benefit of oral therapies. Intralesional therapy is the mainstay conservative treatment of PD. Intralesional CCH therapy is the first Food and Drug Administration-approved intralesional therapy and represents the authors' preference for medical therapy. The most effective conservative management of PD likely requires a combination of therapies.

Introduction: The past 2 decades have witnessed an increased amount of research into botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) as a treatment for various forms of sexual dysfunction and pain syndromes refractory to other medical therapy. BoNT is postulated to reduce pain sensation by inhibiting neuropeptide release in the presynaptic neuron. Dyspareunia, vaginismus, vestibulodynia, and persistent genital arousal disorder are female sexual dysfunctions with cryptic pathophysiology and limited treatment options. BoNT has emerged as a potential treatment for many of these afflictions in women., Objectives: To review the literature regarding BoNT as a treatment for female sexual and genitourinary dysfunction., Methods: A PubMed search for English-language articles was performed using the following terms: "Botox," "botulinum toxin," "botulinum toxin A," "Onabotulinum A," "Abobutlinum A," "BoNT," and "BoNT-A." The main outcomes measured by each study were resolution of dysfunction. This entailed reduction of pain with intercourse for dyspareunia, reduction of pain for vestibulodynia, decreased arousal for persistent genital arousal disorder, and ability to tolerate penetration for vaginismus., Results: A total of 12 human studies that evaluated BoNT as a treatment for female sexual disorders were included. Study types included prospective, retrospective, cohort, pilot, and open-label., Conclusion: There is growing evidence suggesting that BoNT is a safe and efficacious treatment option for female patients suffering from various sexual and genitourinary disorders. However, more research is needed to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms through which BoNT treats these disorders. Dick B, Natale C, Reddy A, et al. Application of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Female Sexual and Genitourinary Dysfunction: A Review of Current Practices. Sex Med 2021;9:57-63., (Copyright © 2020 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the I f channel inhibitor, ivabradine on human corpus cavernosum (HCC) smooth muscle tone., Methods: HCC samples were obtained from erectile dysfunction(ED) patients ( n  = 12) undergoing penile prosthesis surgery. Concentration-response curves for ivabradine were exposed to various inhibitory and stimulatory agents. The relaxant and contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS, 10 Hz and 80 Hz) were examined in the presence or absence of ivabradine (10 μM). HCN3 and HCN4 channel expression and localization were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of HCC tissues., Results: Increasing ivabradine concentrations dependently reduced the maximal contractile responses of isolated HCC strips induced by KCl (59.5 ± 2.5%) and phenylephrine (84.0 ± 9.8%), which was not affected by nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitors after phenylephrine-induced contraction. Nifedipine and tetraethylammonium inhibited the maximum relaxation to ivabradine by 75% and 39.3%, respectively. Fasudil and sildenafil increased the relaxation response to ivabradine without altering the maximum response. Pre-incubation with ivabradine significantly increased relaxant responses to EFS ( p  < 0.01) and reduced the contractile tension evoked by EFS (72.3%) ( p  < 0.001). Ivabradine incubation did not affect the expression and localization of HCN3 and HCN4 channels in the HCC smooth muscle cells., Conclusions: Ivabradine exhibits a relaxant effect on HCC tissues, which is likely to be attributed to the blocking of L-type Ca 2+ channels and the opening of K + channels, independent of changes in the activation of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate system. Inhibition of HCN channels localized in cavernosal smooth muscle cells may offer pharmacological benefits for patients with cardiovascular risk factors.

Background: Postorgasmic illness syndrome (POIS) is a rare syndrome of unknown etiology where patients experience distressing physical and psychological after ejaculatory sequelae., Aim: To better characterize the epidemiology, symptomatology, disease course, and treatment of POIS, with specific interest placed on examining relationships between disease presentation and measures of disease burden., Methods: A 30-item questionnaire was distributed to an online community of patients with POIS from June 2019 to January 2020. We assessed diagnostic criteria and clusters of symptomatology described in prior studies. Outcome measures include self-reported measures of symptom severity, disease burden, and behavioral changes. Statistical correlations were assessed with Pearson's chi-squared (χ 2 ) and ordinal regression analyses., Outcomes: The main outcome measures of this study are self-reported measures of symptom severity, disease burden, and behavioral changes., Results: The sample consisted of 302 men (mean age: 32.6 ± 11.4 years, mean age of onset: 19.1 ± 7.8 years) with 89% satisfying ≥3 diagnostic criteria. Common symptoms were difficulty concentrating (254, 84%), extreme fatigue (250, 83%), irritability (225, 74%), and muscle weakness (212, 70%). Common symptom clusters were general (219, 72%), muscle (137, 45%), and head (93, 31%). Common behavioral modifications were avoiding masturbation (215, 71%), schedule changes (213, 71%), and abstinence (186, 62%). Head and throat symptom clusters demonstrated worse disease burden outcomes. Professional medical advice was sought by 51% of participants. Attempted treatments included pharmacotherapy, vitamins, supplements, and herbs with variable efficacy., Clinical Implications: This study further characterizes POIS, including how patients respond to the condition, how it is treated in the community, and presentations that may be associated with more severe disease., Strengths & Limitations: This is the largest study to date that concerns patients suffering from POIS and includes a diverse, global population. Limitations include that the survey was only administered in English and within 1 online community, that results were self-reported, and that the response rate was low (32%)., Conclusions: Characterizing symptom cluster, but not number of diagnostic criteria, may offer prognostic value, and investigation to elucidate pathophysiology and potential treatments for POIS is necessary. Natale C, Gabrielson A, Tue Nguyen HM, et al. Analysis of the Symptomatology, Disease Course, and Treatment of Postorgasmic Illness Syndrome in a Large Sample. J Sex Med 2020;17:2229-2235., (Copyright © 2020 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Testosterone (T) deficiency is associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). The relaxant response of T on the corporal smooth muscle through a non-genomic pathway has been reported; however, the in vitro modulating effects of T on human corpus cavernosum (HCC) have not been studied., Objectives: To compare the effects of various concentrations of T on nitric oxide (NO)-dependent and nitric oxide-independent relaxation in organ bath studies and elucidate its mode of action, specifically targeting the cavernous NO/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway., Materials and Methods: Human corpus cavernosum (HCC) samples were obtained from men undergoing penile prosthesis implantation (n = 9). After phenylephrine (Phe) precontraction, the effects of various relaxant drugs of HCC strips were performed using organ bath at low (150 ng/dL), eugonadal (400 ng/dL), and hypergonadal (600 ng/dL) T concentrations. The penile tissue measurements of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), neuronal (n)NOS, and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) were evaluated via immunostaining, Western blot, cGMP and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) assays., Results: Relaxation responses to ACh and EFS in isolated HCC strips were significantly increased at all T levels compared with untreated tissues. The sildenafil-induced relaxant response was significantly increased at both eugonadal and hypergonadal T levels. Normal and high levels of T are accompanied by increased eNOS, nNOS, cGMP, and NOx levels, along with reduced PDE5 protein expression., Conclusion: This study reveals an important role of short-term and modulatory effects of different concentrations of T in HCC. T positively regulates functional activities, inhibition of PDE5 expression, and formation of cGMP and NOx in HCC. These results demonstrate that T indirectly contributes to HCC relaxation via downstream effects on nNOS, eNOS, and cGMP and by inhibiting PDE5. This action provides a rationale for normalizing T levels in hypogonadal men with ED, especially when PDE5 inhibitors are ineffective. T replacement therapy may improve erectile function by modulating endothelial function in hypogonadal men., (© 2020 American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology.)

Objective: To study, in a multi-institutional setting, the efficacy/safety outcomes in acute phase Peyronie's disease (PD) of multiple high-volume centers employing CCH to treat PD, which is defined as the abnormal formation of fibrous plaque(s) in the tunica albuginea of the penis. It is a chronic condition that afflicts 3%-13% of the US male population. There is no current multi-institutional research on the efficacy and safety of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) in the treatment of acute phase PD., Methods: Retrospective data were collected for consecutive patients with PD who underwent treatment with CCH between April 2014 and March 2018 at 5 institutions. 918 patients were included. Patients with duration of PD no longer than 6 months at presentation qualified as being in the acute phase of PD. Main outcomes of interest include the change in curvature after receiving CCH therapy, and frequency of serious treatment-related adverse events. Successful improvement in curvature is defined as an at least 20% decrease in penile curvature from baseline after CCH therapy., Results: A total of 918 patients were included in the analysis, of which 134 (14.6%) qualified as acute phase PD (group 1) and the remaining 784 (85.4%) qualified as stable phase (group 2). Mean duration of PD was 4.44 ± 1.68 months for group 1, and 40.8 ± 61.2 months for group 2. There was no significant difference in final change in curvature between acute and stable phase of PD (13.5° vs 15.6°, P = .09). There was no statistically significant difference in frequency of treatment-related adverse events between the acute phase (16 patients, 11.9%) and the stable phase (77 patients, 9.8%; P = .44). In our multivariate analysis, only number of CCH cycles received was predictive of improvement of curvature., Conclusion: This large multi-institutional analysis confirms that CCH therapy is as safe and efficacious in acute phase PD as it is in stable phase PD., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Treatments for male stress urinary incontinence (SUI) include behavioral modifications, pelvic floor strengthening exercises, bulking agents, and surgical management. The most common surgical therapies for male stress incontinence include male slings and artificial urinary sphincters. Complications of these treatments are discussed in this review., Aim: To review the current literature on SUI diagnosis and the management of common complications that occur after surgical treatments of male SUI., Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed and Ovid to identify leading articles on the management of male SUI and the diagnosis and management of operative complications for male incontinence surgery., Main Outcome Measure: Main outcomes measured were complications and management strategies for operative complications after surgical therapies for male SUI., Results: 26 publications were cited after an extensive review of the current literature on surgical treatment of male SUI. Commonly cited issues included infection, erosion, and recurrent incontinence after implantation of male slings and artificial urinary sphincters., Conclusion: Complications are inherent to any surgery; a thorough understanding of complications and treatment strategies after surgery for male SUI is essential for the practicing clinical urologist. Shelton TM, Brimley S, Tsambarlis P, Hellstrom WJG. Current Perspectives on Complications of Surgical Treatments for Male Stress Urinary Incontinence. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:443-449., (Copyright © 2020 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Retained reservoirs can be a complex problem for clinicians who manage patients with inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs). Although the general safety of retained reservoirs is well documented, data on the long-term outcomes of these foreign bodies is scarce. In recent years, complications associated with retained reservoirs and the subsequent management of these cases have become more recognized., Aim: To review, analyze, and summarize the concept of retained reservoirs and their associated complications with retained reservoirs and to provide a guide for management of complicated retained reservoir patients., Methods: We performed a systematic review of the PubMed database on retained reservoir-related complications and perioperative management., Main Outcome Measures: We reviewed all publications that detailed complications associated specifically with retained penile prosthesis reservoirs and analyzed perioperative strategies used by providers. Any publication outlining IPP reservoir-related complication(s) stemming from a reservoir that was part of a functioning IPP was excluded., Results: Although the risk is low, serious complications can and do arise from retained reservoirs. To properly manage these patients, clinicians must have knowledge of the prosthetic history and maintain a low threshold for obtaining cross-sectional imaging. By using methodical perioperative planning, the need for reintervention in patients with complications can be reduced, and improved surgical outcomes can be achieved., Conclusions: The management of retained reservoirs and their complications can be a clinical challenge for prosthetics providers. As such, more data regarding long-term outcomes and management strategies of retained reservoirs are required to better serve this subset of patients with prostheses. Reddy AG, Tsambarlis PN, Akula KP, et al. Retained Reservoirs of Inflatable Penile Prosthesis: A Systematic Review of Literature. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:355-363., (Copyright © 2019 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Explantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) reservoir in the setting of acute infection can be challenging. We identified three such cases of infection and simultaneous extraction of multiple reservoirs among patients with the most recent prosthetic surgeries performed between March 2016 and November 2018. These cases were reviewed with particular emphasis on preoperative and operative management. All three patients underwent successful simultaneous explantation of all retained hardware with subsequent clinical improvement in their clinical status. Prior to surgery, none of the patients were aware of the presence of more than one reservoir. All three patients recovered well post operatively. A subset of prosthetics patients have undergone multiple implant procedures at various sites. Due to the importance of retrieving all foreign material in the setting of acute infection, the authors advocate for a low threshold to obtain cross-sectional imaging to identify the tissue plane and laterality of any retained components, with particular emphasis on creating an operative plan for reservoir retrieval.

Background: According to the World Health Organization, more than 150 million people are diabetic, and this number will increase twofold by the year 2025. Diabetes-related complications affect all body organ systems, including the penis. Diabetes-induced Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is caused by neuropathy of the penile nerves and vasculopathy involving the smooth muscle and endothelium of the corpus cavernosum., Objective: This study aims to present an overview of Stem Cell (SC) research in diabetic animal models of ED, focusing on the function, signaling, and niches that have a prominent role in the regeneration of cavernosal cells and penile tissues. We highlight common erectile pathologies caused by diabetes and review relevant preclinical trials. We also discuss paracrine mechanisms of various SC therapies involved in the repair of endothelial cells and cavernous nerves in these diabetic models., Methods: A PubMed search was performed, with dates ranging from inception until Mar 31, 2019., Results: This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the various strategies that have been investigated for improving SC delivery methods, through preclinical literature and published clinical trials regarding ED in men with diabetes. Various cell-type applications have benefited erectile function in diabetic models of ED., Conclusion: This review examines the progress and remaining challenges in diabetes-related SC research regarding ED. Moving forward, it is only with a combined effort of basic biology and translational work that the potential of SC-based therapies in diabetes in ED can be realized., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Introduction: Peyronie's disease (PD) is a debilitating condition that affects a sizable number of men worldwide. Current treatment options consist of oral therapy, intralesional injections, and surgery. Penile stretching has been used as a treatment for PD, including penile traction therapy (PTT) and vacuum erection devices (VEDs), with numerous trials completed or underway., Aim: To present and summarize the current literature on penile stretching for the treatment of PD., Methods: Using PubMed, we performed a literature review of studies from January 1990 through July 2018 that focused on penile stretching for PD management. PTT and VED were included in the search criteria., Main Outcome Methods: Penile curvature correction was effective, and stretched penile length was improved., Results: PD therapies that use penile stretching as a mechanical intervention to alter tissue characteristics were studied. PTT has been successful in primary penile lengthening and curvature correction in the acute phase of PD. PTT also improved length retention in men undergoing plication and incision/grafting procedures. Combination of PTT and intralesional injection therapy for PD treatment requires further investigation. There are fewer studies investigating VEDs and their role in PD management, but initial small trials suggest a role in curvature correction and penile lengthening., Conclusions: Penile stretching is an effective therapy for PD. Data from limited trials suggest a role for PTT and VEDs in the management of PD, although further research is needed. Cowper MG, Burkett CB, Le TV et al. Penile Stretching as a Treatment for Peyronie's Disease: A Review. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:508-515., (Copyright © 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In patients presenting with early ischemic priapism, proceeding with the conventional paradigm is recommended. In those presenting late (>48 h), penile prosthesis placement can easily be performed 2-6 wk later, with no increase in surgical difficulty or morbidity. Immediate penile prosthesis implantation should be reserved for motivated patients who understand the increased associated risks, have evidence of corporal fibrosis on imaging, and are being treated in a center of excellence., (Copyright © 2019 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is of relevance in many processes related to the development, maturation and ageing of the male. Through this axis, a cascade of coordinated activities is carried out leading to sustained testicular endocrine function, with gonadal testosterone production, as well as exocrine function, with spermatogenesis. Conditions impairing the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis during paediatric or pubertal life may result in delayed puberty. Late-onset hypogonadism is a clinical condition in the ageing male combining low concentrations of circulating testosterone and specific symptoms associated with impaired hormone production. Testosterone therapy for congenital forms of hypogonadism must be lifelong, whereas testosterone treatment of late-onset hypogonadism remains a matter of debate because of unclear indications for replacement, uncertain efficacy and potential risks. This Primer focuses on a reappraisal of the physiological role of testosterone, with emphasis on the critical interpretation of the hypogonadal conditions throughout the lifespan of the male individual, with the exception of hypogonadal states resulting from congenital disorders of sex development.

Introduction: Inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) is an established treatment option for men with erectile dysfunction (ED) refractory to medical therapy. Standardization of surgical technique and improvements in device construction have reduced all-cause complication rates to less than 5% in recent reports. Nonetheless, complications do exist, and can strongly impact morbidity and the quality of life of patients. Prosthetic urologists must be aware of the constellation of complications that can arise during or after IPP placement., Aim: To provide a comprehensive review of penile prosthesis complications and discuss preventative strategies, as well as proper preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative decision making., Methods: A review of the available literature from 1973 to 2018 was performed using PubMed with regard to IPP complications., Main Outcome Measures: We reviewed publications that outlined preoperative planning strategies and the following IPP complications: hematoma, floppy glans, corporal fibrosis, corporal perforation and crossover, urethral injury, infection, impending erosion, and glandular ischemia., Results: Careful patient and device selection, setting realistic expectations of postsurgical outcomes, and adherence to a perioperative checklist is essential in the preoperative period. Intraoperatively, anticipate corporal fibrosis situations and always dilate laterally during corporal passage to reduce the risk of crossover and urethral injury. Limit perioperative antiplatelet therapy, apply compressive dressing, use a closed suction drain if indicated, and leave the device partially inflated postoperatively to reduce risk of hematoma. After surgery, monitor patients for potential complications that may warrant device explantation or salvage: IPP infection, glans ischemia, and impending erosion., Conclusions: By using evidence and expert opinion-based decision-making strategies in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative period of IPP placement, surgeons can reduce the risk of complications and dissatisfaction, even in ED patients with multiple comorbid conditions. Scherzer ND, Dick B, Gabrielson AT, et al. Penile Prosthesis Complications: Planning, Prevention, and Decision Making. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:349-359., (Copyright © 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Priapism has been linked to many commonly prescribed medications, as well as recreational drugs and toxins. Although the incidence of priapism as a result of medication is small, the increasing use of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and recreational drugs may lead to more cases of pharmacologically-induced priapism in the future., Aim: To provide a comprehensive, up-to-date review of the most common causes of pharmacologically induced priapism and discuss incidence, pathophysiology, and basic management strategies., Methods: A review of the available literature from 1960 to 2018 was performed using PubMed with regards to pharmacologically induced priapism., Main Outcome Measure: We reviewed publications that outlined incidence, pathophysiology, and management strategies for various pharmacologic causes of priapism: antidepressants, antipsychotics, antihypertensives, methylphenidate, cocaine, heparin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, propofol, spider bites, and other miscellaneous causes., Results: An understanding of the pathophysiology behind common pharmacologic causes of priapism can assist in the development of better treatment strategies and prevent future episodes of priapism. By understanding the potential risks associated with the use of medications with α-blocking or sympathomimetic properties, physicians can reduce the likelihood of priapism in their patients, especially those with other medical conditions that put them at increased baseline risk. Early corporal aspiration and injection of phenylephrine reduces additional complications related to priapism. In select patients, early placement of a penile prosthesis may prevent further morbidity., Conclusion: By developing a greater understanding of common pharmacologic causes of priapism, physicians can promptly identify and manage symptoms, leading to decreased patient morbidity. Scherzer ND, Reddy AG, Le TV, Chernobylsky D, Hellstrom WJG. Unintended Consequences: A Review of Pharmacologically-Induced Priapism. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:283-292., (Copyright © 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Stem cell therapy using stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is a promising treatment modality. SVF is comprised of a mixture of adipose-derived stem cells, endothelial precursor cells, and immune modulatory cells that act synergistically to facilitate angiogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation. This makes SVF an attractive option for men's sexual disorders that require reconstitution of vasculature and endothelial lining, namely erectile dysfunction (ED) and Peyronie's disease (PD)., Aim: The objective of this study was to compare and contrast the available literature regarding the use of SVF in the treatment of male sexual dysfunction., Methods: A literature review was performed in PubMed with the keywords "stromal vascular fraction" and/or "erectile dysfunction" and/or "Peyronie's disease" and/or "sexual dysfunction.", Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measure for preclinical studies was erectile function, as measured by changes in intracavernous pressures, and results of histopathologic analysis of corporal tissue. Clinical endpoint analysis in humans included various patient questionnaires., Results: For ED, there were 5 preclinical studies included in the analysis, with 1 Phase 1 clinical trial in humans. Major limitations of both the preclinical and clinical studies included the absence of SVF component analysis, and short duration of follow-up. Despite a paucity of preclinical studies, there was a single clinical study assessing the efficacy of combination SVF and shock wave therapy in the treatment of PD. Limitations of this study included an absence of a control group and the use of subjective data., Conclusion: Preclinical and clinical data in the use of SVF for the treatment of male sexual dysfunction is deficient. Even though multiple medicinal disciplines are studying the use of SVF on a myriad of pathologies, further investigative work elucidating the mechanism and potential adverse effects of SVF need to be performed before clinical trials are undertaken. Haney NM, Gabrielson A, Kohn TP, Hellstrom WJG. The Use of Stromal Vascular Fraction in the Treatment of Male Sexual Dysfunction: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:313-320., (Copyright © 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Peyronie's disease (PD) is a fibrotic disorder that leads to plaque formation in ∼3-9% of adult men. Connective tissue buildup results in plaque formation, penile curvature and shortening, and in some cases, pain. In the active phase of PD, penile pain is a common symptom, often accompanied by progression in curvature. Treatment options for PD include oral drugs, topical cream, intralesional injections, traction, and shock wave therapy. This article reviews the different treatment options for active-phase PD., Aim: To provide a comprehensive review of the current evidence-based treatments, focusing on active-phase PD., Methods: A PubMed database search was performed for studies on conservative therapy. We reviewed current clinical practices and trials for the treatment of active-phase PD and assessed their applicability as treatment options., Main Outcome Measure: Define the most recent and effective therapies for the improvement in penile curvature in men presenting with acute PD., Results: A number of trials have resulted in significant benefits in the treatment of PD. Many of the oral therapies studied improved patient outcomes, but the data are insufficient. Similarly, there is no approved topical therapy by guidelines. The best options are intralesional injections of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCh) and interferon-α2b. Shock wave therapy is not recommended for treatment of curvature, but has been shown to improve pain. Traction therapy may have a role in improving PD curve and penile length., Conclusion: PD remains a challenge for urologists. Evidence suggests that, for oral therapy, a combination of drugs produces better results. Shock wave therapy is still unproven. Intralesional therapy delivers the best evidence for improvement in the active phase. CCh is the only FDA-approved treatment option available. Penile traction therapy may improve patient outcomes. Brimley SC, Yafi FA, Greenberg J, et al. Review of Management Options for Active-Phase Peyronie's Disease. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:329-337., (Copyright © 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: In a multi-institutional setting we studied the efficacy and safety outcomes at multiple high volume centers where collagenase Clostridium histolyticum is used to treat Peyronie's disease., Materials and Methods: We collected retrospective data on consecutive patients with Peyronie's disease who underwent treatment with collagenase C. histolyticum between April 2014 and March 2018 at a total of 5 institutions. Included in the study were 918 patients. Main outcomes of interest included the change in curvature after receiving collagenase C. histolyticum therapy and the frequency of serious treatment related adverse events. The 2-tailed paired Student t-test was used to compare continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess predictors of the success of collagenase C. histolyticum therapy to improve curvature., Results: In the cohort of 918 patients curvature improved from a mean of 48.2 degrees before treatment to 32.9 degrees after treatment, a 30.1% improvement from baseline (p <0.0001). Of the men 68.7% had a 20% or greater improvement in curvature. In the 502 patients who completed 4 or more cycles curvature improved from a mean of 49.7 degrees before to 32.7 degrees after treatment, a 33% improvement from baseline (p <0.0001). Of these men 74.4% experienced a 20% or greater improvement in curvature. A complication of treatment developed in 9% of patients. The number of cycles of collagenase C. histolyticum received was predictive of curvature improvement (p <0.0001)., Conclusions: This large multi-institutional analysis confirms the safety and efficacy of collagenase C. histolyticum therapy in men with Peyronie's disease. Intralesional collagenase C. histolyticum for Peyronie's disease according to the IMPRESS (Investigation of Maximal Peyronie's Reduction Efficacy and Safety Studies) trial protocol produced an improvement in penile curvature in men with Peyronie's disease with a low rate of complications.

Background: Previous studies have documented improvement in erectile function after bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) in rats with the use of pioglitazone. Our group determined this improvement to be mediated by the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway., Aim: To eliminate the systemic effects of pioglitazone and evaluate the local delivery of IGF-1 by polymeric microspheres after BCNI in the rat., Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 10-12 weeks were assigned at random to 3 groups: sham operation with phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-loaded microspheres (sham group), crush injury with PBS-loaded microspheres (crush group), and crush injury with IGF-1-loaded microspheres (IGF-1 group). Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid microspheres were injected underneath the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). IGF-1 was released at approximately 30 ng/mL/day per MPG per rat., Outcomes: Functional results were demonstrated by maximal intracavernosal pressure (ICP) normalized to mean arterial pressure (MAP). Protein-level analysis data of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were obtained using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry for both the cavernosal tissue and the MPG and cavernous nerve (CN)., Results: At 2 weeks after nerve injury, animals treated with IGF-1 demonstrated improved erectile functional recovery (ICP/MAP) at all voltages compared with BCNI (2.5V, P = .001; 5V, P < .001; 7.5V, P < .001). Western blot results revealed that up-regulation of the IGF-1R and ERK-1/2 in both the nervous and erectile tissue was associated with improved erectile function recovery. There were no significant between-group differences in nNOS protein levels in cavernosal tissue, but there was an up-regulation of nNOS in the MPG and CN. Immunohistochemistry confirmed these trends., Clinical Translation: Local up-regulation of the IGF-1R in the neurovascular bed at the time of nerve injury may help men preserve erectile function after pelvic surgery, such as radical prostatectomy, eliminating the need for systemic therapy., Strengths & Limitations: This study demonstrates that local drug delivery to the MPG and CN can affect the CN tissue downstream, but did not investigate the potential effects of up-regulation of the growth factor receptors on prostate cancer tissue., Conclusion: Stimulating the IGF-1R at the level of the CN has the potential to mitigate erectile dysfunction in men after radical prostatectomy, but further research is needed to evaluate the safety of this growth factor in the setting of prostate cancer. Haney NM, Talwar S, Akula PK, et al. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1-Loaded Polymeric Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic) Acid Microspheres Improved Erectile Function in a Rat Model of Bilateral Cavernous Nerve Injury. J Sex Med 2019;16:383-393., (Copyright © 2019 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Sildenafil has had a dramatic influence on the field of sexual medicine over the past 20 years. Not only have phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors improved the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED), they have indirectly contributed to the treatment of male factor infertility. A review of the literature between 1998 - 2018 was performed using PubMed with regards to sildenafil and male infertility. Numerous studies have demonstrated sildenafil's safety and efficacy for treating ED. Sildenafil does not alter semen parameters, and, in fact, may positively affect semen parameters. Sildenafil is helpful for treating ED caused by the psychological stress of infertility treatments. Sildenafil has improved the treatment of ED and may have a benefit on semen parameters. This has aided in the management of male factor infertility, and has contributed to hundreds of thousands of pregnancies that would have been more difficult, as it was before its advent.

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common complaints encountered by the practicing urologist, particularly when treating older men. The last 20 years have represented a pivotal time in the treatment of ED. Areas covered: Several pharmacologic agents have been approved by regulatory agencies, including phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, intraurethral suppositories, and vasoactive injectable agents. This review will focus on the pharmacodynamic properties of these agents and the clinical consequences of those properties. Expert opinion: The decision on which agent to use should be individualized and based on the patient's goals and likelihood of success with the chosen treatment. The selection is also often driven by side-effect profiles that can be minimized by understanding the interplay between the individual patient and the medication. A thorough knowledge of the metabolism and pharmacologic properties of the available therapies will aid the urologist in selecting an individualized treatment plan for each patient.

Objectives: Vasectomy is a popular and effective male surgical contraceptive method. Different techniques have been proposed to reduce failure rates and complications. In this study, we sought to compare vas deferens occlusion rates using both standard occlusion techniques and LigaSure (LSVS) for vasectomy., Material and Methods: A total of nine patients underwent open radical retropubic prostatectomy at our institution. During the procedure, a total of 125 fresh vas deferens samples were obtained and divided into four groups as follows: Group 1: ligation (n = 22), Group 2; ligation and electrocauterization (n = 18), Group 3; 5 mm LSVS (n = 44), Group 4; 10 mm LSVS (n = 41). All specimens were harvested during surgery and subsequent histopathological assessments were performed to assess the luminal status of the vas deferens., Results: Histopathological evaluation revealed that the majority of vas lumens with LSVS (79.5% of Group 3 and 89.4% of Group 4) were totally occluded. With standard techniques, however, the majority of vas lumens (86.4 and 77.8% of Groups 1 and 2, respectively) maintained a tiny patency., Conclusions: On histopathological review, the application of LSVS resulted in better occlusion rates, compared to standard ligation methods. These findings suggest a higher occlusive role for LSVS for vasectomy. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm the clinical efficacy and safety of this technique.

Introduction: The dermatologic conditions affecting the male genitalia are diverse and range from normal variants and benign growths to overt malignancy. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of urologic dermatology training in most residency programs, and many dermatologic lesions with a classic appearance on other areas of the body may have atypical presentations on the genitalia. Patients may present to a variety of physicians without receiving a definitive diagnosis, which can be highly distressing to the afflicted individual., Aim: To provide sexual medicine physicians tools to aid in the evaluation and diagnosis of urologic dermatology lesions, whether they are limited to the genitalia or part of a widespread systemic disease., Methods: Comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to genital dermatology in men., Main Outcome Measure: We stratify each condition into 1 of 5 groups (normal variants and benign lesions, inflammatory lesions, transmissible lesions, premalignant lesions, and malignant lesions) and focus on presentation and prevalence of these conditions., Results: Sexual medicine physicians should emphasize the non-pathologic nature of normal variants of genital anatomy (ie, penile hyperpigmentation, pearly penile papules) and stress that removal of these lesions is only appropriate for cosmetic purposes. Benign genital growths (ie, sebaceous cysts, seborrheic keratoses) may not require intervention, but they should be monitored for atypical features and infection. In contrast, transmissible (ie, herpes, syphilis) and inflammatory (ie, psoriasis) lesions may necessitate prompt intervention to reduce transmission and complications of late-stage disease. Premalignant and malignant lesions may mimic many of the aforementioned conditions; it is important that patients receive routine follow-up after treatment. All suspicious non-healing or ulcerating lesions should undergo pathologic evaluation to rule out malignancy., Conclusion: Urologic dermatology can be a diagnostic challenge for sexual medicine physicians. This review simplifies the diagnostic approach and emphasizes pathologic features of each condition to guide management. Gabrielson AT, Le TV, Fontenot C, et al. Male genital dermatology: A primer for the sexual medicine physician. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:71-83., (Copyright © 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Individually, thyroid disease and sexual dysfunction are common conditions that can have a detrimental effect on quality of life. Recent reports have documented an increased prevalence of sexual dysfunction among patients with thyroid disorders. As such, it is important for sexual medicine physicians to be primed on the presentation of patients with overlying sexual and thyroid dysfunction to allow for proper management., Aim: To review the available literature exploring the relationship between thyroid disease and sexual dysfunction in men and women., Methods: A PubMed review of existing clinical and pre-clinical studies from 1978 through 2018 was performed., Main Outcome Measures: The prevalence, symptomatology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of patients with sexual dysfunction in the setting of thyroid disease were reviewed., Results: The prevalence of sexual dysfunction in patients with hypothyroid (59-63% and 22-46% in men and women, respectively) and hyperthyroidism (48-77% and 44-60% in men and women, respectively) has been estimated in select populations. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were strongly associated with erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction: hypothyroidism with delayed ejaculation, hyperthyroidism with pre-mature ejaculation. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have been reported to impair libido in men and women; however, evidence of hypothyroidism's impact on male libido is mixed. Hypothyroid and hyperthyroid women demonstrated impairments in desire, arousal/lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain during intercourse. Mechanistically, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism exert effects on circulating sex hormone levels through peripheral and central pathways and can indirectly provoke psychiatric and autonomic dysregulation that can impair sexual function. Correction to euthyroid state was associated with dramatic resolution of sexual dysfunction in both male and female patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism., Conclusion: By improving awareness of the link between thyroid disease and sexual dysfunction, sexual medicine physicians may sooner identify patients whose sexual symptoms may be remedied by treating an underlying thyroid disorder. Gabrielson AT, Sartor RA, Hellstrom WJG. The Impact of Thyroid Disease on Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:57-70., (Copyright © 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

To determine if the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway is involved in the improvement in erectile function recovery in rats after nerve crush injury treated with pioglitazone (Pio). Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. The first group received sham operation (n = 5). The second group underwent bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI, n  = 7). The third group received BCNI and Pio treatment (BCNI  +  Pio, n = 7), whereas the fourth group underwent BCNI with Pio treatment and IGF-1 inhibition (BCNI  +  Pio  +  JB-1, n = 7). The IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) was inhibited by JB-1, a small molecular antagonist of the receptor. After 14 days of treatment, erectile function was measured via intracorporal pressure normalized to mean arterial pressure (ICP/MAP) and the major pelvic ganglion and cavernous nerve harvested for western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of phosphorylated-IGF-1Rβ (p-IGF-1Rβ), phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and neuronal NOS (nNOS). BCNI  +  Pio animals exhibited improvements in ICP/MAP, similar to Sham animals, and BCNI  +  Pio  +  JB-1 rats demonstrated a reduced ICP/MAP similar to BCNI-only rats at all measured voltages. Western blot results showed upregulation of p-IGF-1Rβ was observed in the BCNI  +  Pio group. Low levels of p-ERK1/2 were seen in the JB-1-treated animals. The immunoblot results were supported by IHC findings. Intense IHC staining of nNOS was detected in the BCNI  +  Pio group. The group treated with JB-1 showed minimal protein expression of p-ERK1/2, nNOS, and p-IGF-1Rβ. Pio improves erectile function in rats undergoing BCNI via an IGF-1-mediated pathway.

Introduction: Stem cell (SC) application is a promising area of research in regenerative medicine, with the potential to treat, prevent, and cure disease. In recent years, the number of studies focusing on SCs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) and other sexual dysfunctions has increased significantly., Areas Covered: This review includes critical ED targets and preclinical studies, including the use of SCs and animal models in diabetes, aging, cavernous nerve injury, and Peyronie's disease. A literature search was performed on PubMed for English articles., Expert Opinion: Combination treatment offers better results than monotherapy to improve pathological changes in diabetic ED. Regenerative medicine is a promising approach for the maintenance of sexual health and erectile function later in life. Cavernous nerve regeneration and vascular recovery employing SC treatment may be focused on radical prostatectomy-induced ED. Notwithstanding, there are a number of hurdles to overcome before SC-based therapies for ED are considered in clinical settings. Paracrine action, not cellular differentiation, appears to be the principal mechanism of action underlying SC treatment of ED. Intracavernosal injection of a single SC type should be the choice protocol for future clinical trials.

In colloquial English, a "grower" is a man whose phallus expands significantly in length from the flaccid  to the erect state; a "shower" is a man whose phallus does not demonstrate such expansion. We sought to investigate various factors that might predict a man being either a grower or a shower. A retrospective review of 274 patients who underwent penile duplex Doppler ultrasound (PDDU) for erectile dysfunction between 2011 and 2013 was performed. Penile length was measured, both in the flaccid state prior to intracavernosal injection (ICI) of a vasodilating agent (prostaglandin E1), and at peak erection during PDDU. The collected data included patient demographics, vascular, and anatomic parameters. The median change in penile length from flaccid to erect state was 4.0  cm (1.0-7.0), and was used as a cut-off value defining a grower (≥4.0 cm) or a shower (4.0 cm). A total of 73 men (26%) fit the definition of a grower (mean change in length of 5.3 cm [SD 0.5]) and 205 (74%) were showers (mean change in length of 3.1 cm [SD 0.9]). There were no differences between the groups with regards to race, smoking history, co-morbidities, erectile function, flaccid penile length, degree of penile rigidity after ICI, or PDDU findings. Growers were significantly younger (mean age 47.5 vs. 55.9 years, p  < 0.001), single (37% vs. 23%, p  =  0.031), received less vasodilator dose (10.3  mcg vs. 11.0  mcg, p  =  0.038) and had a larger erect phallus (15.5 cm vs. 13.1 cm, p <   0.001). On multivariate analysis, only younger age was significantly predictive of being a grower (p < 0.001). These results suggest that younger age and single status could be predictors of a man being a grower, rather than a shower. Larger, multicultural and multinational studies are needed to confirm these results.

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition the treatment of which over the years has expanded from specialty care settings to various other clinical settings. A Process of Care Model was developed in 1999 to provide primary care physicians with guidance in the diagnosis and management of ED., Aim: This update to the Process of Care Model aims to reflect current ED management practices, because the study of ED has changed since 1999., Methods: Updates to the Process of Care Model were developed during a meeting of international experts from diverse disciplines. The updated model is data-driven, evidence-based, and relevant to a wide range of healthcare providers., Main Outcome Measures: This article summarizes the results of the expert meeting and focuses on ED management. The evaluation of ED is discussed in a separate article., Results: The updated model presents modification of risk factors and correction of comorbidities frequently associated with ED as critical parts of patient management. Patients should be encouraged to make positive lifestyle changes such as improving diet and increasing physical exercise. Lifestyle changes may be accompanied by the first-line medical therapies of sexual counseling and therapy, which takes into consideration patient sexual dynamics and pharmacotherapy with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is)., Clinical Implications: The updated model provides guidance regarding risk factors associated with ED, their modification, sexual counseling, and PDE5I selection, dosing, and patient education., Strengths and Limitations: This update leverages the extensive clinical expertise and experience of the authors to provide updated, comprehensive guidance for ED management. The model reflects the views and experiences of a limited number of contributors; however, these authors draw upon a diverse array of clinical specialties and are regarded as experts in their fields. Additionally, no meta-analyses were performed to further support the ED evaluation guidelines presented., Conclusion: Effective management of ED may be achieved through a combination of patient risk factor modification and first-line therapy, taking into consideration any patient comorbidities known to be associated with ED. Treatment goals should be individualized to restore sexual satisfaction to the patient and/or couple and improve quality of life based on the patient's expressed needs and desires. Mulhall JP, Giraldi A, Hackett G, et al. The 2018 Revision to the Process of Care Model for Management of Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2018;15:1434-1445., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: To compare in a prospective nonrandomized fashion, the outcomes of collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) and surgical interventions (tunical plication [TP] and partial plaque excision and grafting [PEG]) in patients with Peyronie's disease (PD). Intralesional injection of CCH is the only Food and Drug Administration-approved nonsurgical intervention for PD., Materials and Methods: Between June 2015 and January 2017, 57 patients with PD and dorsal, dorsolateral, and/or lateral penile curvatures 30°-90° were included in this study. Patients with ventral curvature, hourglass deformity, and previous surgery for PD were excluded. All patients completed questionnaires and underwent penile measurements and penile vascular studies prior to and after completion of treatment, and were followed for at least 6 months., Results: CCH was administered to 18 patients, TP performed in 14, and PEG in 25. The median follow-up for the whole cohort was 12 months (6-28). Mean changes in curvature after treatment were 23.3° (34.4%) for CCH, 72.0° (92.2%) for TP, and 71.8 ° (94.9%) for PEG, P<.001. Mean changes in International Index of Erectile Function-5 scores were +5.7 for CCH, +4.9 for TP, and +2.2 for PEG, P = .395. Mean penile length changes were -0.2 cm for CCH, -1.0 cm for TP, and +0.9 cm for PEG, P<.001. Three patients in the CCH group had bothersome residual curvature and underwent uneventful TP., Conclusion: Surgical options are associated with superior curvature correction. CCH is an effective and safe option for motivated patients who prefer to avoid surgery. PEG is associated with a small stretched penile length gain., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition that may affect men of all ages; in 1999, a Process of Care Model was developed to provide clinicians with recommendations regarding the evaluation and management of ED., Aim: To reflect the evolution of the study of ED since 1999, this update to the process of care model presents health care providers with a tool kit to facilitate patient interactions, comprehensive evaluation, and counseling for ED., Methods: A cross-disciplinary panel of international experts met to propose updates to the 1999 process of care model from a global perspective. The updated model was designed to be evidence-based, data-driven, and accessible to a wide range of health care providers., Outcomes: This article summarizes the resulting discussion of the expert meeting and focuses on ED evaluation. The management of ED is discussed in an article by Muhall et al (J Sex Med 2018;15:1280-1292)., Results: A comprehensive approach to the evaluation of ED is warranted because ED may involve both psychological and organic components. The updated process of care model for evaluation was divided into core and optional components and now focuses on the combination of first-line pharmacotherapy and counseling in consideration of patient sexual dynamics., Clinical Implications: Patient evaluation for ED should encompass a variety of aspects, including medical history, sexual history, physical examination, psychological evaluation, laboratory testing, and possibly adjunctive testing., Strengths & Limitations: This update draws on author expertise and experience to provide multi-faceted guidance for the evaluation of ED in a modern context. Although a limited number of contributors provided input on the update, these experts represent diverse fields that encounter patients with ED. Additionally, no meta-analyses were performed to further support the ED evaluation guidelines presented., Conclusion: Comprehensive evaluation of ED affords health care providers an opportunity to address medical, psychological/psycho-social, and sexual issues associated with ED, with the ultimate goal being effective management and possibly resolution of ED. While some or all techniques described in the updated model may be needed for each patient, evaluation should in all cases be thorough. Mulhall JP, Giraldi A, Hackett G, et al. The 2018 Revision to the Process of Care Model for Evaluation of Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2018;15:1280-1292., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Pelvic surgeries are recognized to cause dysfunction of the male sexual response, which consists of erection, emission, expulsion, and orgasm. However, the least attention has been paid to male orgasmic dysfunction after invasive pelvic surgery., Aim: To describe the available literature on post-pelvic surgery orgasmic dysfunction disorders., Methods: A literature search was performed on PubMed using the search strings related to dysfunction of the male sexual cycle and orgasm after pelvic surgery., Outcomes: Orgasmic dysfunction after pelvic procedures in urologic, colorectal, and vascular surgeries was assessed., Results: Radical prostatectomy was the most common procedure where orgasmic dysfunction was quantified. Anorgasmia post-operatively occurred in patients in a range of 5-70%. Dysorgasmia occurred less frequently from 7-14%. The prevalence of climacturia was highly variable occurring in 20-93% of patients. Radical cystectomy resulted in anorgasmia 33-62% of the time and climacturia ranged from 6-45%. Studies involving colorectal surgeries were less likely to assess for dysorgasmia and climacturia, but anorgasmia rates ranged from 0-52%. Most current studies do not differentiate between ejaculatory and orgasmic dysfunction. However, more recent studies have started to distinguish between the 2 disorders and publish more specific data on what components of the male sexual response has been affected by the specific surgery., Conclusions: The male sexual response, specifically the male orgasm, is difficult to quantify in a non-obtrusive setting and can exhibit variability between patients and between sexual encounters in the same patient. Data involving the outcome of male orgasmic dysfunction after pelvic surgery are sparse, limiting health professionals' ability to appropriately counsel patients. Future work needs to standardize outcome assessment for orgasmic disorders, which, in turn, can be used across all surgical specialties. Haney NM, Alzweri LM, Hellstrom WJG. Male Orgasmic Dysfunction Post-Radical Pelvic Surgery. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:429-437., (Copyright © 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: After radical prostatectomy (RP), erectile dysfunction, often necessitating the need for inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) insertion, and urinary incontinence and climacturia can ensue., Aim: To assess the efficacy and safety of the mini-jupette, a mesh used to approximate the medial aspects of the 2 corporotomies at the time of IPP insertion, for the management of climacturia and urine leakage in patients with minimal incontinence., Methods: We conducted a pilot multicenter study of patients with post-RP erectile dysfunction and climacturia and/or mild urinary incontinence (≤2 pads/day [ppd]) undergoing IPP insertion with concomitant placement of a mini-jupette graft., Outcomes: Pre- and postoperative erectile function, continence and climacturia, and overall surgical outcomes were assessed., Results: 38 patients underwent the mini-jupette procedure. The mean age of the population was 65.3 years (SD = 7.7). 30 had post-RP climacturia and 32 patients had post-RP incontinence (mean = 1.3 ppd, SD = 0.8). 31 patients received Coloplast Titan, 4 received AMS 700 LGX, and 3 received AMS 700 CX IPPs. Mean corporotomy size was 2.9 cm (SD = 1.0). Mean graft measurements were 3.2 cm (SD = 0.9) for width, 3.3 cm (SD = 1.3) for length, and 11.0 cm 2 (SD = 5.1) for surface area. At a mean follow-up of 5.1 months (SD = 6.9), there were 5 postoperative complications (13.2%) of which 4 required explantation. Climacturia and incontinence were subjectively improved in 92.8% and 85.7%, respectively. Mean ppd decreased by 1.3 postoperatively., Clinical Implications: The Andrianne mini-jupette is a feasible adjunct to IPP placement that can be used for subsets of patients with post-RP climacturia and/or minimal incontinence., Strengths and Limitations: Strengths of this study include the novel nature of this intervention, the multi-institutional nature of the study, and the promising results demonstrated. Limitations include the retrospective nature of the study and the heterogeneity of the techniques and grafts used by different surgeons involved., Conclusion: Longer follow-up and larger patient cohorts are needed to confirm the long-term safety and benefits of this intervention. Yafi FA, Andrianne R, Alzweri L, et al. Andrianne Mini-Jupette Graft at the Time of Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Placement for the Management of Post-Prostatectomy Climacturia and Minimal Urinary Incontinence. J Sex Med 2018;15:789-796., (Copyright © 2018 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: It is common for men to develop erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy. The anatomy of the rat allows the cavernous nerve (CN) to be identified, dissected, and injured in a controlled fashion. Therefore, bilateral CN injury (BCNI) in the rat model is routinely used to study post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction., Aim: To compare and contrast the available literature on pharmacologic intervention after BCNI in the rat., Methods: A literature search was performed on PubMed for cavernous nerve and injury and erectile dysfunction and rat. Only articles with BCNI and pharmacologic intervention that could be grouped into categories of immune modulation, growth factor therapy, receptor kinase inhibition, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition, and anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic interventions were included., Main Outcome Measures: To assess outcomes of pharmaceutical intervention on erectile function recovery after BCNI in the rat model. The ratio of maximum intracavernous pressure to mean arterial pressure was the main outcome measure chosen for this analysis., Results: All interventions improved erectile function recovery after BCNI based on the ratio of maximum intracavernous pressure to mean arterial pressure results. Additional end-point analysis examined the corpus cavernosa and/or the major pelvic ganglion and CN. There was extreme heterogeneity within the literature, making accurate comparisons between crush injury and therapeutic interventions difficult., Conclusions: BCNI in the rat is the accepted animal model used to study nerve-sparing post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction. However, an important limitation is extreme variability. Efforts should be made to decrease this variability and increase the translational utility toward clinical trials in humans. Haney NM, Nguyen HMT, Honda M, et al. Bilateral Cavernous Nerve Crush Injury in the Rat Model: A Comparative Review of Pharmacologic Interventions. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:234-241., (Copyright © 2017 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine if the timing of radiation therapy on artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) impacts complication rates, revision rates, and number of pads per day after placement., Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of men with prostate cancer who underwent AUS placement and radiation therapy between 1987 and 2016., Results: Of 306 men, 292 (95.4%) received radiation before AUS placement (group 1) and 14 (4.6%) received radiation after AUS placement (group 2). Median follow-up was 30 months after AUS placement. Group 1 had 32 of 292 (11.0%) patients suffer from erosion, compared with 0 of 14 (0.0%) patients in group 2 (P = .191). None of the patients in group 2 had infection or mechanical failure. The number of patients who received revision in group 1 was 91 of 292 (31.2%) and in group 2 was 2 of 14 (14.3%) (P = .180). The number of pads used per day in group 1 before and after AUS placement was 5.24 ± 3.12 and 1.13 ± 1.31, respectively (P <.001). In group 2, the number of pads used per day before and after AUS placement was 6.09 ± 1.97 and 1.53 ± 0.99, respectively (P <.001). There was no significant difference in the average number of postoperative pads used per day between group 1 and group 2 (P = .907)., Conclusion: The timing of radiation therapy does not appear to significantly affect complication rates or urinary continence, as measured in pads used after AUS placement. This multi-institutional retrospective analysis showed similar erosion and revision rates when radiation occurred after AUS placement and demonstrates preliminary safety and feasibility of the administration of radiation after AUS placement., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ischemic priapism is a urological emergency that has been associated with long-standing and irreversible adverse effects on erectile function. Studies have demonstrated a linear relationship between the duration of critically ischemic episodes and the subsequent development of corporal fibrosis and irreversible erectile function loss. Placement of a penile prosthesis is a well-established therapeutic option for the management of erectile dysfunction secondary to ischemic priapism, and will be the focus of this review. Review of the current literature demonstrates a growing utilization of penile prostheses in the treatment of erectile dysfunction secondary to ischemic priapism. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of randomized-controlled trials describing the use of prosthesis in ischemic priapism. As a result, there is a lack of consensus regarding the type of prosthesis (malleable vs. inflatable), timing of surgery (acute vs. delayed), and anticipated complications for each approach. Both types of prostheses yielded comparable complication rates, but the inflatable penile prosthesis have higher satisfaction rates. Acute treatment of priapism was associated with increased risk of prosthetic infection, and could potentially cause psychological trauma, whereas delayed implantation was associated with greater corporal fibrosis, loss of penile length, and increased technical difficulty of implantation. The paucity of high-level evidence fuels the ongoing discussion of optimal use and timing of penile prosthesis implantation. Current guidance is based on consensus expert opinion derived from small, retrospective studies. Until more robust data is available, a patient-centered approach and joint decision-making between the patient and his urologist is recommended., Competing Interests: Dr. Wayne J.G. Hellstrom is an adviser for Coloplast (Minneapolis, MN, USA) and Boston Scientific (Marlborough, PA, USA), but this has made no influence on this work in relation with the company or its products. Other authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2018 Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology.)

Introduction: Peyronie's disease (PD) is a connective tissue disorder resulting in the abnormal accumulation of type I to III collagen, fibrin, and disorganized elastic fibers in the tunica albuginea of the penis. Many medical and non-pharmacologic modalities have been used in the treatment of PD; however, these approaches have proved largely ineffective, with surgery being the only definitive treatment. Intralesional injection of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) has recently become the gold standard for minimally invasive treatment of PD, and studies have suggested the role of CCH could expand to the treatment of other urologic conditions such as urethral stricture disease., Aim: To provide an update on available data on the use of CCH in the treatment of PD and other urologic conditions., Methods: Comprehensive review of recent clinical trials and in vivo studies that examined the safety and efficacy of CCH in urologic disease., Main Outcome Measures: Assessing the efficacy of CCH in the management of PD as determined by improvement in the severity of penile fibrosis, curvature deformity, and pain., Results: Several well-designed clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and tolerability of CCH in the treatment of PD. CCH has demonstrated significant decreases in penile curvature and plaque consistency and improvements in patient satisfaction. Treatment durability and long-term adverse effects are still being assessed; however, outcomes of PD management with CCH continue to replicate the results obtained during the IMPRESS clinical trials. Preliminary studies support the premise that CCH can modify disease progression in patients with acute-phase PD. Furthermore, one in vivo study showed that CCH also could be applied to urethral stricture disease without serious adverse complications., Conclusion: CCH continues to be the mainstay for non-surgical management of stable-phase PD. However, its role in the treatment of acute-phase PD, PD with ventral plaques, and urethral stricture disease could expand in the coming years. Gabrielson AT, Spitz JT, Hellstrom WJG. Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum in the Treatment of Urologic Disease: Current and Future Impact. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:143-156., (Copyright © 2017 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is a common health condition occuring in roughly 50% of aging males (40-70 years old). Recent attention has related gene therapy to ED, and now there is an interest to further implement gene therapy concepts to ED treatment. This review is an attempt to analyze key challenges and emphasize primary areas, including mostly preclinical and a few clinical trials, cellular target(s), and different viral vectors/nanoparticles for gene delivery in ED. While overexpression of target genes can be silenced by RNA interference (RNAi), down-regulation of these mechanisms has been implicated in ED. Although many patients with ED demonstrate efficacy with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, this therapy is insufficient in approximately 30-40% of patients. Although several preclinical studies for ED treatment provided promising results, gene therapy has not shown success in clinical practice, due in part to technical limitations of gene therapy to address ED pathogenesis. Developments in small RNA, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) may lead to significant benefit in the management of ED. Also, siRNA delivery into the corpus cavernosum seems a challenging issue and awaits further development. Several safety concerns of gene therapy, gene acquisition, preparation, and delivery are necessary to continue investigation before any widespread application is used in ED treatment., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)

Introduction: Post-orgasmic illness syndrome (POIS) is a rare but debilitating cluster of postejaculatory symptoms affecting men. It is a chronic disorder manifesting as a constellation of flulike and allergic symptoms within seconds, minutes, or hours after ejaculation. POIS can be followed by mental sequelae such as diminished concentration and irritability. POIS negatively affects the life of patients by limiting sexual encounters, dampening romantic prospects, creating internal struggles to avoid eroticism, and affecting patients' schedules. First described in 2002, the prevalence and incidence of POIS are still unknown owing to a paucity of studies but is likely under-reported. There are approximately 50 cases of POIS in the literature. Despite the debilitating effects of POIS, the pathophysiology of POIS is still not well elucidated., Aim: To provide an update on the current literature on POIS, provide updated information on the pathophysiology of POIS, and discuss potential management options., Methods: Comprehensive review of literature pertaining to POIS., Main Outcome Measures: The symptoms, classification, pathophysiology, diagnostic considerations, and management of POIS were reviewed., Results: There are 5 preliminary diagnostic criteria for diagnosing this condition. POIS is categorized as primary or secondary. The autoimmune-allergy hypothesis is the most accepted hypothesis explaining the pathogenesis of POIS. A competing hypothesis involves a disorder involving endogenous μ-opioid receptors. Another hypothesis invokes impairment of the cytokine and neuroendocrine responses. There are no known treatment modalities for POIS; patients have been symptomatically treated with antihistamines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and benzodiazepines. A trial of hyposensitization therapy with autologous semen was successful. A trial of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication helped 1 patient described in a single case report, but failed to successfully treat other patients., Conclusions: POIS is a rare condition that is underdiagnosed and under-reported. Further studies are warranted to investigate the prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment of this debilitating condition. Nguyen HMT, Bala A, Gabrielson AT, Hellstrom WJG. Post-Orgasmic Illness Syndrome: A Review. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:11-15., (Copyright © 2017 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine the success and feasibility of surgically correcting residual curvature after intralesional collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) for the treatment of Peyronie disease (PD)., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who had intralesional CCH treatment for PD and who subsequently underwent penile plication (PP), plaque incision and grafting (PIG), or inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) placement., Results: Ten men who underwent PP, PIG, or IPP for the treatment of residual curvature after intralesional CCH were identified. Six patients underwent PP; 1 patient underwent PIG; and 3 patients underwent IPP with ancillary straightening maneuvers. The mean time from the last CCH injection to surgical correction was 150.9 days, or 5 months. The mean pre-CCH curvature was 67 degrees and the mean post-CCH curvature was 51 degrees. Eight of 10 patients had no residual curvature after surgical treatment. The mean postprocedure curvature was 4.5 degrees. The mean operative time was 72.1 minutes. The mean estimated blood loss was 20 mL. Increased fibrosis with increased surgical difficulty was noted in 3 (all <6 months post CCH treatment) of 10 patients. No postoperative complications were noted., Conclusion: The surgical treatment of PD after intralesional CCH is safe and effective. If surgery is considered, this should be performed at least 6 months after the last CCH injection, given the potential for an increased inflammatory reaction in this area., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Peyronie's disease (PD) is a benign fibrotic disorder of the tunica albuginea of the penis, which can cause penile pain, curvature, shortening, erectile dysfunction, and psychological distress. Surgery is indicated when penile curvature prevents satisfactory sexual intercourse. Plaque incision or excision with grafting has been suggested as an option in patients with a penile curvature greater than 60°, a shortened penis, and/or an hourglass or complex deformity., Aim: To provide an overview of recent studies reporting outcomes of grafting techniques and to report advances in the development of new grafting materials for PD surgery., Methods: A literature review was performed through PubMed from 2011 through 2016 regarding grafting techniques for PD. Key words used for the search were grafting techniques, grafts, graft materials, Peyronie's disease, surgical outcomes, and surgical therapy., Main Outcome Measures: To report on novel and promising graft materials for PD and to discuss surgical techniques, outcomes, and limitations. Discussed outcomes include postoperative penile straightening, shortening, erectile function, glans sensation, and patient satisfaction., Results: Various surgical techniques and grafting materials can be used for the coverage of the tunica albuginea defect after partial plaque excision or incision. Autologous and non-autologous grafts have been used in this setting. A major advantage of the available "off-the-shelf" grafts is that they do not require donor site harvesting, thus decreasing morbidity and operative time. Tissue-engineered grafts represent the future, but more research is needed to further improve surgical handling and postoperative outcomes., Conclusion: Patients opting for grafting techniques should have sufficient erectile rigidity preoperatively. Surgeon experience, careful patient selection, patient preference, and type of penile deformity affect the choice of graft and surgical approach used. Hatzichristodoulou G, Osmonov D, Kübler H, et al. Contemporary Review of Grafting Techniques for the Surgical Treatment of Peyronie's Disease. Sex Med Rev 2017;5:544-552., (Copyright © 2017 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Peyronie's disease (PD), defined as the abnormal formation of fibrous plaque(s) in the tunica albuginea of the penis, is a chronic condition that afflicts 3% to 13% of the US male population; there is no current research on the efficacy and safety of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) in the treatment of acute phase PD., Aim: To examine the efficacy and safety of CCH in the treatment of acute-phase PD., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records for all patients treated with CCH for PD from April 2014 through April 2017. Patients who reported penile pain and duration of PD no longer than 12 months at presentation qualified as being in the acute phase of PD. The primary outcomes of interest were final changes in curvature after CCH treatment regardless of the number of CCH cycles received and frequency of treatment-related adverse events., Outcomes: Parameters of efficacy and safety were compared between acute- and stable-phase PD., Results: A total of 162 patients were included in the study, of which 36 (22%) qualified as having acute-phase PD (group 1) and the remaining 126 (78%) qualified as having stable-phase PD (group 2). Median duration of PD was 8.5 months (range = 1-12) for group 1 and 18 months (range = 1-492) for group 2. There was no significant difference in final change in curvature between the acute and stable phases of PD (16.7° vs 15.6°; P = .654). There was no statistically significant difference in frequency of treatment-related adverse events between the acute phase (4 patients, 11%) and the stable phase (12 patients, 10%; P = .778)., Clinical Implications: CCH therapy is as safe and efficacious in acute-phase PD as it is in stable-phase PD., Strengths and Limitations: This is the first report that assesses the safety and efficacy of CCH therapy focusing on acute-phase PD. This study was composed of a large cohort of patients receiving CCH therapy in acute- and stable-phase PD. Limitations include bias associated with retrospective studies, a small sample, and a single-center setting., Conclusions: Although CCH is not clearly indicated for treatment during the acute phase of PD, these results suggest that CCH use during this phase can be effective and safe. There was no statistically significant difference in final change in curvature or treatment-related adverse events after CCH therapy delivered between the acute and stable phases of PD. Nguyen HMT, Anaissie J, DeLay KJ, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum in the Treatment of Acute-Phase Peyronie's Disease. J Sex Med 2017;14:1220-1225., (Copyright © 2017 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: To examine the changes in penile vascular parameters after the administration of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) in patients with Peyronie's disease (PD)., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records for all patients treated with CCH for PD between 04/2014 and 05/2017 who underwent penile duplex Doppler ultrasound (PDDU) after pharmacologically induced erection both before and after four cycles of CCH treatment. The primary outcomes measured were changes in peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistive index (RI) after CCH treatment. Paired t -tests, chi-squared tests, and correlation coefficients were performed between functional and vascular parameters before and after four rounds of CCH to determine statistical significance (P<0.05)., Results: A total of 51 patients were included in the study. After four cycles of CCH therapy, there was no statistically significant change in PSV, EDV, RI, or International Index of Erectile Function score when compared to baseline. Similarly, there was no correlation between vascular parameters and change in curvature. There was a statistically significant change in penile curvature (60˚±16.9˚ to 40.8˚±14.9˚, P<0.001) and erect penile circumference (11.6±1.0 to 11.9±1.0 cm, P<0.05) after treatment., Conclusions: In spite of a significant change in penile curvature, this change did not correlate with changing penile vascular or morphological parameters. Overall, CCH therapy seems to have a negligible impact on penile vasculature, furthering evidence of its favorable safety profile., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: WJ Hellstrom is on the Speaker’s Bureau for Endo Pharmaceuticals. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is an important health concern that can significantly affect a man's psychosocial well-being. ED has traditionally been considered a disease of old age; however, contemporary evidence suggests a growing incidence of ED in men younger than 40 years. The process of achieving an erection is multifaceted; there are many potential mechanisms that can be disrupted. It is critical to identify the specific causes of ED before proceeding with potentially costly and invasive therapeutic options. Advances in diagnostic and treatment modalities offer opportunities to identify and manage young men with ED., Aim: To provide an update on the prevalence and risk factors of ED in young men and to provide a framework to guide clinicians in identifying and managing the affected young man., Methods: Comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to ED in young men., Main Outcome Measures: ED in young men was assessed by outlining the prevalence according to recent epidemiologic studies. The pathophysiology, diagnostic considerations, risk factors, and etiologies were reviewed., Results: Large multinational studies have estimated the prevalence of ED in young men to be as high as 30%. Several studies have stratified the etiologies of ED into psychogenic and organic causes. Psychogenic etiologies of ED include depression, anxiety, and partner-related difficulties. These patients tend to experience sudden onset of symptoms, with decreased libido and good quality of spontaneous or self-stimulated erections. Organic etiologies include vasculogenic, endocrinologic, neurogenic, iatrogenic, and structural components. These patients usually experience gradual onset of symptoms and a low to normal libido. Conservative treatments such as phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors continue to be the mainstay treatment., Conclusions: ED in young men is an increasingly common condition. A careful diagnostic evaluation should focus on the identification of any underlying etiology to ensure appropriate management of patients. Nguyen HMT, Gabrielson AT, Hellstrom WJG. Erectile Dysfunction in Young Men-A Review of the Prevalence and Risk Factors. Sex Med Rev 2017;5:508-520., (Copyright © 2017 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)