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Thus, it seems problematic to insist, as some lower courts have, that photography conducted for 'recreational and aesthetic' purposes lacks the First Amendment protection that would almost certainly prevent government [...]

Multiple studies explore the issue of the absence of teachers of color in the profession at large. Few studies, however, address the issue from the angle of the teacher candidate of color. With so many competing professions, why do they ultimately make the decision to join the profession? What are the contexts that influence and support that choice? What are the challenges that make that choice questionable? Here, the authors examine from these and other angles African American teacher candidates' decisions to teach.

Lateral intrusions flowing from the boundaries of lakes and oceans might influence basin‐scale distributions of heat, chemical solutes, sediments, and organisms. Here, observations of numerous intrusions from multiple locations in a small lake were used to examine the relation of intrusions to a lakewide internal seiche, and to estimate mean exchange between sloping bottom boundary layers (BBLs) and the lake interior. BBL waters were observed periodically separating from the bed and flowing laterally offshore. Boundary layer separation was initiated where strong downslope flows encountered upslope‐propagating temperature fronts. These separation events propagated upslope, coherent with the vertically propagating internal seiche, resembling previously reported cases of upslope‐propagating internal bores. Following separation, jets flowed offshore immediately above temperature fronts, transporting boundary layer water at least 61 m into the interior. Jet propagation could be traced upwards, from the bed at 9.4 m depth to the base of the surface mixed layer. Mean offshore transport was most intense within the metalimnion (4–7 m depth). Intruding intermediate‐temperature thermocline water was likely supplied both by river inputs and by boundary mixing of cold and warm waters. These findings suggest that periodic jets, resulting from seiche‐induced boundary layer separation, transported significant quantities of water from the boundary layer toward the stratified lake interior, with possible implications for distributions of sediments, solutes, and organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference of 47 science, mathematics, and technology educators and rural education experts from across the country prepared a research agenda regarding science and mathematics achievement in poor, rural schools. Researchable questions were grouped into categories of community support, instructional resources, leadership and school reform, professional development, preservice education and induction, curriculum and instruction, and databases. (Contains 21 references.) (TD)

The last decade has brought tremendous change to the Fourth Amendment, finally resulting in a 'digital is different' norm. We stand at an inflection point between a monolithic, analog past and a murky future ofyet-unarticulated constitutional digital policing rules. It is a good time, then, to reflect upon how we came to be here and where we ought to go. This Essay.first looks back to a monumental, majestic dissent: that OfJustice Louis Brandeis in the 1928 decision ofOlmstead v. United States. Every American, and especially every law student, ought to know that opinion, and judges and scholars ought to appreciate how it charted the path we have now trod. The Essay then turns forward, considering whether we are finally ready for a longstanding Supreme Court assertion that has never been honestly applied: a Fourth Amendment warrant default. Given ubiquitous digital data, a warrant standard will often be required for searches to be reasonable. And, even when it is not-when the needs of effective investigation and resulting safety outweigh privacy and liberty concerns-the modern Fourth Amendment space is uniquely well situated to a 'penalty default' in which the State shoulders the burden of convincing legislators and then courts that such lesser standard is constitutionally correct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allogeneic blood or BM transplantation (BMT) is the most commonly applied form of adoptive cellular therapy for cancer. In this context, the ability of donor T cells to respond to recipient antigens is coopted to generate graft-versus-tumor (GVT) responses. The major reason for treatment failure is tumor recurrence, which is linked to the eventual loss of functional, host-specific CTLs. In this study, we have explored the role of recipient antigen expression by nonhematopoietic cells in the failure to sustain effective CTL immunity. Using clinically relevant models, we found that nonhematopoietic antigen severely disrupts the formation of donor [CD8.sup.+] T cell memory at 2 distinct levels that operate in the early and late phases of the response. First, initial and direct encounters between donor [CD8.sup.+] T cells and nonhematopoietic cells blocked the programming of memory precursors essential for establishing recall immunity. Second, surviving [CD8.sup.+] T cells became functionally exhausted with heightened expression of the coinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1). These 2 factors acted together to induce even more profound failure in long-term immunosurveillance. Crucially, the functions of exhausted [CD8.sup.+] T cells could be partially restored by late in vivo blockade of the interaction between PD-1 and its ligand, PD-L1, without induction of graft-versus-host disease, suggestive of a potential clinical strategy to prevent or treat relapse following allogeneic BMT., Introduction Allogeneic blood or BM transplantation (BMT) represents the most commonly applied form of adoptive cellular therapy for cancer. This treatment exploits donor T cell alloreactivity to generate a graft-versus-tumor [...]

A genome-wide DNA-methylation profiling on familial breast cancer is performed to identify patterns of methylation which are particular to the different mutation groups or intrinsic types of breast cancer. Data obtained using a support vector machine classification algorithm, gene-expression profiling and SNP CGH array identify distinct methylation profiles defined by the mutation status, which are different from the intrinsic subtypes.