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In a Photomask manufacturing process, mask defect inspection is an increasingly important topic for 193nm optical lithography. Further extension of 193nm optical lithography to the next technology nodes, staying at a maximum numerical aperture (NA) of 1.35, pushes lithography to its utmost limits. This extension from technologies like ILT and SMO requires more complex mask patterns. In mask defect inspection, defect verification becomes more difficult because many nuisance defects are detected in aggressive mask features. One of the solutions is lithography simulation like AIMS. An issue with AIMS, however, is the low throughput of measurement, analysis etc.

The aim of this study was to verify the antitumor role of the β- d -glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β- d -xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β- d -glucopyranosyl-(1→4)- d -galactopyranosyl (lycotetraosyl) moiety present in steroidal glycosides from Solanaceous plants. We explored a new chemical trans-glycosylation method using an endoglycosidase called tomatinase that is produced by the tomato pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The lycotetraose, which was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of α-tomatine with tomatinase, was converted to glycosyl donors such as trichloroacetimidate, fluoride, and thioglycoside. All obtained glycosyl donors were glycosylated with cholesterol to form α-lycotetraosyl cholesterols in a stereoselective manner. The obtained lycotetraosyl derivatives together with typical natural lycotetraosyl glycosides were examined for their antiproliferative activity.

We previously reported a potent calpain inhibitor 1 (SJA6017, N-(4-fluorophenyl)-l-valyl-l-leucinal), which displayed relatively low oral bioavailability (BA). Replacing the metabolically labile aldehyde moiety of 1with more chemically stable warheads, such as a cyclic hemiacetal, hydrazone, and alpha-ketoamide, provided the inhibitors with improved in vitro metabolic stability. Cyclic hemiacetal 2 was the most stable of these compounds. The optimization of 2 led to hemiacetal 8 (SNJ-1715) which exhibited high potency, good aqueous solubility, excellent oral BA, and prolonged plasma half-life in rats. Furthermore, 8 showed neuroprotective efficacy via oral administration in a rat retinal ischemia model.

Gamma-secretase belongs to an atypical class of aspartic proteases that hydrolyzes peptide bonds within the transmembrane domain of substrates, including amyloid-beta precursor protein and Notch. gamma-Secretase is comprised of presenilin, nicastrin, APH-1, and PEN-2 which form a large multimeric membrane protein complex, the three-dimensional structure of which is unknown. To gain insight into the structure of this complex enzyme, we purified functional gamma-secretase complex reconstituted in Sf9 cells and analyzed it using negative stain electron microscopy and 3D reconstruction techniques. Analysis of 2341 negatively stained particle images resulted in the three-dimensional representation of gamma-secretase at a resolution of 48 angstroms. The structure occupies a volume of 560 x 320 x 240 angstroms and resembles a flat heart comprised of two oppositely faced, dimpled domains. A low density space containing multiple pores resides between the domains. Some of the dimples in the putative transmembrane region may house the catalytic site. The large dimensions are consistent with the observation that gamma-secretase activity resides within a high molecular weight complex.

A novel series of dipeptidyl α-ketoamide derivatives with amphiphile was designed and synthesized as water-soluble calpain inhibitors. The introduction of amphiphiles at the P3 site increased water solubility without loss of membrane permeability and provided the oral available inhibitors. Extension of the ethylene glycol chain at the P3 site led to an improvement in persistence of plasma levels. In particular, introduction of a combination of a diethylene glycol methyl ether moiety at the P3 site, a phenylalanine residue at the P1 site and a cyclopropyl moiety at the P′ site was the most effective modification for an increase in plasma drug exposure.

Three cultivars (Norin-1, Toyoshiro and Snowden) of Japanese processing potatoes were stored at 5 and 12°C for 90 days. The sugar contents, and invertase, sucrose-6-phosphate synthase (SPS) and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) activities of these three cultivars were measured at intervals during storage. The aim of this study was to determine whether storage temperature affects the three enzyme levels in potatoes. The low-temperature storage (5°C) increased reducing sugar contents during storage compared with the high-temperature storage (12°C). In addition, the low-temperature storage increased the invertase and SPS activities of the three cultivars. These results suggest that invertase and SPS play an important role in the accumulation of reducing sugars in Japanese processing potatoes stored at low temperatures.

We examined the actions of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) on human monocytes, using a serum-free culture system. GM-CSF and IL-3 did not promote the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages but rather into cells with a phenotype compatible with that of immature dendritic cells (DCs). The addition of fetal bovine serum to serum-free cultures with GM-CSF or IL-3 restored the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. Cells generated with GM-CSF or IL-3 elicited phagocytic activity. Cells generated in the presence of GM-CSF or IL-3, followed by the addition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, displayed a phenotype of mature DCs, and primed and stimulated immunogenic peptide-specific T lymphocytes. Surprisingly, GM-CSF and IL-3 inhibited macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-dependent differentiation of monocytes into macrophages and induced differentiation into immature DCs. We asked if the inhibition of M-CSF-dependent differentiation into macrophages by GM-CSF or IL-3 was associated with the expression of M-CSF receptors (M-CSFR). GM-CSF or IL-3 down-regulated the expression of M-CSFR. These data demonstrate that GM-CSF and IL-3 primarily support the differentiation of monocytes into DCs and inhibit M-CSF-dependent differentiation into macrophages by suppressing the expression of M-CSFR, thereby promoting differentiation into DCs.

We describe a 55-year-old Japanese woman with therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) with 2 independent clones, t(1;2)(p36;p21) and t(11;12)(pl5;ql3). She was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with cytological features of the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Cytogenetic evaluation revealed a 46,XX karyotype. She received chemotherapy and achieved complete remission (CR). Despite maintenance chemotherapy, she suffered a relapse. Chromosomal analysis showed t(1;2)(p36;p21) in 2 of 20 metaphases. At second CR, this clone transiently disappeared. Nine months later, t(1;2) (p36;p21) was detected again in 3 of 20 metaphases while the patient remained in CR. Six months later, bone marrow examination disclosed trilineage dysplasia without an excess of blasts, suggesting MDS. t(1;2)(p36;p21) was observed in 16 of 20 metaphases. The clinical course and serial cytogenetic findings were diagnostic of t-MDS. The duration of t-MDS was 6 years. During this period, persistent t(1;2)(p36;p21) and transient t(11;12)(p15;q13) were found. When t-MDS evolved toAML, cytogenetic evaluation revealed 46,XX,t(1;2)(p36;p21),del(7)(q22),add(19)(p13).

A facile protocol for the conversion of aldehydes into the corresponding symmetrical ethers is developed.

We have developed a new focused ion beam (FIB) technology using a gas field ion source (GFIS) for mask repair. Meanwhile, since current high-end photomasks do not have high durability in exposure nor cleaning, some new photomask materials are proposed. In 2012, we reported that our GFIS system had repaired a representative new material “A6L2”. It is currently expected to extend the application range of GFIS technology for various new materials and various defect shapes. In this study, we repaired a single bridge, a triple bridge and a missing hole on a phase shift mask (PSM) of “A6L2”, and also repaired single bridges on a binary mask of molybdenum silicide (MoSi) material “W4G” and a PSM of high transmittance material “SDC1”. The etching selectivity between those new materials and quartz were over 4:1. There were no significant differences of pattern shapes on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images between repair and non-repair regions. All the critical dimensions (CD) at repair regions were less than +/-3% of those at normal ones on an aerial image metrology system (AIMS). Those results demonstrated that GFIS technology is a reliable solution of repairing new material photomasks that are candidates for 1X nm generation.

In German, neutral pronoun, es which corresponds to English it, is said to be used in addition to pronominal uses without any reference. In the tradition of German linguistics, non-referential es has been treated as a formal subject or an expletive that has only syntactic function and no meaning. In this paper, this view is challenged and es is regarded as a construction as a pair of syntactic form and meaning in the sense of Goldberg’s Construction Grammar. According to syntactic differences, non-referential es is classified into three types. In the analysis the semantic characteristics of these types are discussed. Type 1 expresses an objective indication of the existence/occurrence of a spontaneous event, Type 2 expresses an objective indication of the existence/occurrence of a spontaneous event for the experiencer expressed by dative, and Type 3 expresses an indication of the existence/occurrence of a new subject referent in a single episodic event. These constructions are sometimes extended to creative uses. Finally, a unitary account of these constructions is proposed and the correlation is summarized. German es with no specific reference is thus understood as a construction family which shares an objective construal.

Recently, radiation therapy has been reported to be effective in patients with low-grade lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of the stomach. We describe changes in endoscopic ultrasonographic (EUS) findings after radiation therapy in a patient with low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma. Endoscopic ultrasonography initially showed enlargement of regional lymph nodes and diffuse thickening of the second and third mural layers in the gastric body. Two months after the end of radiation therapy, EUS showed hypoechoic changes in the third layer that corresponded to the ulcer scar but no wall thickening or lymph node enlargement. The hypoechoic changes were thought to reflect inflammatory change. We conclude that EUS is useful for assessing the response to radiation therapy in patients with low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma.

Dendritic cells (DC) with the potential to induce anti-tumour immunity represent one of the promising candidates for cancer vaccines. Efficiency of ex vivo DC generation depends on culture conditions, especially protein components in the plasma or serum used. Using human serum albumin (HSA), we devised a constant and reproducible culture method for DC generation from peripheral blood CD14+ cells. The number of DC obtained with 2% HSA-supplemented cultures containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4 were consistently higher than in cultures with various concentrations of autologous plasma or serum. The concentrations and time points tested for plasma or serum considerably affected the number of DC recovered. DC prepared with HSA acquired the ability to uptake dextran, and expressed high levels of major histocompatibility (MHC) and co-stimulatory molecules similar to DC cultured with autologous plasma or serum. Although DC cultured with autologous plasma or serum consisted of CD1a+ and CD1a- populations, DC differentiated in the presence of HSA expressed CD1a. DC obtained with HSA primed and induced immunogenic peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes against a tumour rejection antigen, HER2. These findings suggest that our method for preparation of DC with HSA should prove valuable in DC generation for immunotherapy.

To verify the role of the α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl (chacotriosyl) moiety of steroidal glycosides from Solaum plants in their antitumor and antivirus activities, chacotriosides of diosgenin, cholesterol, and glycrrhetic acid were synthesized by developing our trans-oligoglycosidation. The chacotriosyl trichloroacetimidate was linked to the aglycones to afford neoglycosides as a mixture of α and β anomers, that was easily separated with ODS chromatography.

Previously, we reported an interesting reaction by which esculeogenin A [(5alpha,22S,23S,25S)-3beta,23,27-trihydroxyspirosolane], a sapogenol of tomato-saponin, esculeoside A, was easily converted into a pregnane derivative, 5alpha-pregn-16-en-3beta-ol-20-one, merely by refluxing with pyridine and water. Its chemical mechanism including air oxidation is here described.

193nm binary photomasks are still used in the semiconductor industry for the lithography of some critical layers for the nodes 90nm and 65nm, with high volumes and over long periods. However, these 193nm binary photomasks can be impacted by a phenomenon of chrome oxidation leading to critical dimensions uniformity (CDU) degradation with a pronounced radial signature. If not detected early enough, this CDU degradation may cause defectivity issues and lower yield on wafers. Fortunately, a standard cleaning and repellicle service at the mask shop has been demonstrated as efficient to remove the grown materials and get the photomask CD back on target.Some detection methods have been already described in literature, such as wafer CD intrafield monitoring (ACLV), giving reliable results but also consuming additional SEM time with less precision than direct photomask measurement. In this paper, we propose another approach, by monitoring the CDU directly on the photomask, concurrently with defect inspection for regular requalification to production for wafer fabs. For this study, we focused on a Metal layer in a 90nm technology node. Wafers have been exposed with production conditions and then measured by SEM-CD. Afterwards, this photomask has been measured with a SEM-CD in mask shop and also inspected on a KLA-Tencor X5.2 inspection system, with pixels 125 and 90nm, to evaluate the Intensity based Critical Dimension Uniformity (iCDU) option. iCDU was firstly developed to provide feed-forward CDU maps for scanner intrafield corrections, from arrayed dense structures on memory photomasks. Due to layout complexity and differing feature types, CDU monitoring on logic photomasks used to pose unique challenges.The selection of suitable feature types for CDU monitoring on logic photomasks is no longer an issue, since the transmitted intensity map gives all the needed information, as shown in this paper. In this study, the photomask was heavily degraded after more than 18,000 300mm wafers exposed and the cleaning brought it back almost to its original state after manufacture. Wafer CD, photomask CD and iCDU results can be compared, before and after a standard mask shop cleaning. Measurement points have be chosen in logic areas and SRAM areas, so that their respective behaviours can be studied separately. Transmitted maps before and after cleaning were analysed in terms of CD shift and CDU degradation. The delta map shows a nice correlation with photomask CD shift. iCDU demonstrated the capability to detect a reliable CD range degradation of 5nm on photomask by a comparison between a reference inspection and the current inspection. Die to die inspection mode provides also valuable data, highlighting the degraded chrome sidewalls, more in the photomask centre than on the edges. Ultimately, these results would enable to trigger the preventive cleanings rather than on predefined thresholds. The expected gains for wafer fabs are cost savings (adapted cleanings frequency), increased photomask availability for production, longer photomask lifetime, no additional SEM time neither for photomask nor on wafer.

Treatment of the ether-insoluble resin glycoside (convolvulin) fraction from seeds of Quamoclit pennata (Convolvulaceae) with indium(III) chloride in methanol provided three oligoglycosides of hydroxy fatty acid (glycosidic acid) methyl esters and two methyl glycosides, which were partially acylated by a glycosidic acid, 7S-hydroxydecanoic acid 7-O-β-D-quinovopyranoside (quamoclinic acid B) and/or two organic acids, (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoic (tiglic) acid and/or 3R-hydroxy-2R-methylbutyric (nilic) acid. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical conversions.

Three new resin glycosides, quamoclins V (1), VI (2), and VII (3) and a new tetrahydropyran derivative, quamopyran (4), were isolated from the seeds of Quamoclit pennata BOJER (Convolvulaceae). The chemical structures of these compounds were determined primarily on the basis of spectroscopic data. The carboxyl group of the aglycone, 11S-convolvulinolic acid, of 1 and 2 was linked intermoleculary with a hydroxy group of the sugar moiety to form a macrocyclic ester structure, as in already known jalapins, and 3 was an acylated glycosidic acid methyl ester. All of the sugar moieties of 1-3 were acylated by one 2S-methylbutyric acid. Compound 4 was a diketone having a tetrahydropyran ring.

Three new resin glycosides, quamoclins V (1), VI (2), and VII (3) and a new tetrahydropyran derivative, quamopyran (4), were isolated from the seeds of Quamoclit pennata BOJER (Convolvulaceae). The chemical structures of these compounds were determined primarily on the basis of spectroscopic data. The carboxyl group of the aglycone, 11S-convolvulinolic acid, of 1 and 2 was linked intermoleculary with a hydroxy group of the sugar moiety to form a macrocyclic ester structure, as in already known jalapins, and 3 was an acylated glycosidic acid methyl ester. All of the sugar moieties of 1-3 were acylated by one 2S-methylbutyric acid. Compound 4 was a diketone having a tetrahydropyran ring.

Direct conversion receivers in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems suffer from direct current (DC) offset, frequency offset, and IQ imbalance. We have proposed an IQ imbalance estimation scheme in the presence of DC offset and frequency offset, which uses pilot subcarriers in the frequency domain. In this scheme, the DC offset is eliminated by a differential filter. However, the accuracy of IQ imbalance estimation is deteriorated due to the intercarrier interference (ICI) components caused by frequency offset. To overcome this problem, a new IQ imbalance estimation scheme with intercarrier interference self-cancellation pilot symbols in the frequency domain has been proposed in this paper. Numerical results obtained through computer simulation show that estimation accuracy and bit error rate (BER) performance are improved.

Since the first report of an aphasic patient by Paul Broca, the localization of brain function has been disputed for 150 years. In lesion studies, double dissociation has been a key concept to show the localization of particular cognitive functions. The advancement of non-invasive brain imaging methods enables us to investigate the brain activities under well-controlled conditions, further promoting the studies on the localization of the cognitive functions, including language function. Brain imaging studies, together with subtraction and correlation analyses, have accumulated evidence that syntax, phonology, and sentence comprehension are separately processed by modules in different cortical regions. More specifically, it has been clarified that the module for syntax localizes in the left lateral premotor cortex and the opercular/triangular parts of the left inferior frontal gyrus. This modular structure further suggests that aphasia is interpreted as deficits in either syntactic or phonological processing. Therefore, the classical model of contrasting speech production and comprehension should be updated. According to theoretical linguistics, on the other hand, the recursive computation of syntactic structures is an essential feature of human language faculty. One direction of research would be to contrast human beings and animals for the abilities of processing symbolic sequences. Another direction is to clarify that the human brain is indeed specialized in language processing, which can be revealed by well-controlled language tasks and functional imaging techniques. Here we will review recent studies that demonstrate the existence of grammar center in the left frontal cortex. The future studies in the neuroscience of language will eventually elucidate the cortical localization of language function in a more precise way, i.e., what is really computed in the human brain.

Garlicnin A (1), a new stable, sulfur-containing compound isolated from a fraction of the acetone extracts of Allium sativum L. garlic bulbs, showed the potential to suppress tumor cell proliferation by inhibiting the polarization of M2 alternatively activated macrophages, and its structure was characterized as 3,4-dimethyl-5-(4,5-dithia-1E,7-octadiene)-tetrahydrothiophene-2-sulfoxide-S-oxide, on the basis of the results of spectroscopic analysis results.

Requirements coming from the customer, as well as internal needs of improvements consequent to the increasing complexity of the layout of the newest devices, lead to the necessity of exploring all the potential improvements achievable at the mask manufacturing inspection process. A key point to manage for the better DB inspections is that of being able to achieve a proper matching between the images to be compared, tasks which is accomplished by the tool architecture by means of a pre-swath calibration process on which the quality of the focus is playing a relevant role. From here the decision to focus on this parameter aiming of working out and evaluate a different approach to be used to set the scanning focus on the inspection tool moving from the vendor theory based on the edge speed on a specific test plate to a new one based on intensity measurements into specific features on a purposely designed test vehicle. A matter of relevant importance for mask makers, either for the smoothness of the inspection process or for the homogeneity of the quality of the products being delivered, but on which any tool vendor likes providing official commitments, is that of correlating the overall performance of similar tools. This was accomplished with the new approach with two different tools achieving optical images with similar grey scale distributions into the most critical features. Moreover, the improvement of the matching of the images being compared allows extending the usage of the tool for products for which the complexity of the layout forced the inspection with different pixels or with more advanced tools, with a positive impact either on costs or on the cycle time of the masks being delivered. A careful assessment-verification of the shadowing limitation induced by the frame of the pellicle was another task successfully carried out with the new methodology, with some improvement regarding the inspectable area. The extended its usage the wider the field of application will become, but few advantages can be appreciated since the beginning: the focus will be set on a production like layer, its choice will not be depending on a human decision, it will be a simple, fast and reliable process runable at any time and at any operating level.

Alkaline hydrolysis of the crude resin glycoside fraction of the leaves, stems, and roots of Calystegia soldanella ROEM. et SCHULT. (Convolvulaceae) gave four new glycosidic acids, named calysolic acids A, B, C, and D, along with one known glycosidic acid, soldanellic acid B, and three organic acids, 2S-methylbutyric, tiglic, and 2S,3S-nilic acids. The structures of the new glycosidic acids were characterized on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical evidence.

Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) is an atypical aspartic protease that hydrolyzes peptide bonds within the transmembrane domain of substrates and is implicated in several biological and pathological functions. Here, we analyzed the structure of human SPP by electron microscopy and reconstructed the three-dimensional structure at a resolution of 22 Å. Enzymatically active SPP forms a slender, bullet-shaped homotetramer with dimensions of 85 × 85 × 130 Å. The SPP complex has four concaves on the rhombus-like sides, connected to a large chamber inside the molecule. Intriguingly, the N-terminal region of SPP is sufficient for the tetrameric assembly. Moreover, overexpression of the N-terminal region inhibited the formation of the endogenous SPP tetramer and the proteolytic activity within cells. These data suggest that the homotetramer is the functional unit of SPP and that its N-terminal region, which works as the structural scaffold, has a novel modulatory function for the intramembrane-cleaving activity of SPP.

This paper describes algorithms for generating low distortion single-tone and two-tone sine waves, for testing ADCs,using an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). The AWGconsists of DSP and DAC, and the nonlinearity of the DACgenerates distortion components. We propose here to use DSPalgorithms to precompensate for the distortion. The DSP part of the AWG can interleave two or four signals with the same frequency but different phase at the input to the DAC, in order to precompensate for distortion caused by DAC nonlinearity. Theoretical analysis, simulation, and experimental results all demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.

193nm binary photomasks are still used in the semiconductor industry for the lithography of some critical layers for the nodes 90nm and 65nm, with high volumes and over long period. These 193nm binary masks seem to be well-known but recent studies have shown surprising degrading effects, like Electric Field induced chromium Migration (EFM) [1] or chromium migration [2] [3] . Phase shift Masks (PSM) or Opaque MoSi On Glass (OMOG) might not be concerned by these effects [4] [6] under certain conditions. In this paper, we will focus our study on two layers gate and metal lines. We will detail the effects of mask aging, with SEM top view pictures revealing a degraded chromium edge profile and TEM chemical analyses demonstrating the growth of a chromium oxide on the sidewall. SEMCD measurements after volume production indicated a modified CD with respect to initial CD data after manufacture. A regression analysis of these CD measurements shows a radial effect, a die effect and an isolated-dense effect. Mask cleaning effectiveness has also been investigated, with sulphate or ozone cleans, to recover the mask quality in terms of CD. In complement, wafer intrafield CD measurements have been performed on the most sensitive structure to monitor the evolution of the aging effect on mask CD uniformity. Mask CD drift have been correlated with exposure dose drift and isolated-dense bias CD drift on wafers. In the end, we will try to propose a physical explanation of this aging phenomenon and a solution to prevent from it occurring.

Lumbar disc herniation with bone erosion is rare. We report a case of a 53-year-old male with a migrated disc fragment which caused bone erosion in his L3 vertebra. On admission the patient complained of pain and hypesthesia of his left thigh anterior region. Myelography was not able to detect the presence of the migrated disc fragment. Myelo-CT, discography, disco-CT and MRI detected the migrated disc fragment which had moved in a superior direction subligamentally from the L3/L4 disc. We did a partial laminectory and removed the migrated disc fragment and postoperatively the patient was free from pain.

The plant Thalictrum squarrosum has been used in the traditional Chinese medicine as an antacid.

Four new ent-kaurane diterpenoids (16R)-ent-kauran-17,19-diol (1), (16R)-17-hydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (2), (16S)-17-hydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (3), and (16R)-17-dimethoxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (4) have been isolated from the fresh fruits of Annona cherimola together with eight known compounds. Their structures are determined on the basis of spectroscopic data and optical rotation.

Recent progress in glycobiology reveals that sugar-chains play a crucial role in cell-cell recognition among immunity, inflammation, and malignant tumor in the living body. To study the mechanism of action requires a sample of sufficient quantity. However, isolating a sugar chain and a glycoside in pure form, difficulty follows sugar chain composition again, and studies have been limited to a few sugar chains. Glycosides are a group of compounds known to be the active principle of a natural drug. We have isolated triterpene glycosides from a Leguminosae plant, which improved liver disorder, and steroid glycosides from a plant of the Solanaceous with cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. A biological activity test suggested an important role of the aglycone part and the sugar chain part of those glycosides. Although many studies of sugar chains of glycoprotein and glycolipid are known, there are few examples of studies of the sugar chain function of a glycoside of a natural drug, and the role of a sugar chain of a glycoside for its pharmacologic action expression is unknown. Therefore, as a biological tool investigating the function of a sugar chain of a natural glycoside, we have begun to synthesize a useful "glycoside" which can be utilized as a lead compound having activity.

To verify the role of the α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl (chacotriosyl) moiety of steroidal glycosides from Solaum plants in their antitumor and antivirus activities, chacotriosides of diosgenin, cholesterol, and glycrrhetic acid were synthesized by developing our trans-oligoglycosidation. The chacotriosyl trichloroacetimidate was linked to the aglycones to afford neoglycosides as a mixture of α and β anomers, that was easily separated with ODS chromatography.

Using AIMS TM to qualify repairs of defects on photomasks is the industry standard. AIMS TM provides a reasonable matching of lithographic imaging performances without the need of wafer prints. The need of utilisation of this capability by photomask manufacturers has risen due to the increased complexity of layouts incorporating aggressive RET and phase shift technologies as well as tighter specifications have pushed aerial image metrology to consider CD performance results in addition to the traditional intensity verification. The content of the paper describes the utilisation of the AIMS TM Repair Verification (RV) software for the verification of aerial images in a mask shop production environment. The software is used to analyze images from various AIMS TM tool generations and the two main routines, Multi Slice Analysis (MSA) and Image Compare (IC), are used to compare defective and non-defective areas of aerial images. It is detailed how the RV software cleans "non real" errors potentially induced by operator misjudgements, thus providing accurate and repeatable analyses all proven against the results achieved manually. A user friendly GUI drives the user through few simple, fast and safe operations and automatically provides summary tables containing all the relevant results of the analysis that can be easily exported in a proper format and sent out to the customer as a technical documentation. This results in a sensible improvement of the throughput of the printability evaluation process in a mask manufacturing environment, providing reliable analyses at a higher productivity.

One of the key parameters necessary to assure a good and reliable functionality of any integrated circuit is the Critical Dimension Uniformity (CDU). There are different contributors which impact the total CDU: mask CD uniformity, scanner and lens fingerprint, resist process, wafer topography, mask error enhancement factor (MEEF) etc. In this work we focus on improvement of intra-field CDU at wafer level by improving the mask CD signature using a CDC200™ tool from Carl Zeiss SMS. The mask layout used is a line and space dark level of a 45nm node Non Volatile Memory (NVM). A prerequisite to improve intra-field CDU at wafer level is to characterize the mask CD signature precisely. For CD measurement on mask the newly developed wafer level CD metrology tool WLCD32 of Carl Zeiss SMS was used. The WLCD32 measures CD based on aerial imaging technology. The WLCD32 measurement data show an excellent correlation to wafer CD data. For CDU correction the CDC200™ tool is used. By utilizing an ultrafast femto-second laser the CDC200™ writes intra-volume shading elements (Shade-In Elements™) inside the bulk of the mask. By adjusting the density of the shading elements, the light transmission through the mask is locally changed in a manner that improves wafer CDU when the corrected mask is printed. In the present work we will demonstrate a closed loop process of WLCD32 and CDC200™ to improve mask CD signature as one of the main contributors to intra-field wafer CDU.

In 2009 a new European initiative on Double Patterning and Double Exposure lithography process development was started in the framework of the ENIAC Joint Undertaking. The project, named LENS (Lithography Enhancement Towards Nano Scale), involves twelve companies from five different European Countries (Italy, Netherlands, France, Belgium Spain) and includes: IC makers (Numonyx and STMicroelectronics), a group of equipment and materials companies (ASML, Lam Research srl, JSR, FEI), a mask maker (Dai Nippon Photomask Europe), an EDA company (Mentor Graphics) and four research and development institutes (CEA-Leti, IMEC, Centro Nacional de Microelectronica, CIDETEC). The LENS project aims to develop and integrate the overall infrastructure required to reach patterning resolutions required by 32nm and 22nm technology nodes through the double patterning and pitch doubling technologies on existing conventional immersion exposure tools, with the purpose to allow the timely development of 32nm and 22nm technology nodes for memories and logic devices, providing a safe alternative to EUV, Higher Refraction Index Fluids Immersion Lithography and maskless lithography, which appear to be still far from maturity. The project will cover the whole lithography supply chain including design, masks, materials, exposure tools, process integration, metrology and its final objective is the demonstration of 22nm node patterning on available 1.35 NA immersion tools on high complexity mask set.

In microelectronic industry, mainly from the 65nm node, phase shift photomasks (PSM) are increasingly used for critical layers, optical properties of the shifter (MoSi) giving a better control of critical dimensions (CD) in photoresist. Fabusers and maskshops have committed on specifications that restrict phase and transmission variations within certain limits. The goal of this study is to validate and/or update these previously admitted limits. A specific test reticle has been jointly designed with several structures representative of 65nm and 45nm nodes and then manufactured with a specific process in order to voluntarily degrade the phase and transmission uniformity within the mask. Knowing all CD and their related phase and transmission on mask, CD variations seen on wafers have been directly linked to phase and transmission variations. In parallel, rigorous simulations have been performed using Panoramic software in order to predict effects of phase and transmission variations on wafer. This reticle has been also used for early studies to evaluate the impact of phase and transmission variations on optical proximity correction (OPC) model.

Elastofibroma is a rare benign softtissue tumor characterized by the presence of elastic fibers among a stroma of collagenous and fatty connective tissue. This lesion occurs predominantly in the subscapular region.This paper presents a case of a 45-year-old male and a brief review of the literature.He was admitted to the Yoshida General Hospital because of bilateral tumors in the subscapular region which were only palpable at the inferior angle of the scapula when his arms were abducted.The tumors were elastic hard, semimobile, nontender and 10×8cm (right subscapular region), 3×2cm (left subscapular region) in size. The left-sided tumor coused no symptoms, while the right-sided tumor generated discomfort at extreme abduction of the patenlf right arm. Incision biopsy was performed on the right subscapular hinov, followed by local excision.

Spinal lipomas are rare, constituting only 1 percent of primary spinal neoplasms.We report on a 65-year-old female with an intradural lipoma which caused scalloping in the Th11-L1 vertebras. On admission, the patient had lumbago, pollakiuria and hypesthesia of the left lower leg and bilateral sole. Radiological studies including CT scan ahd MRI enabled the detection of an intradural spinal lipoma. Generally, lipomas are shown as low density areas of approximately -90 H. U. on CT scan. In MRI, lipomas are shown as high intensity on T1-weighted spin-echo images. Only partial removal of the intradural spinal lipoma was possible, as its boundary with the spinal cord was not clearly demarkated. In the 8 months following surgery, recovery from lumbago and lower leg numbness was observed.

Four acyclic diterpene glycosides were extracted from Habanero, the fruits of Capsicum chinense JACQ., which is known as one of the hottest peppers in existence. Two of these glycosides were identified as capsianoside XIII and capsianoside XV. The other two were new ones and were characterized as 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl 17,19-dihydroxy-6E,10E,14Z-(3S)-geranyllinalool 17-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl 6E,10E,14Z-(3S)-17-hydroxy-geranyllinalool 17-O-[3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl 6'E,10'E,14'Z-(3'S)-13'R,19'-dihydroxy-geranyllinalool-16'-oyl (16'-->2)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside.

A new characteristic steroidal glycoside of the 23S,26R-hydroxylated spirostanol-type named indioside F was isolated from the fruit of Solanum indicum, along with indioside A and protodioscin. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, the structure of indioside F was found to be 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl (β-chacotriosyl) (22R,23S,25R,26R)-spirost-5-ene-3β,23,26-triol.

Three new steroidal glycosides, named solaviasides A, B, and C, have been isolated from the fruits of Solanum viarum DUNAL (syn. S. khasianum var. chatterjeeanum, Solanaceae), along with seven known ones. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical evidence.

With the optimization of sulfate-free cleaning the issue of haze under pellicle was almost eliminated. In consequence, current reasons for mask repelliclization needs are moving from pattern issues to more gross problems on back glass. Moreover, the longer life of photomasks allows a new problem to appear as growing defects on back glass, commonly ascribed to environmental conditions at user's site. The commonality of these problems is being independent on mask complexity and substrate. In order to avoid the criticalities of pellicle removal and cleaning treatment as well as the cost of necessary inspection after new pellicle application, the best solution is cleaning only the backside of the mask, provided that integrity of pellicle and pattern on front side are preserved In this article we present the results obtained by the use of the Mask cleaner DE050019TM on several cases. The efficiency of the treatment was assessed in terms if removal capability on different kinds of contaminations, either from use or mask aging. Pattern inspections were conducted in order to assess ESD robustness. Ionic residues were checked by IC aimed to compare with standard cleanings. This methodology demonstrated to be capable of maintaining a Particle Removal Efficiency>97% on all kinds of contaminations, without any damage to pellicle or harm to patterns, still maintaining residual ions at the same level as after cleaning by standard tools.

A new characteristic steroidal glycoside of the 23S,26R-hydroxylated spirostanol-type named indioside F was isolated from the fruit of Solanum indicum, along with indioside A and protodioscin. On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, the structure of indioside F was found to be 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1--2)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1--4)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (beta-chacotriosyl) (22R,23S,25R,26R)-spirost-5-ene-3beta,23,26-triol.

Three new steroidal glycosides, named solaviasides A, B, and C, have been isolated from the fruits of Solanum viarum DUNAL (syn. S. khasianum var. chatterjeeanum, Solanaceae), along with seven known ones. Their chemical structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data and chemical evidence.

The paper describes a new approach of evaluating isolated opaque defects, as well as CD-like defects on hole layer, using features available on the inspection tool. This eliminates further verifications on specific tools, which would result in their overloading and in time consuming, with a potential negative impact on the delivery time of any product going through such processes. In the first case the method consists of associating the effect of a cluster of assist bars to that of isolated opaque defects, considering their size and position on the layout of the mask. In case of CD-like defects on holes the evaluation is based on a thorough characterization of the performance of the Litho2 detector of the Terascan T576 and its further verification with the AIMS readings.

A new homostilbene, named scillabene A (2), and two new homoisoflavones, named scillavones A (3) and B (4), were isolated from the bulbs of Scilla scilloides DRUCE (Liliaceae) along with 13 known compounds comprising a homostilbene, seven homoisoflavones, a xanthone, a lignan, and three nortriterpenes. The structures of 2—4 were characterized as 3,5,4′-trihydroxy-3′-methoxy-4-methyl-trans-stilbene, (3R)-5,7,2′-trihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyspiro{2H-1-benzopyran-7′-bicyclo[4,2,0]octa[1,3,5]-trien}-4-one and (3S)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxychroman-4-one, respectively, on the basis of spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallographic analysis.