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Objectives: There is a well-established association between alcohol use, misuse, intoxication and self-harm, the latter of which is associated with suicide. This study aimed to better understand the association between proximity to alcohol outlets and the likelihood of young people presenting to hospital following self-harm. Methods: This was a nationwide retrospective geospatial study using data from the New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure using population-level data for 10–29-year-olds for the 2018 and 2017 calendar years. Presentations to hospital following self-harm were identified using the national minimum data set. Proximity to alcohol outlets was defined in road network distance (in kilometres) and ascertained using Integrated Data Infrastructure geospatial data. Alternative measures of proximity were employed in sensitivity analyses. Complete-case two-level random intercept logistic regression models were used to estimate the relationship between alcohol outlet proximity and hospital presentation for self-harm. Adjusted models included sex, age, ethnicity, area-level deprivation, urbanicity and distance to nearest medical facility. Analyses were also stratified by urbanicity. Results: Of the 1,285,368 individuals (mean [standard deviation] age 20.0 [5.9] years), 7944 (0.6%) were admitted to hospital for self-harm. Overall, the odds of presenting to hospital for self-harm significantly decreased as the distance from the nearest alcohol outlet increased, including in adjusted models (adjusted odds ratio 0.980; 95% confidence interval = [0.969–0.992]); the association was robust to changes in the measure of alcohol proximity. The effect direction was consistent across all categorisations of urbanicity, but only statistically significant in large urban areas and rural areas. Conclusions: The findings of this study show a clear association between young people's access to alcohol outlets and presentation to hospital for self-harm and may provide a mandate for government policies and universal interventions to reduce young people's access to alcohol outlets. Further research regarding causative mechanisms is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared radiation thermometers (IRTs) overcome many of the limitations of thermocouples, particularly responsiveness and calibration drift. The main challenge with radiation thermometry is the fast and reliable measurement of temperatures close to room temperature. A new IRT which is sensitive to wavelengths between 3 μm and 11 μm was developed and tested in a laboratory setting. It is based on an uncooled indium arsenide antimony (InAsSb) photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier, and a silver halogenide fibre optic cable transmissive in the mid- to long-wave infrared region. The prototype IRT was capable of measuring temperatures between 35 °C and 100 °C at an integration time of 5 ms and a temperature range between 40 °C and 100 °C at an integration time of 1 ms, with a root mean square (RMS) noise level of less than 0.5 °C. The thermometer was calibrated against Planck's law using a five-point calibration, leading to a measurement uncertainty within ±1.5 °C over the aforementioned temperature range. The thermometer was tested against a thermocouple during drilling operations of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) plastic to measure the temperature of the drill bit during the material removal process. Future versions of the thermometer are intended to be used as a thermocouple replacement in high-speed, near-ambient temperature measurement applications, such as electric motor condition monitoring; battery protection; and machining of polymers and composite materials, such as carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The relationship between childhood anthropometric measurements and dental caries has an inconsistent evidence‐base. This study investigated dental caries experience and body mass index (BMI) measurements of children aged 4 years in a national cohort, after accounting for key confounding variables. Methods: A near whole‐population cross‐sectional study of children who had a health and developmental assessment, as part of the nationwide B4 School Check screening program, conducted in Aotearoa | New Zealand (ANZ) between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2021 was studied. The extracted database included 582 820 children, of whom 572 523 (98.2%) had valid BMI and oral health records. Dental caries experience was derived from the 'lift the lip' oral health screening, and measured height and weight were used to calculate sex‐specific BMI‐for‐age z‐scores (BMIz). Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity and area‐level deprivation. Modified Poisson regression models using 2‐degree fractional polynomial curves for BMIz were employed. Results: In the extracted sample, the median age was 4.3 years (interquartile range: 4.1–4.5 years), 283 565 (48.7%) were female, 135 734 (23.4%) and 74 237 (12.8%) were identified as Māori and Pacific, respectively, and 140 931 (24.4%) lived in the most deprived areas of ANZ. Overall, 81 926 (14.2%) had dental caries identified. In unadjusted analyses, a significant J‐shaped association was observed between dental caries experience and BMIz. However, in the adjusted analysis, a significant flattened S‐shaped association was found; those with lower BMIz had lower predicted probabilities of dental caries experience. Large differences in predicted probabilities were observed between different sex, ethnicity and area‐level deprivation groups. Conclusions: This study found significant non‐linear associations between dental caries experience and BMI in 4‐year‐old children. However, the inclusion of confounders importantly changed the shape of this non‐linear association. Sex, ethnicity and area‐level deprivation inequalities had a greater impact on dental caries experience than BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the National Curriculum for Physical Education (NCPE) lesson themes and contexts on the profile of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Fifteen, Year 9 Physical Education (PE) lessons were assessed within the lesson themes of Outwitting Opponents (OO) (delivered through field hockey and netball) and Accurate Replication (AR) (delivered through gymnastics) using the System for Observing the Teaching of Games in Physical Education. Accelerometry identified MVPA within PE lessons (Actigraph-GTM1, 10-second epoch, MVPA =2296 counts/min). Among 112 females MVPA averaged 20.8% of available learning time. Significantly more MVPA was facilitated during OO than AR (22.7 vs. 15.9%, p < 0.001, d = 0.88). Within both lesson themes, warm-up was the most active lesson context while pre- and post-lesson general management were the least active. Contrary to expectations, neither small-sided nor modified games, versus full-sided games, increased MVPA within OO. During AR technical and applied-skill practice resulted in low MVPA. Objective evidence has justified concerns about female adolescent MVPA within PE. At current levels an additional 17.5 minutes of MVPA per 60 minute PE lesson would be needed to meet the minimum 50% guideline.

Background: This study investigates the association between television (TV) viewing and child adiposity and if parental education and child ethnicity moderate this association. Method: Cross-sectional, pooled (2013/2014–2016/2017) adult and child New Zealand Health Survey were matched resulting in 13,039 children (2–14 y) and parent dyads. Child TV viewing was estimated using self-reported time for each weekday and weekend. The height (in centimeters), weight (in kilograms), and waist circumference of parents and children were measured. Childhood body mass index and obesity were defined using the International Obesity Task Force cutoff values. Effect modification was assessed by interaction and then by stratifying regression analyses by parent education (low, moderate, and high) and child ethnicity (Asian, European/other, Māori, and Pacific). Results: Overall, watching ≥2 hours TV on average per day in the past week, relative to <2 hours TV viewing, was associated with a higher odds of obesity (adjusted odds ratio = 1.291 [1.108–1.538]), higher body mass index z score (b = 0.123 [0.061–0.187]), and higher waist circumference (b = 0.546 [0.001–1.092]). Interactions considering this association by child ethnicity and parent education revealed little evidence of effect modification. Conclusion: While TV viewing was associated with child adiposity, the authors found little support for a moderating role of parental education and child ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "A Novel Case of IFNAR1 Deficiency Identified a Common Canonical Splice Site Variant in DOCK8 in Western Polynesia: The Importance of Validating Variants of Unknown Significance in Under-Represented Ancestries" published in the Journal of Clinical Immunology. The correction states that Alberto Pinzon-Charry, Cindy S Ma, and Stuart G. Tangye should have been denoted as equally contributing authors. The original version of the article has been corrected. The publisher, Springer Nature, remains neutral regarding jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. The correction notice is reported by various authors. [Extracted from the article]

The burning behaviour of a wooden rod under various forced flow conditions was investigated by employing a synchronised multi-imaging system integrating visible wavelength, short-wavelength infrared (SWIR), and Schlieren techniques. The wood samples were fixed horizontally and at an inclined angle to study the effect of the surface orientation under forced flow. A small-scale wind tunnel was developed to supply three types of forced flow: concurrent, opposed and cross flow. Each imaging technique helps to gain different physical insights of different aspects of the phenomenon. The combined data provides a comprehensive understanding of the flow effect on fire propagation. It was found that the forced flow strongly influences the often-invisible hot gas flow surrounding the burning rod. The heat feedback from the attached hot flow layer helped to maintain the surface temperature, which further influenced the burning behaviour. The mechanisms that the various flow orientation caused, affected the heated gas differently. Additionally, a method was proposed to monitor the burning process, which used thermal imaging to quantitatively calculate the area of pyrolysis zone on the surface. With the visualisation of the Schlieren images at the critical timings, it was found the thick hot gas flow underneath the wooden rod was a crucial factor that determined the intensity of burning, which may provide important guidance on effective wooden beam fire suppression and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]