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A photochromic diarylethene was synthesized and explored, The compound shown good photochromic behavior. When irradiated with UV light. the compound changed from colorless to violet, which showed a relatively strong fluorescence switch along with the photochromism from open-ring isomer to closed-ring isomer.

We report three molecular salts formed by 5-sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate (A·2H2O) and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (B) in different stoichiometric ratios. The A1B1·H2O, A1B2 and A2B1·H2O molecular salts can be accessed via mechanochemical grinding and from solution. Structural aspects were analyzed using single crystal and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). The reversible solid state ionic interconversion between A1B1·H2O, A1B2, and A2B1·H2O upon neat grinding by adding an appropriate amount of A·2H2O or B is described. In the ionic interconversion water molecules are included or excluded upon grinding, which suggests that water plays an important role in the proton transfer. The solid-state fluorescence spectra of A1B1·H2O, A1B2, and A2B1·H2O showed that the three molecular salts exhibit emission features and are red-shifted compared with the starting materials A·2H2O and B. The interparticle (CT) interactions and the degree of anion deprotonation are important in the solid-sate fluorescence of the describ...

Wavelet analysis technique is proposed in the filter processing to remove the noise from random drift signal of fiber optic gyroscope (FOG). Based on the component elements of random drift signal of FOG, mathematical model of random drift signal of FOG is built. According to the shortcomings of hard threshold and soft threshold, threshold function of forced denoising is used in signal filtering. It is shown from simulation and statistic analysis that the wavelet analysis technique is an effective method to eliminate noise from random drift signal of FOG, and that selection of wavelet base and decomposition scale also has an impact on filtering effect of wavelet analysis.

Making assessment of risk factors of power transformer life cycle cost modeling is an important mean of improving the scientificity of transformer life cycle cost management. Considering the risk factors of transformer life cycle cost, this paper presents risk assessment index system of transformer life cycle cost, applying matter-element model and extension analysis theory to quantify the qualitative indexes in order to assess the risk. Combined with an example, the paper quantifies the uncertain factors of power transformer life cycle cost management in order to build the life cycle cost risk assessment system. It realizes the risk rating of the transformer cost assessment, getting the key risk factors which affect transformer cost so that we can put forward targeted control strategies according to various risk factors in practical engineering.

Magnoliae officinalis cortex (MOC), derived from Magnolia officinalis and its variation M. officinalis var. biloba, is an important traditional Chinese medicine. In our previous work, 11 hydrophilic ingredients of MOC were isolated and structurally elucidated and four, namely syringin (SG), magnoloside A (MA), magnoloside B (MB) and magnoflorine (MF), showed bioactive effects. Herein, we describe an HPLC –DAD method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of MA, MB, MF and SG in MOC for the first time. The chromatographic separation of samples was performed on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (250 3 4.6 mm i.d., 5 mm) by gradient elution with water – acetic acid ( pH 3.0) and methanol at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The wavelengths were set at 265 nm for MF and SG, and 328 nm for MA and MB. The average recovery of the four compounds was from 97.63 to 103.84%. Nearly 100 MOC samples harvested from eight habitats were analyzed in which the contents of the tested compound varied in the range of 0.016 – 0.350% (MF), 0.010 – 0.337% (SG), 0.017 – 3.009% (MB) and 0.077 – 2.529% (MA). The analysis also indicated that MOC contains a significant amount of phenylethanoid glycosides. This was an unexpected finding because previously lignan was considered to be the main component of MOC.

In this paper, we have Elaborated the mathematical model of temperature field and flow field of the oil-immersed transformer, and analysis its structure of thermal .We established a temperature finite element model of an oil-immersed transformer using the method of flow-solid-thermal coupling. Using the software of ANSYS, simulating on a 250MVA oil-immersed transformer, we obtain the steady-state temperature distribution and the winding hottest locations. Analyze the effect of oil-speed to the temperature field and location of the hot spot temperature of oil-immersed transformer. The results show that when oil flow rate is increases in the normal range, Transformer temperature rise corresponding slowly, and its location hottest temperature slightly pulled accordingly. The fiber measure different speeds Oil immersed transformer winding hot spot temperature to provide a basis for positioning.

The photosynthesis and growth responses of Sargassum thunbergii germlings to different light intensities (10, 60, and 300 μmol photons m−2 s−1) were investigated. Maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), rapid light curves (RLCs), and photochemical and non-photochemical quenching (qP and NPQ) were estimated by a pulse amplitude-modulated fluorometer. The photosynthesis of S. thunbergii germlings exhibited different properties to optimize light capture and utilization. The excitation pressure (1 − qP) was rapidly increased to approximately 0.27 showing that germlings responded to high light by chronic photoinhibition with an accumulation of closed reaction centers, which ultimately resulted in a slow growth. This was accompanied by a reduced Fv/Fm with time and a development of high capacity for NPQ. Although Fv/Fm in moderate-light germlings did not fully recover overnight, germlings demonstrated a less severe chronic photoinhibition considering the reduced degree of excitation pressure accumulation of approximately 0.15. The relative stability of photosynthetic capacity (rETRmax, Ek, and α) could endow germlings with the highest relative growth rate (RGR) of approximately 9.3 % day−1 in moderate light. By contrast, low-light germlings demonstrated high Fv/Fm and Fo, corresponding high α collectively suggested greater efficiency of light absorption and energy transformation. Sustained increases in electron transport capacity (rETRmax and Ek) occurred in low-light germlings, which resulted in a stable RGR of over 8.2 % day−1. Consequently, S. thunbergii germlings are considered to prefer low light regimes and have a relative capacity of moderate and high light tolerance. However, the light acclimation to oversaturating conditions is at the cost of slow growth to maintain survival.

According to the structure of a solenoid actuator, transient field mathematic model of two-dimension is established. Based on model, relationship between transient current of the coil and the motion of the armature is analyzed. Compared to experimental results, simulated results are proved, which are able to provide theory basis for displacement detection of electromagnet valve and fault diagnosis of valve and system by inner parameters of solenoid actuator. The results show that the rising current characteristic has the change process of increase-decrease-increase, and separating motion time of the solenoid actuator could be estimated to be 20 ms (18 v). The solenoid actuator is pulled back approximately in 8 ms under the action of the spring.

A novel photochromic diarylethene bearing a six-membered pyrimidine as one aryl moiety was synthesized to investigate its photochromic behaviors. The diarylethene exhibited good photochromism and functioned as a fluorescence switch both in hexane and in PMMA film. The fluorescence had a remarkable initial increase with subsequent dramatic decrease with increasing concentration. The results suggested that the pyrimidine moiety played a vital role during the process of photoisomerization reaction for the diarylethene.

Photosynthetic responses to sudden exposure to high light stress (600 μmol photons m − 2 s − 1 ) and the potential for subsequent recovery were assessed in Sargassum thunbergii germlings grown under three different light intensities of 10 μmol photons m − 2 s − 1 (low light, LL), 60 μmol photons m − 2 s − 1 (moderate light, ML) and 300 μmol photons m − 2 s − 1 (high light, HL). The photosynthetic activity (maximum photochemical efficiency, F v / F m ; rapid light curves, RLCs; non-photochemical quenching, NPQ) was estimated by chlorophyll fluorescence using a pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. All treatments exhibited high capacity for dynamic photoinhibition, with the fast reaction kinetics of F v / F m during both inhibition and recovery period, and with the rapid induction of maximum NPQ (within minutes). HL-germlings characteristically demonstrated a high NPQ value of approx. 5.5, allowing a flexible and reversible response to stress. Besides the significant contribution of NPQ to photoprotection, photosynthetic capacity (ETR max ) in LL-germlings was as great as that in HL-germlings, suggesting that energy dissipation through photochemical electron transport system could also reduce probability of photodamage. NPQ in S. thunbergii germlings appeared to be not directly controlled by a transthylakoid proton gradient (ΔpH) due to the lack of “light activated state”. Furthermore, inhibition of xanthophyll cycle with DTT considerably blocked NPQ pre induction of preillumated germlings, and a slow NPQ relaxation occurred upon disruption of ΔpH by NH 4 Cl, collectively indicating the importance of xanthophyll cycle to NPQ. These results suggested that S. thunbergii germlings could tolerate sudden high light by down-regulation of photosynthetic capacity, based on highly efficient photoprotective responses, including energy dissipation through xanthophyll cycle and photosynthetic electron transport. The photoprotection was efficiently independent on the light history of germlings. The high photosynthetic plasticity with immediate response to rapidly changing light may be a central feature explaining the survival of germlings in highly variable light environments of intertidal habitat.

Shear strength is a basic mechanical property of sea ice and directly affects the determination of ice loads on offshore structures in addition to the breakup behavior of ice cover in sea ice dynamics. This paper reports on the writers’ studies of the influences of ice temperature, brine volume, and shear stress rate on sea ice shear strength using laboratory shear tests with single-shear plane and lateral confinement. Ice samples were collected from the Laizhou Bay and Yellow River Delta of the Bohai Sea. Sea ice shear strength increases linearly in accordance with decreasing temperature and increasing shear stress rate, and decreases exponentially in accordance with the square root of brine volume. Considering the influences of both brine volume and shear stress rate comprehensively, this paper presents a double-parameter function to determine the sea ice shear strength.

A novel photochromic diarylethene based on pyrimidine moiety was synthesized. Its properties, including photochromism and fluorescence were investigated in detail. The compound exhibited remarkable photochromism, changing from colorless to red after irradiation with UV light. The fluorescence had a remarkable initial increase with subsequent dramatic decrease with increasing concentration. The results indicated that the pyrimidine moiety played a very important role during the process of photochromic reaction for the diarylethene derivative.

Similarity measure function is one of the most important factors influencing the matching precision in the field of computer vision. In this paper, a survey is done on the application frequency of distance similarity measure methods and related similarity measure methods, also the statistic characteristic is been given. The significance of Measure functions variable parameters in image matching is showed. In the real time processing aspect, drawn the conclusion that Manhattan distance measure is the fastest, Euclidean distance take second place, correlation coefficient is worst. However, in the robustness of the noise pollution aspect, correlation coefficient has the strongest robustness, then followed is Manhattan distance, Euclidean distance is worst.

A novel photochromic diarylethene with a six-membered pyrimidine was synthesized to investigate its photochromic behaviors. The compound showed favorable photochromism and functioned as notable fluorescent photo-switches in both solution and PMMA film. The results indicated that the pyrimidine moiety played a very important role during the process of photochromic reaction for the diarylethene derivative. Using this diarylethene1cas optical storage was performed successfully.

A new phenolic glycoside, syringic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 5)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), together with 12 known compounds consisting of eight phenolic glycosides (2-9), two phenolic acids (10 and 11), and two norsesquiterpenoids (12 and 13), was isolated from the methanol extract of the bark of Magnolia officinalis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Compounds 1-11 were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, aldose reductase, lipase, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, α-glucosidase, and three cancer cell lines. However, all the compounds showed weak or no activities in these tests.

The constitutive model of core concrete was proposed, which was suitable for finite element (FE) analysis of rectangular concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns with binding bars. Based on the ABAQUS FE platform, the USDFLD subroutine was compiled, which could consider the changing of Poisson ratio of many materials in loading process. A FE model was developed and used to simulate the rectangular CFST columns with binding bars. The mechanical behavior were analyzed for stress versus strain relationship curves, confined effect among steel tube, core concrete and binding bars, longitudinal stress distributions of core concrete. The results show that the FE results simulated by using constitutive relationship of core concrete of this paper are in good agreement with test results. The local buckling of steel tube is delayed which can make the yield of steel tube occur before ultimate strength of specimens, the concrete confinement of the corner regions and central regions is improved, the longitudinal stress of concrete is increased and the capacity and ductility of specimens are improved, by setting binding bars and decreasing the binding bars spacing.

The bark of Magnolia officinalis is a well-known Traditional Chinese Medicine. In the present study, two new alkaloids, named (S)-4-keto-magnoflorine (6) and (R)-3,4-dehydromagnocurarine (11), together with seven known alkaloids: (S)-magnoflorine (5), trans/cis N-feruloylputrescine (7/8), (R)-magnocurarine (10), (S)-tembetarine (12), (R)-oblongine (14), and (R)-asimilobine (17) were isolated and their structures elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESI-MS. The absolute configurations of the isoquinoline alkaloids 5, 6, 10-12, 14, and 17 were determined by CD. In vitro inhibitory activities against aldose reductase, lipase, α-glucosidase, DPP-IV and three cancer cell lines (A549, Bel-7402, and HCT-8) were evaluated for all isolated compounds. However, all compounds showed weak activities in all tests at the same concentration as the positive control drugs. An HPLC-ESI-MS(n) method has been established for screening of alkaloids in the bark of M. officinalis. A total of 23 alkaloids were identified or tentatively characterized; including 13 aporphines, eight benzylisoquinolines and two amides. Plausible fragmentation pathways of the representative compounds 6, 7/8, 11, and 17 were proposed in the present study.

In this study, a three-way factorial experimental design was used to investigate the diurnal changes of photosynthetic activity of the intertidal macroalga Sargassum thunbergii in response to temperature, tidal pattern and desiccation during a simulated diurnal light cycle. The maximum ( F v / F m ) and effective (Φ PSII ) quantum yields of photosystem II (PSII) were estimated by chlorophyll fluorescence using a pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. Results showed that this species exhibited sun-adapted characteristics, as evidenced by the daily variation of F v / F m and Φ PSII . Both yield values decreased with increasing irradiance towards noon and recovered rapidly in the afternoon suggesting a dynamic photoinhibition. The photosynthetic quantum yield of S . thunbergii thalli varied significantly with temperature, tidal pattern and desiccation. Thalli were more susceptible to light-induced damage at high temperature of 25 °C and showed complete recovery of photosynthetic activity only when exposed to 8 °C. In contrast with the mid-morning low tide period, although there was an initial increase in photosynthetic yield during emersion, thalli showed a greater degree of decline at the end of emersion and remained less able to recover when low tide occurred at mid-afternoon. Short-term air exposure of 2 h did not significantly influence the photosynthesis. However, when exposed to moderate conditions (4 h desiccation at 15 °C or 6 h desiccation at 8 °C), a significant inhibition of photosynthesis was followed by partial or complete recovery upon re-immersion in late afternoon. Only extreme conditions (4 h desiccation at 25 °C or 6 h desiccation at 15 °C or 25 °C) resulted in the complete inhibition, with little indication of recovery until the following morning, implying the occurrence of chronic PSII damage. Based on the magnitude of effect, desiccation was the predominant negative factor affecting the photosynthesis under the simulated daytime irradiance period. These results may explain the distribution pattern of this species in natural habitats, where it is generally restricted to tide pools in the intertidal zone of wave-swept rocky shores which could provide shelter from desiccation stress during low tide.

Characterization, treatment and releases of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners and sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewater were evaluated along the treatment processes of a typical secondary treatment municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) (in Hefei City) situated the beside Nanfei River, East China. The findings showed that the average concentrations of the total PBDEs in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 188.578 and 36.884 ng/L respectively. Brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) 209 congener, the predominant PBDE in the STP and Nanfei River, could be related to the discharge of car-industry-derived wastes. For PAHs, the average concentrations in raw wastewater and treated effluent were 5758.8 and 2240.4 ng/L respectively, with naphthalene, benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene being detected at the highest concentrations. PAHs mainly originate from the combustion of biomass/coal and petroleum. The STP reduced about 80% of the PBDEs and 61% of the PAHs, which were eliminated mainly by sedimentation processes. The removal rates of PBDEs/PAHs increased with the increase of their solid-water partitioning coefficients. Accordingly, the STP's effluent, containing some PBDE congeners (e.g., BDE 47, 99 and 209, etc.) and low-molecular-weight PAHs, could be an important contributor of these contaminants' input to Nanfei River. It resulted in a significant increase of PBDE/PAH concentrations and PAH toxicological risk in the river water downstream. About 4.040 kg/yr of PBDEs and 245.324 kg/yr of PAHs could be released into the Nanfei River. The current conventional wastewater treatment processes should be improved to remove the relatively low-molecular-weight PBDEs/PAHs more effectively.

PIO (Pilot Induced Oscillation) is the key factor to damage the flight safety and decrease the quality of manned aircraft. Most of modern PIO records associating with rate limiting or position limiting from actuation systems are defined Category II PIO. The existing compensators, e.g. the Feedback-with-Bypass (FWB) filter, can reduced the oscillation potentiality of the pilot-in-the-loop aircraft system due to rate limiting of control surface, however a negative effect evidently arose which slow the response speed of whole system. This paper uses a Real-Time PIO detector based on Short-time Fourier Transform algorithm as a trigger to determine the switch-off time of the compensator working on the whole system so as to suppress the negative effect on responses of system by FWB. Simulation results show us the positive conclusion that this kind combined FWB filter with Real-Time PIO detector is effectively preventing the Category II PIO without performance decreasing.

The cell voltage and degradation rate of p-nitrophenol (PNP) were monitored in a two-chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) system. Degradation metabolites in the anode solution of MFC were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). PNP was used as substrate by the MFC that was inoculated with anaerobic sludge. The results showed that electricity output increased with the PNP concentration increased, the MFC displayed a maximum power density of 1.778 mW m−2 and a maximum PNP degradation rate of 64.69% when PNP was used as a sole substrate. However, the cell voltage and the PNP degradation rate with sodium acetate (402.3 mV and 95.96%) were higher than those fed with glucose (341.9 mV and 83.51%) when glucose and sodium acetate were used as a substrate, respectively. Furthermore, GC–MS analysis showed that the PNP was biodegraded completely after 142 h in the MFC. These results demonstrate that PNP can be used for electricity generation in MFC for practical applications of wastewater treatment.

In this study, field trials were conducted to examine the effects of cotton stalk biochar on microbial population, function and structural diversity of microorganisms in rhizosphere soil of continuous cotton cropping field in Xinjiang by plate count, Biolog and DGGE methods. The experiment was a factorial design with four treatments: 1) normal fertilization with cotton stalk removed (NPK); 2) normal fertilization with cotton stalk powdered and returned to field (NPKS); 3) normal fertilization plus cotton stalk biochar at 22.50 t · hm⁻² (NPKB₁); and 4) normal fertilization plus cotton stalk biochar at 45.00 t · hm⁻² (NPKB₂). The results showed that cotton stalk biochar application obviously increased the numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes in the rhizospheric soil. Compared with NPK treatment, the number of fungi was significantly increased in the NPKB₁treatment, but not in the NPKB₂ treatment. However, the number of fungi was generally lower in the biochar amended (NPKB₁, NPKB₂) than in the cotton stalk applied plots (NPKS). Application of cotton stalk biochar increased values of AWCD, and significantly improved microbial richness index, suggesting that the microbial ability of utilizing carbohydrates, amino acids and carboxylic acids, especially phenolic acids was enhanced. The number of DGGE bands of NPKB₂ treatment was the greatest, with some species of Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria being enriched. UPGMC Cluster analysis pointed out that bacterial communities in the rhizospheric soil of NPKB₂ treatment were different from those in the NPK, NPKS and NPKB₁treatments, which belonged to the same cluster. These results indicated that application of cotton stalk biochar could significantly increase microbial diversity and change soil bacterial community structure in the cotton rhizosphere soil, thus improving the health of soil ecosystem.

Dissolved organic matter obtained from landfill leachate was separated into hydrophobic acid, base, neutral (HOA, HOB, HON) and hydrophilic (HIM) fractions. Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra and parallel factor analysis were employed to characterize the composition, and fluorescence quenching titration technique was applied to study the complexation between Hg (II) and HON, HOA, and HIM fractions. Protein-like substances, humic-like compounds and xenobiotic organic matters (XOM) were identified in all fractions. The HOA, HOB and HON fractions comprised mainly XOM, while the HIM fraction consisted primarily of humic-like compounds. The complexation ability of protein-like substances was higher than that of humic-like compounds. The complexation ability of the HIM was highest for protein-like substances, while the complexation ability of the HON fraction was the highest for humic-like substances. The results suggested that the toxicity and bioavailability of the mercury in the young leachates was the highest, and decreased with landfill time.

The determination of multiple components is considered to be one of the key methods to control the quality of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), because the clinical efficacy of TCM is derived from the synergistic action of multi-components. When simultaneously determining multi-components in TCM with multiple reference standards (MRS), the limited availability and high expense of various reference standards is a major obstacle. Currently, a practical method determining multi-components with a single reference standard (SRS) is needed to solve the problem, in which the contents of those components without reference standards can be calculated using relative conversion factor. In the present paper, both MRS and SRS methods were established for the simultaneous quantitative determination of seven bioactive flavonoids in Muhudie (MHD), the seed of Oroxylum indicum L., a traditional Chinese herb that has been used for centuries. Forty samples were assayed and data obtained from the two methods were compared, and no statistically significant difference was observed by a T-test (P > 0.05), thus, the SRS method can be applied for quality analysis of MHD. At the same time, a certain correlation was discovered between the contents of the bioactive components and the morphological character of MHD.

Studies of an industrial low-carbon steel (B450NbRE) suggest that the impact toughness is unexpectedly low under its practical service, probably resulting from the unstable recovery of rare earths (RE) in steelmaking. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of RE on the impact toughness in low-carbon steel. The B450NbRE steels with content of 0.0012–0.0180 wt.% RE were produced by vacuum induction furnace. The impact toughness and microstructure were investigated after hot rolled. The Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator was used to validate the effect of RE on the microstructure. The results indicate that the microstructure of hot-rolled steels is characterized by polygonal ferrite, quasi-polygonal ferrite, bainite and pearlite. The impact toughness increases with RE contents reaching the peak with content of 0.0047 wt.% RE, such a change exhibits the same rule as the case of the ferrite amount. However, this improvement in impact toughness is not only due to an increase in ferrite amount, but also the fine grained structure and the cleaner grain boundaries. And content of 0.0180 wt.% RE is excessive. Such an addition of the RE resulted in the martensite precipitates at the grain boundaries, which are extremely detrimental to impact toughness.

A novel photochromic diarylethene based on isoxazole moiety was synthesized and its photochromic and fluorescent properties were also investigated. The compound exhibited remarkable photochromism, changing from colorless to purple after irradiation with UV light both in solution and in PMMA film. In hexane solution and in PMMA film, the open-ring isomer of the diarylethene 1 exhibited relatively remarkable fluorescence. The results indicated that the isoxazole moiety played a very important role during the process of photochromic reaction for the diarylethene derivative. Using this dithienylethene 1c as optical storage was performed successfully.

Generalized stochastic Petri nets is adopted to develop the reliability models of two operating modes of the hybrid actuation system, which is composed of a SHA (Servo valve controlled Hydraulic Actuator), an EHA (Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator) and an EBHA (Electrical Back-up Hydrostatic Actuator).The dependability of hybrid actuation is got through the Markov chain which the Petri nets sate is isomorphic to and the Monte-Carlo simulation. Simulations are conducted to analyze influences of the operating mode and the fault coverage on system reliability of hybrid actuation system.

A novel photochromic hybrid diarylethene bearing an isoxazole moiety was synthesized and its photochromic and fluorescent properties were also investigated. This compound exhibited good photochromism and functioned as a fluorescence switch upon alternating irradiation with UV and visible light both in solution and in PMMA film. Using this diarylethene 1c as optical storage was performed successfully.

A novel photochromic hybrid diarylethene based on both isoxazole and cyano moieties was synthesized and its photochromic and fluorescent properties were also investigated. This compound exhibited good photochromism and functioned as a fluorescence switch upon alternating irradiation with UV and visible light both in solution and in PMMA film. Using this diarylethene 1c as optical storage was performed successfully.

The cement powder materials are evaluated by fractal theory. Fractal characteristic parameters are analysed and evaluated by the method of laser particle size analyzer, microscope, transmission electron microscope. In this paper, cement powder materials has good self-similarity. Fractal dimension of grading is tested and evaluated by laser particle size analyzer, fractal dimension of cluster is tested by microscope, fractal characteristic of particle distribution is tested by transmission electron microscope. Compared with traditional weight of screen residue and specific surface area, those methods are more careful. Fineness fractal parameters and activity of ultra fine fly ash and pulverized slag have good linear dependence relation that is evaluated by fractal dimensions. Fractal characteristics provide an important basis to further explore the inherent relation of cement powder materials and concrete material density effect.

Taiyuan is a city with more moutains, less loess resource and abundant coal gangue. This paper studied the feasibility of turning coal gangue into filling in Taiyuan region, based on successful experience home and abroad. A series of tests on physical-chemistry properties and mechanical characteristics of the coal gangue proved that coal gangue used in the experiment has good chemical properties, grain composition. The coal gangue is a kind of non-sticky coarse grained soils which can drain off water freely, and it can be used as the filling of foundation. Based on tests, this article provided a theoretical basis and a favorable reference for engineering application of coal gangue and its research and development in other areas.

The fractal characteristics of concrete materials microstructure are analyzed with fractal theory. The fractal dimension of concrete materials microstructure in the different conditions are tested and counted by code and box Dimension. The result shows that the fractal characteristics of concrete materials microstructures are highly notable, as interface of cement clinker mineral, dispersed state of unhydrated cement particles, crack of hardened cement paste, hydration product and pore structure of hydrated cement paste section. Proving it is effective to measure surface of cement clinker mineral, figures of hydration C-S-H grains and outlines, pore structure of concrete section. Using box dimension is effective to test microcracks and pore structure of section of motor samples and fiber-hydrate. In the course of fractal analysis, the dimensions of fractal are bigger than their topologic dimension, and they are smaller than their space dimension, they are keeping with the fractal theory.

In order to obtain the high performance cement-based consistent materials，the enhancement effect of basalt fiber was studied to develop the building mortar with a high flexural strength . Three factors such as basalt fibers fraction，water-cement ratio and sand-lime ratio are studied on compressive and flexural strength on 7 days and 28 days through the orthogonal experimental design and statistical analysis. According to project needs, the best combination of flexural strength is optimized. The enhancement mechanism and damage features are analyzed and evaluated by SEM, the result shows that the basalt fiber as enhanced component have a very good flexural strength enhancement effect, the maximum increased rate will reach 2.91 times. The effect on the strength of different age period is remarkable with different fiber fraction which is far greater than the water-cement ratio and sand-lime ratio. Basalt fiber have better physical and mechanical properties and better alkali resistance, some performance are second only to carbon fiber, and the cost of basalt fiber is far lower than carbon fiber, So the basalt fiber have a broad application prospects in the field of cement-based composite materials.

A novel photochromic diarylethene based on pyrazole moiety was synthesized and its photochromic and fluorescent properties were also investigated. The compound exhibited remarkable photochromism, changing from colorless to purple after irradiation with UV light both in solution and in PMMA film. In hexane solution and in PMMA film, the open-ring isomer of the diarylethene 1 exhibited relatively remarkable fluorescence. The results indicated that the pyrazole moiety played a very important role during the process of photochromic reaction for the diarylethene derivative. Using this dithienylethene 1c as optical storage was performed successfully.

The effects and mechanism of cerium, lanthanum and cerium-lanthanum alloys on microstructure and the impact toughness of high-carbon steel were studied in the present work. For high-carbon steel, the state and the content of RE were measured, and the effects and the mechanism of RE on sulfide inclusions, microstructure and the impact toughness of steel were determined. With increasing the RE addition, the sulfide inclusion can be changed from strip-like, spindle, ellipsoidal and spheric in shape. Strip-like sulfide disappears in high-carbon steel with the RE addition being 0.05%. A small quantity of RE can fine the austenitic grain, decrease the height of the SKK peak of the internal friction curve, and improve the impact toughness of high-carbon steel evidently. And the effects of lanthanum on fining the austenitic grain and improving the impact toughness is the largest, next to that of cerium-lanthanum alloys, and that of cerium is the least, which can be verified by the internal friction experiments.

The rubber mount components in suspension system have great influence on ride comfort of automobile. Based on the complex stiffness model and equivalent model of shock absorber rubber mount, the suspension system model with 2DOF including rubber mount components are established by using virtual coordinate. The influences of the stiffness of rubber mount component on the responses of suspension are analyzed in frequency and time domains. The results show that proper stiffness of rubber mount can decrease the acceleration of body by about 20% and dynamic load of tire by about 30% in the frequency range from 5 to 12 Hz compared with that without rubber mount. In addition, the stiffness of rubber mount component leads to lag acceleration of body and higher nature frequency of wheel.

A novel photochromic diarylethene based on isoxazole moiety was synthesized and its photochromic and fluorescent properties were also investigated. This compound exhibited reversible photochromism, changing from colorless to red after irradiation with UV light both in solution and in poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) amorphous film. Also, it exhibited remarkable fluorescence switching in the solid state. The results showed that the diarylethene exhibited a relatively strong fluorescence switch along with the photochromism from open-ring isomer to closed-ring isomer. Using this dithienylethene 1c as optical storage was performed successfully.

The effects of the rare earth (RE) element on the microstructure of a hot-rolled low carbon steel (B450NbRE) were investigated under different heat treatment conditions. It was found that the B450NbRE steel with ultrafine grained structure could be successfully prepared with a certain content of RE additive under an appropriate heat treatment temperature between A1 (717°C) and A3 (880°C). The corresponding critical temperature increases with decreasing the RE content. For instance, the critical temperature is 800°C for the RE content of 0.0140 wt.%, but it increases to 850°C as the RE content decreases to 0.0075 wt.%

The thermodynamic model which quantificationally described the behavior of cerium in heavy rail steel was proposed. From the model, the effects of cerium on the composition, sequence and transformation condition of inclusions and the content of cerium dissolved in heavy rail steel were studied principally. When the cleanliness of heavy rail steel is low, the sequence of inclusions precipitation in heavy rail steel is Ce2O3, Ce2O2S, Ce2S3 and CeS. With increasing the cleanliness of steel, the sequence of inclusions precipitation is Ce2O2S and CeS. At 1783 K, the necessary condition of Ce2O3 precipitation in heavy rail steel is ao/as≥0.186, for Ce2S3 precipitation is ao/as≤0.394. The content of cerium dissolved in heavy rail steel is mainly affected by Ce2S3 inclusion. With the precipitations of all inclusions being stable, the curve between the dissolved cerium content and cerium addition becomes linear.

A novel photochromic diarylethene based on isoxazole moiety was synthesized and its photochromic and fluorescent properties were also investigated. It underwent reversible cyclization and cycloreversion reactions upon alternating irradiation with UV and visible light in hexane and in PMMA film. The compound exhibited remarkable photochromism, changing from colorless to purple after irradiation with UV light. When irradiation with UV light, the fluorescence intensity declined remarkably. The results showed that the diarylethene exhibited a relatively strong fluorescence switch along with the photochromism from open-ring isomer to closed-ring isomer. Using this dithienylethene 1c as optical storage was performed successfully.

A novel photochromic diarylethene based on isoxazole moiety was synthesized and its photochromic and fluorescent properties were also investigated. The compounds exhibited remarkable photochromism, changing from colorless to red after irradiation with UV light both in solution and in PMMA film. The fluorescence had a remarkable initial increase with subsequent dramatic decrease with increasing concentration. The results indicated that the isoxazole moiety played a very important role during the process of photochromic reaction for the diarylethene derivative.

A filtration–adsorption pool train (FAPT) and drawing water (DW) system was developed to control the small urban recreational water pollution at a senior hotel in Shanghai, China. The results from one year of operation indicated that the system had successfully achieved the water quality objectives: compared with the water quality before the treatment system worked, the average concentrations of SS, CODMn, BOD5, NH3-N, TP and Chla were reduced by 79%, 39.5%, 45%, 36%, 44.3% and 70%, respectively, and DO and transparency were improved by 27% and 134%, respectively. The customers enjoyed a recreational, aesthetic and educational amenity along the ring pond. Therefore, it was conducted that the FAPT–DW system was an effective measure for small recreational waters, especially in urban areas with limited land resources.

A novel photochromic diarylethene based on thiophene and a six-membered aryl moieties 1-[(2-methyl-5-(p-methylphenyl)-3-thienyl)]-2-[(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)]perfluorocyclopentene(1a) has been synthesized. Its properties, including photochromic behavior and fluorescent properties, have been investigated. The results showed that this compound exhibited reversible photochromism, changing from colorless to purple after irradiation with UV light both in solution and in PMMA amorphous film. The fluorescence intensity decreased along with the increase of solution concentration. The diarylethene exhibited relatively strong fluorescence at different solvent.

In this study, two laboratory-scale simulated landfill bioreactors were established, of which Reactor A was operated only with leachate recirculation and served as the control, and Reactor B was operated as semi-aerobic bioreactor landfill with leachate recirculation. In situ leachate treatment and accelerating organic decomposition in semi-aerobic bioreactor landfill was investigated. The results indicated that the introduction of air into the landfill was favourable for optimising the micro-organism growth environment and accelerating the degradation off organic matter. It can be seen clearly from the results that NH4+-N can be removed in situ in the semi-aerobic bioreactor landfill with leachate recirculation. Moreover, semi-aerobic bioreactor landfill showed lower emissions for leachate than those in leachate from anaerobic landfill, with low concentrations of COD, VFA, NH4+-N and TKN, and which saved the disposing process off the discharged leachate. The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (EEMs) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in Reactor B changed greatly, and fluorescence peak changed from protein-like fluorescence at Day 60 to humic-like fluorescence at Day 95 and 250, while in Reactor A, fluorescence peak of DOM was always protein-like fluorescence. The comparison of the EEMs indicated that the semi-aerobic landfill accelerated the organic decomposition.

Heavy rail steel was prepared by the process of vacuum induction furnace smelting, forge work and rolling. Effects and mechanisms of niobium on the fracture toughness of heavy rail steel were investigated. In addition, the appropriate range of niobium content for heavy rail steel was determined. With the niobium content increasing, both the austenite grain size and pearlite laminae distance of heavy rail steel were decreased gradually at first and then increased rapidly. When the niobium content was low, the precipitates containing niobium predominantly appeared in the cementite, which improved the toughness of heavy rail steel by fining the austenite grain size and pearlite laminae distance; when the niobium content > 0.024%, the fine dispersed precipitates containing niobium mainly occurred in the ferrite, which improved the toughness of heavy rail steel by pining dislocations and inhibiting crack growth; with the niobium content increasing, both the quantity and size of precipitates containing niobium were increased gradually; when the niobium content > 0.073%, most precipitates containing niobium could not pin dislocations and inhibit crack growth because the particles size was too big, thus the fracture toughness of heavy rail steel was bad. So the optimum range of the niobium content could improve the fracture toughness of heavy rail steel. In the present study, when the niobium content was about 0.053%, the fracture toughness of heavy rail steel was the best. The maximum plane-strain fracture toughness was 49.88 MPam1/2.

Accorded with the criteria the X80 pipeline steels with RE additions have been prepared with a vacuum induction furnace. The effect of rare earths (RE) on austenite grain growth behavior in pipeline steel has been discussed in this work. After hot rolled, the effect of RE on austenite grain growth behavior have been studied by the thermal simulator, scanning electron microscopy and metallographic microscope. The results indicate that RE additions inhibit the abnormal growth of austenite grain, trace RE could significantly influence the austenite grain growth behavior, and obtain fine grain size in X80 pipeline steel. For instance, the activation energy of grain growth reduced from 475 kJ/mol to 425 kJ/mol with addition of 0.0220 wt.% RE according with no deliberate RE additions, but the grain growth index increased from 3.5 to 4.5.

Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable resource difficult to degrade. Its bioconversion plays important roles in carbon cycles in nature, which may be influenced by heavy metals in environment. Mycelial growth and the degradation of lignocellulosic waste by lignin-degrading fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium under lead stress were studied. It was shown that P. chrysosporium could grow in liquid media with 400 mg L⁻¹ Pb(II), and mycelial dry weight was reduced by 54% compared to the control. Yellow mycelia in irregular short-strip shape formed in Pb-containing media, whereas the control showed ivory-white regular mycelial pellets. Two possible responses to Pb stress were: dense hyphae, and secretion from mycelia to resist Pb. During solid-state fermentation of straw, fungal colonization capability under Pb stress was positively correlated with the removal efficiency of soluble-exchangeable Pb when its content was higher than 8.2 mg kg⁻¹ dry mass. Carboxymethyl cellulase activity and cellulose degradation were inhibited at different Pb concentrations, whereas low Pb concentrations increased xylanase and ligninolytic enzyme activities and the hemicellulose and lignin degradation. Cluster analyses indicated that Pb had similar effects on the different microbial indexes related to lignin and hemicellulose degradation. The present findings will advance the understandings of lignocellulose degradation by fungi under Pb pollution, which could provide useful references for developing metal-polluted waste biotreatment technology.

The progenies differed in amylose and protein contents in grains, which derived from a rice cross, Dongnong 423×Toukei 180, were used to study changes in the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPP), soluble starch synthetase (SSS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in rice grains during grain filling. The activities of AGPP, SSS and SBE gradually increased and then declined as a single-peak curve with the process of grain filling in the progenies with high and low amylose contents in grains. The progenies with high amylose content peaked earlier in the AGPP, SSS and SBE activities and had higher AGPP, SSS and SBE activities at the early grain filling stage than those with low amylose content. The GS activity peaked earlier and was higher at the late stage of grain filling in the progenies with high protein content than in those with low protein content. It is suggested that the activities of key enzymes for starch synthesis and glutamine synthetase could be changed in oriented breeding for amylose and protein contents in grains.

In order to improve the effects of rare earths (RE) as microalloy on the recrystallization behavior in the high strength micro-alloyed steel, the X80 pipeline steels with different RE content were produced with a vacuum induction furnace, a series of hot torsion tests were performed under a range of deformation conditions, and the stress-strain curves were analyzed. The results showed that trace RE would improve the austenite recrystallization behavior. The activation energy of deformation and static recrystallization of the austenite in the X80 pipeline steel without RE additions were respectively 393 and 366 kJ/mol. When the RE addition was 0.0025 wt.%, the activation energy of deformation and static recrystallization were reduced by 33 and 29 kJ/mol respectively. But when the RE addition was increased to 0.0220 wt.%, RE would significantly inhibit the dynamic recrystallization of the austenite, the activation energy of deformation would be increased by 35 kJ/mol, but the activation energy of static recrystallization would reduce by 15 kJ/mol.

Two japonica rice parents (Tong 769 and Xixuan 1) and their progenies, significantly different in protein content of grains, were investigated to reveal the activities of proteinase in leaves and glutamine synthetase in grains, as well as the dynamic changes of soluble protein content in grains during rice grain filling. The results showed that the parents were very similar in protein content, however, advanced lines with different protein contents in grains and varied activities of proteinase and glutamine synthetase were acquired by consecutively directional selection of the grain protein content in their progenies. Moreover, the enzyme activity and the protein content in grains exceeded their parents during grain filling. The protein content in grains was positively related with the proteinase activity, and the soluble protein content was negatively related with the glutamine synthetase activity in grains to some extent.