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97. Research progress on chitin/chitosan-based emulsion delivery systems and their application in lipid digestion regulation.

Author

Hu, Shanshan, Li, Wenbo, Cai, Zhi, Tang, Cuie, Li, Bin, Liu, Shilin, and Li, Yan

Subjects
*CHITOSAN, *EMULSIONS, *POLYSACCHARIDES, *LIPIDS, *LIPOLYSIS, *CHITIN
Abstract

Excessive lipid intake is linked to an elevated risk of health problems. However, reducing lipid contents may influence food structure and flavor. Some alternatives are needed to control the lipid absorption. Emulsions are common carriers for lipids, which can control the hydrolysis and absorption of lipids. Chitin (Ch) and chitosan (CS) are natural polysaccharides with good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and unique cationic properties. They have been reported to be able to delay lipolysis, which can be regarded as one of the most promising agents that regulates lipid digestion (LiD). The application of Ch/CS and their derivatives in emulsions are summarized in this review with a focus on their performances and mechanisms for LiD regulation, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the development of novel Ch/CS emulsions, and the regulation of LiD. A reasonable design of emulsion interface can provide its resistance to the external environment and then control LiD. The properties of emulsion interface are the key factors affecting LiD. Therefore, systematic study on the relationship between Ch/CS-based emulsion structure and LiD can not only instruct the reasonable design of emulsion interface to accurately regulate LiD, but also provide scientific guidelines for applying Ch/CS in functional food, medicine and other fields. HIGHLIGHTS: Application of chitin/chitosan and their derivatives in emulsions Strategies to improve emulsifying properties of chitin/chitosan Digestion behaviors of chitin/chitosan emulsions during gastrointestinal digestion Rational design and potential mechanism of chitin/chitosan to regulate lipolysis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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98. Numerical investigation for the blockade capability of the multi-BWBUG cooperative system.

Author

Huang, Hancheng, Liang, Qingwei, Hu, Shanshan, Yang, Cheng, and Luo, Mingyang

Abstract

The multiple blended-wing-body underwater glider (multi-BWBUG) cooperative system features high endurance and low noise. This system is highly suitable for performing the blockade mission offshore. However, the research on this mission has not yet been reported. Thus, this study first proposes a blockade scenario for a multi-BWBUG cooperative system. The corresponding blockade mechanism is also described. Then, several typical topologies, the occurrence probability of network state, inherent capability, combat capability, and blockade capability, are defined. Finally, a novel method is proposed to calculate the blockade capability of the multi-BWBUG cooperative system. The simulation results indicate that the transmitting source level and communication frequency of communication equipment influence the occurrence probability of the network state. In addition, the failure ratio of communication links and the number of primary communication links affect the combat and blockade capabilities of the multi-BWBUG cooperative system. The blockade capability generally increases with the increase in the detection range of passive sonar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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99. Cost–utility analysis and drug pricing of once‐weekly insulin icodec versus once‐daily insulin degludec for type 2 diabetes patients treated with basal insulin in China.

Author

Hu, Shanshan, Wang, Shuowen, Gu, Shengying, Qi, Chendong, Shi, Chenyang, and Fan, Guorong

Subjects
*TYPE 2 diabetes, *INSULIN therapy, *DRUG analysis, *DRUG prices, *PRICE cutting
Abstract

Aim: Insulin icodec is a first once‐weekly administration basal insulin analogue for type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the price range of icodec for type 2 diabetes in the Chinese market, taking insulin degludec as reference. Materials and Methods: Long‐term health outcomes and costs for icodec and degludec were simulated using the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Outcomes Model (version 2.1) over 40 years from the Chinese healthcare provider's perspective. The efficacy and safety data were obtained from the ONWARDS 2 trial (Switching to once‐weekly insulin icodec versus once‐daily insulin degludec in individuals with basal insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes (ONWARDS 2): a phase 3a, randomised, open label, multicentre, treat‐to‐target trial). Cost–utility analysis and a binary search were used to investigate the price range of icodec. Sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the robustness of the base‐case analysis results. Results: After a 40‐year simulation, the quality‐adjusted life years (QALY) of icodec and degludec were 10.32 and 10.28 years, respectively. At the initial assumption of the same annual costs of icodec and degludec of $455.40, icodec was the dominant therapy compared with degludec, with higher QALYs and lower total cost. After the binary search, we observed that the annual cost range of icodec was $625.17–$855.25. This cost range was finally adjusted to be $597.66–$736.34 using one‐way sensitivity analysis and confirmed using probabilistic sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis. The scenario analysis revealed that the annual cost range of icodec could be $506.70–$736.34 if the price of degludec decreased by 20% in the future. Conclusion: Insulin icodec appears to be more cost effective than degludec if the annual cost of icodec ranges from $597.66 to $736.34 for patients with type 2 diabetes in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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