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Uncertainty is intrinsic in schema integration. An uncertainty measure model of schema integration system (SIS) is presented. Schema object cleanout module and its attribute cleanout module can make the model measure uncertainty of large-scale SIS. Schema integration is a process with multi-attribute and decision-making. Uncertainty ratio based on all known entropy of rough set is adopted for measuring uncertainty of submodels of SIS. Uncertainty measure of process model is used in whole uncertainty measure. The method for synthesizing the uncertainty ratio is provided. Experimental results show that the presented model is feasible and effectual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano- and micro-sized hierarchical copper monosulfide (CuS) architectures composed of nanoplates have been successfully synthesized via a recrystallization growth process in a microemulsion system. In our method, the spatial separation of two reactants and low-reaction temperature can decrease the rate of growth of the CuS nuclei, resulting in the formation of the poorly crystallized CuS aggregates in an oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion. The hierarchical CuS nanostructures are formed easily from poorly crystallized CuS by a recrystallization growth process at a higher temperature. Furthermore, the flowerlike CuS architectures can be obtained by a kinetically controlled dissolution-recrystallization mechanism. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of the hierarchical CuS architectures has been evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue solution in the presence of hydrogen peroxide under natural light, showing that the as-prepared hierarchical CuS architectures exhibit high-photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Nanoplate-based copper sulfide (CuS) hierarchical hollow spheres have been successfully synthesized using the spontaneous oil droplets as the templates in a two-phase system. In this approach, the poorly crystallized CuS hollow spheres with an average diameter of about 1μm can be obtained at a low temperature and then grow into the hierarchical CuS hollow spheres composed of nanoplates through a recrystallization growth process at a higher temperature. Furthermore, the growth process of the nanoplates of the hierarchical CuS hollow spheres can be controlled by changing the ripening time. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of the hierarchical CuS hollow spheres has been evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue solution in the presence of hydrogen peroxide under natural light, showing that the as-prepared hierarchical CuS hollow spheres exhibit high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue (MB). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Identifying new uses for glycerol, a waste of biodiesel production from transesterification of vegetable oils, is of great current interest. Towards this end, catalytic oxidation of glycerol to produce the high-value chemical dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a promising approach. The challenge, however, is the relatively complex reaction network. The kinetics of the complete glycerol oxidation network over Pt–Bi/C catalyst was investigated systematically in this study. Based on a detailed reaction mechanism including adsorption/desorption and reaction steps on the catalyst surface, a kinetic model was developed. To overcome the difficulty in finding the global optimum in the model, the full complex network was decomposed into five progressively larger sub-networks with different intermediates as initial reactants. The corresponding reactions starting with these initial reactants were conducted and the collected data were used to fit the kinetic model for each sub-network. The experimental and calculated results were in good agreement and the kinetic parameters for each step were obtained. These results can be used to design and develop new appropriate catalysts with high stability, activity and selectivity for DHA. In fact, this approach is a powerful tool for the microkinetic study of other complex reaction networks as well. Based on the concentration of each component and rate expression of each reaction step, a simplified network was identified and studied. The parameters thus obtained can be used to develop reactor models which could be used to determine the optimum operating reaction conditions for maximizing the yield of desired product DHA. The effective conversion of glycerol to high value chemical will increase the profitability of biodiesel production, a promising renewable energy source. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: CuS hollow spheres have been synthesized through a facile microemulsion template route at room temperature using copper naphthenate as metal precursor and thioacetamide as the source of S2−. In our method, the metal precursor and sulfur source dissolved in two different phases; the reaction only occurs at oil/water interface. Thus, hollow spheres can be fabricated more easily. The CuS hollow spheres prepared at room temperature are loose aggregates which are composed of small primary nanoparticles. To form stable hollow spheres it is a key to ensure the growth of nanoparticles at initial stage of reaction by a high interfacial reaction rate. So the reaction conditions that can control interfacial reaction rate are important factors for forming hollow spheres. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: CuS hollow spheres have been successfully synthesized through a facile microemulsion-template-interfacial-reaction route using copper naphthenate as metal precursor and thioacetamide as the source of S2−. In this way, hollow spheres could be obtained directly since the reaction of two reactants respectively dissolved in two different phases of an oil-in-water (o/w) microemulsion only occurs at the oil/water interface. Therefore, it is a key for forming hollow spheres to optimize the interfacial reaction rate by controlling reaction conditions. Furthermore, the size of the hollow spheres can be tailored by changing the content of oil phase. In this study, the average diameter of the CuS hollow spheres can be adjusted from 110 to 280nm by changing the content of oil phase from 0.5ml to 1.5ml. In addition, the reaction temperature is a very important factor for forming CuS hollow spheres and the appropriate reaction temperature is about 50°C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A steel corrosion sensor based on fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) has been developed and tested in this paper. The steel corrosion sensor has been formed by electroplating a Fe–C film on a metallized FBG. The coated FBG sensors have been tested in cabinets in which the availability of chloride ions and oxygen are controlled. The microstructural changes have been investigated by optical microscopy and SEM imaging. The FBG spectra are collected by a spectrometer. The results show that the spectra change, the wavelength shift, and the occurrence of multiple peaks are related to the corrosion degree of the Fe–C film. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Glycerol selective oxidation to dihydroxyacetone was investigated systematically in a semibatch reactor over Pt−Bi/C catalyst. Catalysts with different metal loadings, supports, and preparation methods were synthesized, characterized, and tested. The sequential impregnation of Pt and then Bi, followed by NaBH4reduction, was the optimum synthesis method for high glycerol oxidation rate and maximum DHA yield. The optimum catalyst composition was determined to be 3 wt % Pt, 0.6 wt % Bi, supported on Norit Darco 20-40 mesh activated carbon (BET surface area 600 m2/g, average pore size 4 nm, average pore volume 0.53 cm3/g). In addition to the catalyst, the reaction conditions were also optimized by conducting experiments in the range of temperature 30−90 °C, oxygen pressure 0−180 psig, and initial pH 2−12. The optimum reaction conditions were identified as 80 °C, 30 psig, and initial pH = 2. Under these conditions, a maximum DHA yield of 48% was obtained at 80% glycerol conversion. The catalysts were characterized by using BET, ICP-OES, TEM, XRD, and XPS techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Zinc oxide (ZnO) hollow microspheres were prepared by templates of surfactant spheres in mercury-media for the first time. Field emission scan electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectra (IR) and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis were used to characterize morphologies and structure features of the products. The obtained ZnO hollow microspheres are amorphous, 1–3μm in diameter and 70–140nm in wall thickness. After heat treatment at 500°C for 2h, the amorphous ZnO hollow spheres transform to hexagonal wurtzite structure ZnO, and retain hollow sphere morphologies. During the growth of ZnO hollow microspheres, Zn is oxidized at mercury/air interface and the formed ZnO nanoparticles are assembled on the surface of surfactant spheres. PEG plays an important role for the synthesis of ZnO hollow microspheres. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Influence of three post treatment techniques including water washing, ethanol washing and n-butanol heterogeneous azeotropic distillation on the structure, dispersity and luminescence properties of YAG:Ce nanophosphor were comparatively studied. In contrast to the first two processing techniques, n-butanol azeotropic distillation prevents powders from conglobation due to larger n-butanol molecules, longer butoxy groups and a more complete replacement of residual water in the precipitate. The phosphor from azetropic distillation exhibits excellent luminescence properties with higher emission intensity than those from water washing and ethanol washing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: (Y1− x Ln x )3Al5O12:Ce (Ln3+=Gd3+, La3+) phosphors were synthesized by in situ esterification. The effects of Gd3+ and La3+ ions on structure and luminescence of YAG:Ce were investigated. For Gd3+-doped YAG:Ce, when doping concentration increased beyond 50mol%, GdAlO3 phase appeared. For La3+-doped YAG:Ce, as doping concentration increased beyond 20mol%, YAG phase completely disappeared and LaAlO3 phase emerged. As the doping concentration of Gd3+ and La3+ increased, the maximum emission band showed red shift. Because radii of Gd3+ and La3+ were larger than that of Y3+, Gd3+ and La3+ replacement distorted YAG structure. More defects are formed in (Y1− x Ln x )3Al5O12:Ce, which acts as quenching center. Therefore, emission intensity of (Y1− x Ln x )3Al5O12:Ce was lower than YAG:Ce and luminescent lifetime of (Y1− x Ln x )3Al5O12:Ce was shorter than YAG:Ce. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Honeycomb sandwich structure combines high flexural rigidity and bending strength with low weight. Sandwich construction plays an increasing role in industry, and sandwich structural designing is an available method for sandwich structures. However, the absence of the design variable is the principal problem of composite sandwich construction. In this paper, the structure and mechanical properties of honeycomb sandwich panels are introduced. The weight ratio range of honeycomb core that is deduced on the basis of optimum mechanical properties offer a principle foundation for designing the structure of honeycomb sandwich panels. The satisfying weight condition of the honeycomb core weight is 50–66.7% of the weight of the whole honeycomb sandwich panels by theoretical analysis. Based on that conclusion, the honeycomb sandwich panels were designed and the results were verified by further experiments. Agreement between the theoretical values of the sample and experimental results is good. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on Chinese central government, which started to take on more financial responsibility for basic education to provide free textbooks to poor students in China's western rural areas. It states that education is one of the most vital and costly public services provided by governments. It also cites that in addition to budgetary expenditures, general education in the country is financed from user charges, incomes from school enterprises, social contributions, as well as school financing from state-owned enterprises and other organizations.

A method of laying a layer of humid porous medium on roof to gain free cooling effect by passive water evaporation is proposed. Numeric model for simulating cooling effect is built with the help of experimental results of physical properties for humid porous medium, which shows advantage over analytical solutions because of the supposition of constant physical properties in the latter. Through the comparison between simulated and experimental results, the model is validated. And the method of evaporation cooling effect with humid porous medium on the roof is tested to be feasible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Electrochemical technologies for heavy metal recovery are systematacially reviewed. • Four typical electrochemical recovery methods are classified for the first time. • Mechanisms of different electrochemical recovery technologies are fully discussed. • Influence factors of improving recovery efficiency for heavy metals are analyzed. • Electrochemical high value-added reutilization of heavy metal are prospected. Wastewater treatment for heavy metals is currently transitioning from pollution remediation towards resource recovery. As a controllable and environment-friendly method, electrochemical technologies have recently gained significant attention. However, there is a lack of systematic and goal oriented summarize of electrochemical metal recovery techniques, which has inhibited the optimized application of these methods. This review aims at recent advances in electrochemical metal recovery techniques, by comparing different electrochemical recovery methods, attempts to target recycling heavy metal resources with minimize energy consumption, boost recovery efficiency and realize the commercial application. In this review, different electrochemical recovery methods (including E-adsorption recovery, E-oxidation recovery, E-reduction recovery, and E-precipitation recovery) for recovering heavy metals are introduced, followed an analysis of their corresponding mechanisms, influencing factors, and recovery efficiencies. In addition, the mass transfer efficiency can be promoted further through optimizing electrodes and reactors, and multiple technologies (photo-electrochemical and sono-electrochemical) could to be used synergistically improve recovery efficiencies. Finally, the most promising directions for electrochemical recovery of heavy metals are discussed along with the challenges and future opportunities of electrochemical technology in recycling heavy metals from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the utilization of wastewater recycling as an alternative water source has gained significant traction in addressing urban water shortages. Accurate prediction of wastewater quantity is paramount for effective urban river water resource management. There is an urgent need to develop advanced forecasting technologies to further enhance the accuracy and efficiency of water quantity predictions. Decomposition ensemble models have shown excellent predictive capabilities but are challenged by boundary effects when decomposing the original data sequence. To address this, a rolling forecast decomposition ensemble scheme was developed. It involves using a machine learning (ML) model for prediction and progressively integrating prediction outcomes into the original sequence using complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN). Long short-term memory (LSTM) is then applied for sub-signal prediction and ensemble. The ML-CEEMDAN-LSTM model was introduced for wastewater quantity prediction, compared with non-decomposed ML models, CEEMDAN-based LSTM models, and ML-CEEMDAN-based LSTM models. Three ML algorithms—linear regression (LR), gradient boosting regression (GBR), and LSTM—were examined, using real-time prediction data and historical monitoring data, with historical data selected using the decision tree method. The study used daily water volumes data from two reclaimed water plants, CH and WQ, in Beijing. The results indicate that (1) ML models varied in their selection of real-time factors, with LR performing best among ML models during testing; (2) the ML-CEEMDAN-LSTM model consistently outperformed ML models; (3) the ML-CEEMDAN-LSTM hybrid model performed better than the CEEMDAN-LSTM model across different seasons. This study offers a reliable and accurate approach for reclaimed water volumes forecasting, critical for effective water environment management. • An adaptive forecast-decomposition-ensemble scheme is proposed. • Gradually incorporating the single-model prediction results into the original sequence to contribute to the decomposition process. • Adding real-time information is helpful to improve the accuracy of single-model prediction. • The predictive performance of the proposed model exceeds that of both single-models and decomposition ensemble models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐metal anodes with excellent theoretical specific capacities (3680 mAh g−1) have attracted considerable attention for overcoming the capacity bottleneck of conventional graphite anodes. However, they often suffer from uncontrolled dendrite growth and undesirable side reactions, considerably limiting their practical application in lithium‐metal batteries. In this study, urchin‐like silver@copper oxide (Ag@CuO) heterostructures with gradient electrical conductivity and lithiophilicity are prepared using a facile liquid‐phase reduction method. The unique amphiphilic lithium mechanism of the alloying and conversion reactions effectively reduces the nucleation overpotential of the lithium metal anode and promotes a uniform lithium deposition process. Meanwhile, the in situ‐generated Li2O‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film can further induce uniform and reversible lithium plating/stripping. All these characteristics endow the Ag@CuO anode with a high Coulombic efficiency of 98.89%, even after 1200 cycles, and long cycle life of 2800 h at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2, thus demonstrating that such modified Li metal anodes exhibit superior compatibility with major commercial cathode materials, such as LiCoO2 (LCO) and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM‐811). Hence, this study provides an effective strategy for developing practical lithium metal anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging high entropy compounds (HECs) have attracted huge attention in electrochemical energy‐related applications. The features of ultrafine size and carbon incorporation show great potential to boost the ion‐storage kinetics of HECs. However, they are rarely reported because high‐temperature calcination tends to result in larger crystallites, phase separation, and carbon reduction. Herein, using the NaCl self‐assembly template method, by introducing a high‐pressure field in the calcination process, the atom diffusion and phase separation are inhibited for the general formation of HECs, and the HEC aggregation is inhibited for obtaining ultrafine size. The general preparation of ultrafine‐sized (<10 nm) HECs (nitrides, oxides, sulfides, and phosphates) anchored on porous carbon composites is realized. They are demonstrated by combining advanced characterization technologies with theoretical computations. Ultrafine‐sized high entropy sulfides‐MnFeCoCuSnMo/porous carbon (HES‐MnFeCoCuSnMo/PC) as representative anodes exhibit excellent sodium‐ion storage kinetics and capacities (a high rating capacity of 278 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 for full cell and a high cycling capacity of 281 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1 after 6000 cycles for half cell) due to the combining advantages of high entropy effect, ultrafine size, and PC incorporation. Our work provides a new opportunity for designing and fabricating ultrafine‐sized HECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging high entropy compounds (HECs) have attracted huge attention in electrochemical energy‐related applications. The features of ultrafine size and carbon incorporation show great potential to boost the ion‐storage kinetics of HECs. However, they are rarely reported because high‐temperature calcination tends to result in larger crystallites, phase separation, and carbon reduction. Herein, using the NaCl self‐assembly template method, by introducing a high‐pressure field in the calcination process, the atom diffusion and phase separation are inhibited for the general formation of HECs, and the HEC aggregation is inhibited for obtaining ultrafine size. The general preparation of ultrafine‐sized (<10 nm) HECs (nitrides, oxides, sulfides, and phosphates) anchored on porous carbon composites is realized. They are demonstrated by combining advanced characterization technologies with theoretical computations. Ultrafine‐sized high entropy sulfides‐MnFeCoCuSnMo/porous carbon (HES‐MnFeCoCuSnMo/PC) as representative anodes exhibit excellent sodium‐ion storage kinetics and capacities (a high rating capacity of 278 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 for full cell and a high cycling capacity of 281 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1 after 6000 cycles for half cell) due to the combining advantages of high entropy effect, ultrafine size, and PC incorporation. Our work provides a new opportunity for designing and fabricating ultrafine‐sized HECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the corrosion inhibitor effect of migrating corrosion inhibitor (MCI) on Q235 steel in high alkaline environment under cathodic polarization. Design/methodology/approach: This study investigated the electrochemical characteristics of Q235 steel with and without MCI by polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Besides, the surface composition of Q235 steel under different environments was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, the migration characteristic of MCI and the adsorption behavior of MCI under cathodic polarization were studied using Raman spectroscopy. Findings: Diethanolamine (DEA) and N, N-dimethylethanolamine (DMEA) can inhibit the increase of Fe(II) in the oxide film of Q235 steel under cathodic polarization. The adsorption stability of DMEA film was higher under cathodic polarization potential, showing a higher corrosion inhibition ability. The corrosion inhibition mechanism of DEA and DMEA under cathodic polarization potential was proposed. Originality/value: The MCI has a broad application prospect in the repair of damaged reinforced concrete due to its unique migratory characteristics. The interaction between MCIs, rebar and concrete with different compositions has been studied, but the passivation behavior of the steel interface in the presence of both the migrating electric field and corrosion inhibitors has been neglected. And it was investigated in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to prepare a multifunctional nanocomposite that is slow-release and resistant to seawater corrosion and biofouling corrosion and to explore the synergistic effect between the two corrosion inhibitors. Design/methodology/approach: The morphology, structure and release properties of CAP@HNTs, BTA@HNTs and CAP/BTA@HNTs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, specific surface area analysis and UV spectrophotometry. The corrosion resistance and antimicrobial properties were investigated by electrochemical measurements and bioinhibition rate tests, and the synergistic effect between the two corrosion inhibitors was explored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Findings: The CAP/BTA@HNTs are responsive to acidic environments and have significantly improved antibacterial and corrosion resistance compared with CAP@HNTs and BTA@HNTs. CAP and BTA have a positive synergistic effect on anticorrosion and antifouling. Originality/value: Two types of inhibitors, anticorrosion and antifouling, were loaded into the same nanocontainer to prepare a slow-releasable and multifunctional nanocomposite with higher resistance to seawater corrosion and biocorrosion and to explore the synergistic effect of CAP and BTA on corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the influence mechanism of brazing and aging on the strengthening and corrosion behavior of novel multilayer sheets (AA4045/AA7072/AA3003M/AA4045). Design/methodology/approach: Polarization curve tests, immersion experiments and transmission electron microscopy analysis were used to study the corrosion behavior and tensile properties of the sheets before and after brazing and aging. Findings: The strength of the sheet is weakened after brazing due to brittle eutectic phases, and recovered after aging due to enhanced precipitation strengthening in the AA7072 interlayer. The core of nonbrazed sheets cannot be protected due to the significant galvanic coupling effect between the intermetallic particles and the substrate. Brazing and aging treatments promote the redissolved of second phased and limit corrosion along the eutectic region in the clad, allowing the core to be protected. Originality/value: AA7xxx alloy was added to conventional brazed sheets to form a novel Al alloy composite sheet with AA4xxx/AA7xxx/AA3xxx structure. The strengthening and corrosion mechanism of the sheet was proposed. The added interlayer can sacrificially protect the core from corrosion and improves strength after aging treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum‐air battery (AAB) with alkaline‐based aqueous electrolyte have attracted intensive research interests due to high‐capacity density, low cost, and high safety. However, severe hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of Al anode in alkaline electrolyte extremely restricts its large‐scale application. In this work, ZnO with a group of quaternary ammonium salts (QAS, denoted as C1, C2, C4, C6, and C8 depending on the length of non‐polar group) are introduced into electrolytes to inhibit HER. It is revealing that capacity density initially increases with C1, C2, or C4, up to 2564 mAh gAl−1 with anodic utilization rate of 86.0%, and then follows by a decline (C6 and C8). The addition of QAS creates "physical‐hydrophobic interface" by non‐polar group owing to its electrophilic property and constructs "chemical‐hydrophobic interface" with polar group by reducing water activity. QAS also promotes the uniform growth of Zn‐based film, as a barrier against H2O. Thus, HER is effectively inhibited to improve the capacity density. With further increasing non‐polar group length (C6 or C8), the bonding status of the film deteriorates with enhanced H2O activity, leading to the recurrence of HER. This work explores the effect of non‐polar groups on inhibiting HER and opens the door to stable anodes for alkaline‐based batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate prediction is of great significance to the construction of a smart city. However, current models only focus on mining the relationship among sequences and ignore the influence of the predicted sequences on future predictions, so we propose a Dynamic Attention Neural Network (DANN) based on encoder-decoder, which combines encoder context vectors and newly generated decoder context vectors to jointly dynamically representation learning, then generates corresponding predicted values. DANN processes data via the Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network as the fundamental structure of the network between encoder and decoder. What's more, in order to produce a new feature representation with low redundancy, gate mechanism network module is used to adaptively learn the interdependence of multivariate feature data. The relevant experiments show that compared with baseline models, DANN has the most stable long-term prediction performance, which reduces the problem of error accumulation to a certain degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: A series of layered oxide cathode materials were synthesized by high-temperature shock strategy for the first time. The approaching ultimate solid reaction rate of the layered nickel-rich layered oxide LiNixCoyMnzO2 was investigated for the first time. Ultrafast average reaction rate of phase transition from Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2(OH)2 to Li-containing oxides is 66.7 (% s-1), that is, taking only 1.5 s. Nickel-rich layered oxide LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM, x + y + z = 1) is the most promising cathode material for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. However, conventional synthesis methods are limited by the slow heating rate, sluggish reaction dynamics, high energy consumption, and long reaction time. To overcome these challenges, we first employed a high-temperature shock (HTS) strategy for fast synthesis of the NCM, and the approaching ultimate reaction rate of solid phase transition is deeply investigated for the first time. In the HTS process, ultrafast average reaction rate of phase transition from Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2(OH)2 to Li- containing oxides is 66.7 (% s−1), that is, taking only 1.5 s. An ultrahigh heating rate leads to fast reaction kinetics, which induces the rapid phase transition of NCM cathodes. The HTS-synthesized nickel-rich layered oxides perform good cycling performances (94% for NCM523, 94% for NCM622, and 80% for NCM811 after 200 cycles at 4.3 V). These findings might also assist to pave the way for preparing effectively Ni-rich layered oxides for lithium-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Na3V2(PO4)2F3 (NVPF) cathode material is usually nano‐sized particles exhibiting low tap density, high specific surface area, correspondingly low volume energy density, and cycle stability of the sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, a high‐temperature shock (HTS) strategy is proposed to synthesize NVPF (HTS‐NVPF) with uniform conducting network and high tap density. During a typical HTS process (heating rate of 1100 °C s−1 for 10 s), the precursors rapidly crystallize and form large‐sized and dense particles. The tight connection between particles not only enhances their contact with carbon layers, but also reduces the specific surface area that inhibits side reactions between the interfaces and the electrolyte. Besides, ultrafast synthesis of NVPF reduces the F loss and amount of Na3V2(PO4)3 impurities, which improve cycling capability. The HTS‐NVPF demonstrates a high energy density of 413.4 Wh kg−1 and an ultra‐high specific capacity of 103.4 mAh g−1 at 10 C as well as 84.2% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. In addition, the excellent temperature adaptability of HTS‐NVPF (−45–55 °C) and remarkable electrochemical properties of NVPF||HC full cell demonstrate extreme competitiveness in commercial SIBs. Therefore, the HTS technique is considered to be a high‐efficiency strategy to synthetize NVPF and is expected to prepare other cathode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the volumes of thalamic nuclei and the intrinsic thalamic network in patients with Wilson's disease (WDs), and to explore the correlation between these volumes and the severity of neurological symptoms. Methods: A total of 61 WDs and 33 healthy controls (HCs) were included in the study. The volumes of 25 bilateral thalamic nuclei were measured using structural imaging analysis with Freesurfer, and the intrinsic thalamic network was evaluated through structural covariance network (SCN) analysis. Results: The results indicated that multiple thalamic nuclei were smaller in WDs compared to HCs, including mediodorsal medial magnocellular (MDm), anterior ventral (AV), central median (CeM), centromedian (CM), lateral geniculate (LGN), limitans-suprageniculate (L-Sg), reuniens-medial ventral (MV), paracentral (Pc), parafascicular (Pf), paratenial (Pt), pulvinar anterior (PuA), pulvinar inferior (PuI), pulvinar medial (PuM), ventral anterior (VA), ventral anterior magnocellular (VAmc), ventral lateral anterior (VLa), ventral lateral posterior (VLp), ventromedial (VM), ventral posterolateral (VPL), and right middle dorsal intralaminar (MDI). The study also found a negative correlation between the UWDRS scores and the volume of the right MDm. The intrinsic thalamic network analysis showed abnormal topological properties in WDs, including increased mean local efficiency, modularity, normalized clustering coefficient, small-world index, and characteristic path length, and a corresponding decrease in mean node betweenness centrality. WDs with cerebral involvement had a lower modularity compared to HCs. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the majority of thalamic nuclei in WDs exhibit significant volume reduction, and the atrophy of the right MDm is closely related to the severity of neurological symptoms. The intrinsic thalamic network in WDs demonstrated abnormal topological properties, indicating a close relationship with neurological impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to reveal the effect of nano-Al2O3 particle addition on the nucleation/growth kinetics, microhardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of Co–P–xAl2O3 nanocomposite plating. Design/methodology/approach: The kinetics and properties of Co–P–xAl2O3 nanocomposite plating prepared by electroplating were investigated by electrochemical measurements, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Vickers microhardness measurement, SRV5 friction and wear tester and atomic force microscopy. Findings: A 12 g/L nano-Al2O3 addition in the plating solution can transform the nucleation/growth kinetics of the plating from the 3D progressive model to the 3D instantaneous model. The microhardness of the plating increased with the increase of nano-Al2O3 content in plating. The wear resistance of the plating did not adhere strictly to Archard's law. An even and denser corrosion product film was generated due to the finer grains, with a high corrosion resistance. Originality/value: The effect of different nano-Al2O3 addition on the nucleation/growth kinetics and properties of Co–P–xAl2O3 nanocomposite plating was investigated, and an anticorrosion mechanism of Co–P–xAl2O3 nanocomposite plating was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, a hallmark by the formation of misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein proteins. The expression of potential microRNA (miRNA) candidates isolated from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exosomes of PD patients was assessed for their diagnostic value and their potential role as biomarkers for PD was explored. In this study, we characterize the expression level of miRNAs in the exosomes of blood sera and cerebrospinal fluid and explore their potential role as biomarkers for PD. Materials and Methods. A total of 209 patients having an onset of PD, along with 60 neurodegenerative (ND) disorders and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. Blood samples and CSF samples were collected and exosomes were isolated. The isolated exosomes were characterized using CD63 detection and exosomal RNA was extracted. Serum miRNA profiling was carried out by synthesizing cDNA from the purified RNA and miRNA transcripts were determined by qRT-PCR using SYBR Green PremixScript. microRNA profiling strategy was employed for extracting the exosomal miRNAs from the exosomes. Results. Five common miRNAs viz. miR-151a-5p, miR-24, mir-485-5p, mir-331-5p, and mir-214 were found to be upregulated with statistical significance in both the serum exosome and CSF exosomes. The investigation revealed that serum and CSF exosomal miRNA molecules are definitive biomarkers for PD with proper specificity and sensitivity. Conclusions. The significant level of miR-151a-5p, miR-24, mir-485-5p, mir-331-5p, and mir-214 was observed in the serum and CSF which may be established as a biomarker for the diagnosis of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of research on the hydrolysis and calcination processes in the low-concentration Ti-W-H 2 SO 4 system has been an obstacle to the recovery of titanium from the H 2 SO 4 waste solution. This study proposes a feasible process for the synthesis of Ti/W powders from unconcentrated H 2 SO 4 solutions containing Ti and W. The study explores the kinetics of hydrolysis and the influences of process parameters on the properties of Ti/W powders. Under optimum conditions, a Ti/W powder with a total TiO 2 and WO 3 content of 97.49%, and a specific surface area of 89.40 m2/g was obtained. The resynthesized SCR catalysts prepared using Ti/W powder demonstrated good denitrification activity. The hydrolysis efficiency of Ti conforms to the Avrami model. The homogeneous nucleation reaction occurred during hydrolysis with an activation energy of 191.97 kJ/mol. Based on the kinetic research, the temperature and time can be adjusted to fine-tune the microscopic morphology, pore properties, and particle size of the powder particles. This study demonstrates an effective technique for the stable preparation of high-value products from low-concentration Ti-W-H 2 SO 4 solutions, which contributes to eco-friendly resource recovery. [Display omitted] • A feasible process to prepare Ti/W powders from unconcentrated H 2 SO 4 solutions with Ti and W was proposed. • The hydrolysis efficiency of Ti conforms to the Avrami model. • The kinetics of the hydrolysis and calcination processes were investigated. • Resynthesized SCR catalysts from Ti/W powder show good denitrification activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the preparation and evaluation of a novel humidity-control material, vermiculite/(sodium polyacrylate(AA)–acrylamide(AM)), using inverse suspension polymerization. Acrylic acid and acrylamide were introduced into the interlayer of modified vermiculite during the polymerization process, leading to the formation of a strong association with the modified vermiculite. The addition of vermiculite increased the specific surface area and pore volume of the composites. To investigate the moisture absorption and desorption properties of the composites, an orthogonal experiment and single-factor experiment were conducted to analyze the impacts of vermiculite content, neutralization degree, and the mass ratio of AA to AM. According to the control experiment, the addition of vermiculite was found to enhance the pore structure and surface morphology of the composite material, surpassing both vermiculite and PAA-AM copolymer in terms of humidity control capacity and rate. The optimal preparation conditions were identified as follows: vermiculite mass fraction of 4 wt%, a neutralization degree of 90%, and mAA:mAM = 4:1. The moisture absorption rate and moisture release rate of the composite material prepared under these conditions are 1.285 g/g and 1.172 g/g. The humidity control process of the composite material is governed by pseudo second-order kinetics, which encompasses the complete adsorption process. These results indicate that the vermiculite/PAA-AM composite humidity control material has excellent humidity control performance and is a simple and efficient humidity control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using nanocatalysts to catalyze water electrolysis for hydrogen production is an ideal solution to address the energy crisis. The most well-adopted fabrication methods for nanocatalysts are tube furnace annealing, Hydrothermal method, etc., hardly satisfying the trade-off among coarsening, dispersity, and particle size due to mutual restrictions. Herein, a universal, ultrafast and facile cellulose nanometer whiskers-high temperature shock (CNW-HTS) method was reported for fabricating a library of ultrafine metal nanoparticles with uniform dispersion and narrow size distribution. The metal-anchor functional groups in CNW (i.e., –OH and –COOH) and the characteristics of the HTS method for ultrafast heating and powerful quenching synergistically contribute to the successful synthesis of metal nanoparticles. As an initial demonstration, the as-prepared Pt nanocatalyst (η10 ​mA ​cm−2 ​= ​51.8 ​mV) shows more excellent catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance than the Pt catalyst prepared in the tubular furnace (η10 ​mA ​cm−2 ​= ​169.4 ​mV). This rapid and universal CNW-HTS method can pave the way for nanomanufacturing to produce high-quality metal nanoparticles, thereby expanding applications of energy conversion and electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) can take full advantage of sustainable power to reduce the continuously increasing carbon emissions. Recycling CO2 to produce formic acid or formate is a technologically and economically viable route to accomplish CO2 cyclic utilization. Developing efficient and cost‐effective electrocatalysts with high selectivity towards formate is prioritized for the industrialized applications of CO2RR electrolysis. From the previous explored CO2RR catalysts, Sn, Bi and In based materials have drawn increasing attentions due to the high selectivity towards formate. However, there are still confronted with several challenges for the practical applications of these materials. Therefore, a rational design of the catalysts for formate is urgently needed for the target of industrialized applications. Herein, we comprehensively summarized the recent development in the advanced electrocatalysts for the CO2RR to formate. Firstly, the reaction mechanism of CO2RR is introduced. Then the preparation and design strategies of the highly active electrocatalysts are presented. Especially the innovative design mechanism in engineering materials for promoting catalytic performance, and the efforts on mechanistic exploration using in situ (ex situ) characterization techniques are reviewed. Subsequently, some perspectives and expectations are proposed about current challenges and future potentials in CO2RR research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrites and side reactions of Zn anodes severely restrict the application of aqueous Zn‐based batteries for grid‐scale energy storage. While surface/interface modification strategies have shown some progress in improving Zn anode reversibility, they still fall short in addressing the overall regulation and intrinsic mechanisms from the bulk‐phase perspective. Herein, a bulk‐phase composite Zn/CNTs anodes fabricated by a powder‐metallurgy‐based strategy is introduced. Benefiting from the regulation of grain boundary engineering on local electric conductivity, electric field distributions, and Zn atom absorption energy, the Zn/CNTs anodes effectively suppress dendrite growth and enhance corrosion resistance during Zn stripping/plating cycles. Symmetrical cells equipped with Zn/CNT4 anodes exhibit extended cycling stability with minimal voltage hysteresis (only 22 mV). Furthermore, the full cells incorporating Zn/CNT4 with commercial MnO2 demonstrate superior rate performance and specific capacitance retention after 500 h cycling. This breakthrough opens up new avenues for optimizing metallic anodes at the bulk phase level using powder metallurgy, enabling scalable manufacturing processes, and providing valuable insights for various metal anode systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous Zn‐based batteries have emerged as compelling candidates for grid‐scale energy storage, owing to their intrinsic safety, remarkable theoretical energy density and cost‐effectiveness. Nonetheless, the dendrite formation, side reactions, and corrosion on anode have overshadowed their practical applications. Herein, we present an in situ grown carbon network reinforcing Zn matrix anode prepared by powder metallurgy. This carbon network provides an uninterrupted internal electron transport pathway and optimize the surface electric field distribution, thereby enabling highly reversible Zn deposition. Consequently, symmetrical cells demonstrate impressive stability, running for over 880 h with a low voltage hysteresis (≈32 mV). Furthermore, this Zn matrix composite anode exhibits enhanced performance in both the aqueous Zn‐ion and the Zn‐air batteries. Notably, Zn//MnO2 cells display superior rate capabilities, while Zn‐air batteries deliver high power density and impressive Zn utilization rate (84.9 %). This work provides a new idea of powder metallurgy method for modified Zn anodes, showcasing potential for large‐scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous Zn‐based batteries have emerged as compelling candidates for grid‐scale energy storage, owing to their intrinsic safety, remarkable theoretical energy density and cost‐effectiveness. Nonetheless, the dendrite formation, side reactions, and corrosion on anode have overshadowed their practical applications. Herein, we present an in situ grown carbon network reinforcing Zn matrix anode prepared by powder metallurgy. This carbon network provides an uninterrupted internal electron transport pathway and optimize the surface electric field distribution, thereby enabling highly reversible Zn deposition. Consequently, symmetrical cells demonstrate impressive stability, running for over 880 h with a low voltage hysteresis (≈32 mV). Furthermore, this Zn matrix composite anode exhibits enhanced performance in both the aqueous Zn‐ion and the Zn‐air batteries. Notably, Zn//MnO2 cells display superior rate capabilities, while Zn‐air batteries deliver high power density and impressive Zn utilization rate (84.9 %). This work provides a new idea of powder metallurgy method for modified Zn anodes, showcasing potential for large‐scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalyst‐reconstruction makes it challenging to clarify the practical active sites and unveil the actual reaction mechanism during the CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR). However, currently the impact of the electrolyte microenvironment in which the electrolyte is in contact with the catalyst is overlooked and might induce a chemical evolution, thus confusing the reconstruction process and mechanism. In this work, the carbonate adsorption properties of metal oxides were investigated, and the mechanism of how the electrolyte carbonate affect the chemical evolution of catalysts were discussed. Notably, Bi2O3 with weak carbonate adsorption underwent a chemical reconstruction to form the Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 heterostructure. Furthermore, in situ and ex situ characterizations unveiled the formation mechanism of the heterostructure. The in situ formed Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 heterostructure with strong electron interaction served as the highly active structure for CO2RR, achieving a formate Faradaic efficiency of 98.1 % at −0.8 Vvs RHE. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the significantly tuned p‐orbit electrons of the Bi sites in Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 optimized the adsorption of the intermediate and lowered the energy barrier for the formation of *OCHO. This work elucidates the mechanism of electrolyte microenvironment for affecting catalyst reconstruction, which contributes to the understanding of reconstruction process and clarification of the actual catalytic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalyst‐reconstruction makes it challenging to clarify the practical active sites and unveil the actual reaction mechanism during the CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR). However, currently the impact of the electrolyte microenvironment in which the electrolyte is in contact with the catalyst is overlooked and might induce a chemical evolution, thus confusing the reconstruction process and mechanism. In this work, the carbonate adsorption properties of metal oxides were investigated, and the mechanism of how the electrolyte carbonate affect the chemical evolution of catalysts were discussed. Notably, Bi2O3 with weak carbonate adsorption underwent a chemical reconstruction to form the Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 heterostructure. Furthermore, in situ and ex situ characterizations unveiled the formation mechanism of the heterostructure. The in situ formed Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 heterostructure with strong electron interaction served as the highly active structure for CO2RR, achieving a formate Faradaic efficiency of 98.1 % at −0.8 Vvs RHE. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the significantly tuned p‐orbit electrons of the Bi sites in Bi2O2CO3/Bi2O3 optimized the adsorption of the intermediate and lowered the energy barrier for the formation of *OCHO. This work elucidates the mechanism of electrolyte microenvironment for affecting catalyst reconstruction, which contributes to the understanding of reconstruction process and clarification of the actual catalytic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defect engineering is demonstrated to be an important factor in enhancing the electrochemical performance of lithium‐ion batteries by improving structural stability and ion diffusion. However, conventional synthetic methods have long and complicated processes, making it challenging to effectively and easily introduce defects into electrode materials. In this work, a high‐temperature shock technique (HTS) with an ultrafast heating and cooling process that can quickly introduce twin boundaries (TBs) into phase‐pure spinel LiMn2O4 in seconds is reported. Various ex situ techniques reveal the crystallization mechanism of LiMn2O4 during ultrafast synthesis. LiMn2O4 with TBs exhibits a higher rate performance than that obtained from the traditional method. Additionally, alien elements can be evenly incorporated into LiMn2O4 in seconds, resulting in excellent cycling performance. For instance, 2% Ni‐doped LiMn2O4 shows an initial capacity of 121 mAh g−1 and retention of 86.5% after 500 cycles at 1 C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing high‐performance anode current collectors with three‐dimensional structure and lithiophilic layers is of great importance to further advance the application of lithium metal batteries. However, relatively few research has focused on the transition of substrate and the intrinsic structure stability after electrodeposition of lithium on substrates, which leads to an incomplete understanding of the behavior of lithium deposition. Herein, a lithium metal anodes host with a highly stable and 3D structure has been effectively produced through in situ development of nanoflake arrays embedded with Co3O4 obtained from ZIF on nickel foams (Co3O4‐NF). And the actual lithium deposition sites and lithium deposition process on Co3O4‐NF are elucidated via a combination of characterization techniques and electrochemical analytical methods. Consequently, the resulting Co3O4‐NF@Li anodes could effectively inhibit lithium dendrite formation and mitigate volume expansion, demonstrating a significantly extended and consistent lifespan of 800 cycles (1600 h) at 1 mA cm−2 with low overpotential and insignificant voltage fluctuation for the process of lithium stripping and plating in symmetric cells. Herein, it is aimed to examine the transitions of metal oxides as a lithiophilic site for the lithium metal anode. It offers novel perspectives and approaches for the design of dendrite‐free lithium metal anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies have compared the efficacy of digital chest drainage system versus traditional chest drainage system. However, the results were inconsistent.Methods: We searched the Web of Science and Pubmed for observational studies and RCTs that compared the effect of digital chest drainage system with traditional chest drainage system after pulmonary resection. Eight studies (5 randomized control trails and 3 observational studies) comprising 1487 patients met the eligibility criteria.Results: Compared with the traditional chest drainage system, digital chest drainage system reduced the risk of prolonged air leak (PAL) (RR = 0.54, 95%CI 0.40-0.73, p < 0.0001), and shortened the duration of chest drainage (SMD = - 0.35, 95%CI -0.60 - -0.09, p = 0.008) and length of hospital stay (SMD = - 0.35, 95%CI -0.61 - -0.09, p = 0.007) in patients after pulmonary resection.Conclusions: Digital chest drainage system is expected to benefit patients to attain faster recovery and higher life quality as well as to reduce the risk of postoperative complications. Further RCTs with larger sample size are still needed to more clearly elucidate the advantages of digital chest drainage system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are a major research focus in the refining and aerospace industries. However, the liquid-phase separation and low-temperature starting performance of ethanol-based fuels are a difficult problem for SAF development. In this study, a biomimetic hydrogen bond strategy, inspired by the DNA structure, was used to stably disperse an ethanol kerosene-based nanofluid fuel. Carbonized poly [cyclotriphosphazene-co-(4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol)] (CPZS) nanoparticles (containing hydrogen bond acceptor) were synthesized to improve the dispersion and sedimentation and inhibit absorption of water by the fuel, allowing the proportion of ethanol to be increased to 50 wt%. This fuel had an unprecedented shelf-life of 140 days (representing an extension of 560%). The hydrogen bonding between CPZS and the ethanol/kerosene hybrid fuel was verified. The CPZS and ethanol/kerosene hybrid fuel exhibited excellent stability and dramatically enhanced the ignition performance, with the ignition delay time declining to 243 ms at an ambient temperature of 975 °C (821.0 ms for E50/K50). Compared with pure kerosene fuel, the CO 2 emissions of the E50/K50 hybrid fuel combustion decreased by 19.13%. This study provides a new biomimetic strategy based on hydrogen bonding for preparing ethanol-based fuel with a long shelf-life, enabling the possibility of directly using biomass ethanol in SAF. [Display omitted] • A biomimetic hydrogen bond strategy was proposed to stably disperse an ethanol kerosene-based nanofluid fuel. • CPZS-700/(E50/K50) hybrid fuel had an unprecedented shelf-life of 140 days. • The ethanol/kerosene fuel dramatically enhanced the ignition performance with the addition of CPZS. • The CO 2 emissions of the CPZS-700/(E50/K50) hybrid fuel combustion decreased by 19.13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomically dispersed metal‐nitrogen‐carbon catalysts have been extensively explored for various sustainable energy‐related reactions. From a material perspective, these catalysts are likely to consist of a combination of single‐atom, dual‐atom and possibly even multi‐atom sites. However, pinpointing their true active sites has remained a challenging task. In this study, a model catalyst is introduced, Co/CoMn‐NC, featuring both Co single‐atom sites and CoMn dual‐atom sites on a nitrogen‐doped carbon substrate. By employing a combination of X‐ray adsorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, the atomic configuration of Co/CoMn‐NC has been determined. Density functional theory calculations are also used to unequivocally identify Co‐atom within the CoMn dual‐atom motif as the predominate active site of the Co/CoMn‐NC model catalyst toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which is further confirmed by in situ Raman spectroscopy. The cooperative interactions between Co single‐atom sites and CoMn dual‐atom sites can finely tune the d‐band center and ameliorate the adsorption and desorption behaviors of the intermediates, thereby facilitating ORR kinetic. Overall, the study introduces a systematic strategy to elucidate the structure and the superiority of the model system and provides new insights into atomically dispersed multi‐metal active sites, showcasing that enhanced catalytic performance extends beyond unified diatomic sites or monatomic sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water‐soluble salt‐template technique holds great promise for fabricating 3D porous materials. However, an equipment‐free and pore‐size controllable synthetic approach employing salt‐template precursors at room temperature has remained unexplored. Herein, we introduce a green room‐temperature antisolvent precipitation strategy for creating salt‐template self‐assembly precursors to universally produce 3D porous materials with controllable pore size. Through a combination of theoretical simulations and advanced characterization techniques, we unveil the antisolvent precipitation mechanism and provide guidelines for selecting raw materials and controlling the size of precipitated salt. Following the calcination and washing steps, we achieve large‐scale and universal production of 3D porous materials and the recycling of the salt templates and antisolvents. The optimized nitrogen‐doped 3D porous carbon (N‐3DPC) materials demonstrate distinctive structural benefits, facilitating a high capacity for potassium‐ion storage along with exceptional reversibility. This is further supported by in situ electrochemical impedance spectra, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. The anode shows a high rate capacity of 181 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1 in the full cell. This study addresses the knowledge gap concerning the room‐temperature synthesis of salt‐template self‐assembly precursors for the large‐scale production of porous materials, thereby expanding their potential applications for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water‐soluble salt‐template technique holds great promise for fabricating 3D porous materials. However, an equipment‐free and pore‐size controllable synthetic approach employing salt‐template precursors at room temperature has remained unexplored. Herein, we introduce a green room‐temperature antisolvent precipitation strategy for creating salt‐template self‐assembly precursors to universally produce 3D porous materials with controllable pore size. Through a combination of theoretical simulations and advanced characterization techniques, we unveil the antisolvent precipitation mechanism and provide guidelines for selecting raw materials and controlling the size of precipitated salt. Following the calcination and washing steps, we achieve large‐scale and universal production of 3D porous materials and the recycling of the salt templates and antisolvents. The optimized nitrogen‐doped 3D porous carbon (N‐3DPC) materials demonstrate distinctive structural benefits, facilitating a high capacity for potassium‐ion storage along with exceptional reversibility. This is further supported by in situ electrochemical impedance spectra, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. The anode shows a high rate capacity of 181 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1 in the full cell. This study addresses the knowledge gap concerning the room‐temperature synthesis of salt‐template self‐assembly precursors for the large‐scale production of porous materials, thereby expanding their potential applications for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To support the global goal of carbon neutrality, numerous efforts have been devoted to the advancement of electrochemical energy conversion (EEC) and electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies. For these technologies, transition metal dichalcogenide/carbon (TMDC/C) heterostructures have emerged as promising candidates for both electrode materials and electrocatalysts over the past decade, due to their complementary advantages. It is worth noting that interfacial properties play a crucial role in establishing the overall electrochemical characteristics of TMDC/C heterostructures. However, despite the significant scientific contribution in this area, a systematic understanding of TMDC/C heterostructures' interfacial engineering is currently lacking. This literature review aims to focus on three types of interfacial engineering, namely interfacial orientation engineering, interfacial stacking engineering, and interfacial doping engineering, of TMDC/C heterostructures for their potential applications in EES and EEC devices. To accomplish this goal, a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches was used to allow the analysis and summary of the fundamental electrochemical properties and preparation strategies of TMDC/C heterostructures. Moreover, this review highlights the design and utilization of the interfacial engineering of TMDC/C heterostructures for specific EES and EEC devices. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using interfacial engineering of TMDC/C heterostructures in practical EES and EEC devices are outlined. We expect that this review will effectively guide readers in their understanding, design, and application of interfacial engineering of TMDC/C heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noble metal Pt‐based catalysts have slow water dissociation kinetics at high pH conditions, making it difficult for water molecules to be electrochemically activated. Utilizing ligand effect and strain effect to tailor catalytic active sites is a common method, while the understanding of mechanism of their interaction remains obscure due to the complexity of the process. This study proposes a pulse‐induced torsional strained PtRu mesocrystals (PtRu MCs) with 20 times higher mass activity than commercial Pt/C. The combination of experimental results and theoretical calculations reveals that the ligand effect induced by Ru doping accelerates the kinetics of the water dissociation reaction, while the pulse‐induced torsion strained dominates the thermodynamic optimization of the hydrogen adsorption reaction. The structure‐activity relationship defined by the synergistic effect under the complementary advantages of the strain and doping provides guidance for the design of future basic hydrogen evolution catalysts. The catalyst can run stably at 1 A cm−2 for 500 h, showing potential for industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu 2 O/MoO 2 hybrid was prepared for photoelectrocatalytic water reduction. Theoretical and experimental results both indicate the charge transfers from Cu 2 O to MoO 2 and forms an intimated binding interface via ionic interaction. A well-aligned energy level was formed between Cu 2 O and MoO 2 , which enables the formation of an internal electric field at their interfaces, facilitating charge separation, directional transfer, and reaction. The reduction of Cu+ and the photocorrosion of Cu 2 O were inhibited via the deposited MoO 2 , and finally, Cu 2 O/MoO 2 hybrid exhibited improved PEC activity and stability. [Display omitted] • Cu 2 O was chemically bonded with MoO 2 and formed a compact hybrid structure as well as exhibited good structural stability. • Cu 2 O/MoO 2 photocathode delivers 6.85 times higher photocurrent density than that of Cu 2 O and excellent operating stability. • Cu 2 O and MoO 2 construct an energetically favorable energy band bending that inhibits the photogenerated charge reflux and recombination. • Metallic MoO 2 can stabilize the Cu 2 O surface against the reduction of Cu+ via a formed internal electric field, thus suppressing photocorrosion. Photoelectrocatalyzing water reduction is a potential approach to building a green and sustainable society. As a benchmark photocathode, Cu 2 O receives much attention but faces serious charge recombination and photocorrosion. This work prepared an excellent Cu 2 O/MoO 2 photocathode via in situ electrodeposition. A systematical study of theory and experiment demonstrates that MoO 2 not only effectively passivates the surface state of Cu 2 O as well as accelerates reaction kinetics as a cocatalyst, but also promotes the directional migration and separation of photogenerated charge. As expected, the constructed photocathode exhibits a highly enhanced photocurrent density and an appealing energy transformation efficacy. Importantly, MoO 2 can inhibit the reduction of Cu+ in Cu 2 O via a formed internal electric field and shows excellent photoelectrochemical stability. These findings pave the way to designing a high-activity photocathode with high stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a graph data mining task, graph classification has high academic value and wide practical application. Among them, the graph neural network-based method is one of the mainstream methods. Most graph neural networks (GNNs) follow the message passing paradigm and can be called Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs), achieving good results in structural data-related tasks. However, it has also been reported that these methods suffer from over-squashing and limited expressive power. In recent years, many works have proposed different solutions to these problems separately, but none has yet considered these shortcomings in a comprehensive way. After considering these several aspects comprehensively, we identify two specific defects: information loss caused by local information aggregation, and an inability to capture higher-order structures. To solve these issues, we propose a plug-and-play framework based on C ommute T ime D istance (CTD), in which information is propagated in commute time distance neighborhoods. By considering both local and global graph connections, the commute time distance between two nodes is evaluated with reference to the path length and the number of paths in the whole graph. Moreover, the proposed framework CTD-MPNNs (C ommute T ime D istance-based M essage P assing N eural N etworks) can capture higher-order structural information by utilizing commute paths to enhance the expressive power of GNNs. Thus, our proposed framework can propagate and aggregate messages from defined important neighbors and model more powerful GNNs. We conduct extensive experiments using various real-world graph classification benchmarks. The experimental performance demonstrates the effectiveness of our framework. Codes are released on https://github.com/Haldate-Yu/CTD-MPNNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]