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Background: Many human activities release harmful substances, contaminating the air, water, and soil. Since exposure to environmental pollutants is currently unavoidable, it is important to verify how these compounds may influence individual immune responses to vaccines. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The protocol was registered on the PROSPERO platform with the following ID: CRD42024582592. We evaluated all observational, semi-experimental, and experimental studies written in both Italian and English that reported possible effects of exposure to environmental pollutants on the production of vaccine-induced antibodies. Results: Forty-two studies were included. The effects of pollutants were examined mainly in terms of antibody production in relation to mumps, measles and rubella, diphtheria and tetanus, hepatitis A and B, Haemophilus influenzae type B, influenza, tuberculosis, pertussis, Japanese encephalitis, poliomyelitis, and COVID-19 vaccines. Perfluorinated compounds were the most studied pollutants. Conclusions: Correlations between exposure to pollutants and reductions in antibody production were found in quite all the selected studies, suggesting that pollution control policies could contribute to increase the efficacy of vaccination campaigns. However, the heterogeneity of the examined studies did not allow us to perform a meta-analysis, and the literature on each type of vaccine or pollutant is still too limited to generate robust evidence. In order to confirm the findings of the present systematic review, and in the perspective of establishing possible exposure limit values for each type of pollutant, further research in this field is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the largest terrestrial ecosystem covering extensive expanses of the Earth's surface, forests offer crucial health benefits to humans, both directly and indirectly. Presently, health services derived from forest resources have presented significant opportunities for enhancing human well-being. Nonetheless, the absence of a comprehensive understanding regarding the mechanisms by which forests impact human health jeopardizes the potential gains in health. Regrettably, there remains a dearth of scholarly work elucidating these pathways. This paper aims to furnish a thorough examination of how forests influence human health. We initiate by formulating a conceptual framework upon which we delineate the various pathways through which forests impact human health. These encompass the provisioning of resources, preventive services, and forest therapies. Concurrently, we outline the moderating influence of social, economic, and individual characteristics as mediators within this pathway. These characteristics are classified into two overarching dimensions: accessibility and behavioral choices, which notably affect marginalized demographics such as those with lower socioeconomic status, women, the elderly, individuals with disabilities, and children in developing nations. Consequently, we build upon these foundational insights to propose six strategies aimed at perpetuating the positive impact of forests on human health in the foreseeable future. In the future, the development of forest management policies, the assessment of long-term health benefits, social practices, and international cooperation must be considered holistically to attain the dual objective of sustainable forest management and the advancement of human well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wine phenolic compounds, often known as polyphenols, are a diverse group of secondary bioactive compounds derived from grapes. They play a crucial role in defining the sensory characteristics, functionality, and health benefits of wine. This review explores the complex chemistry of these compounds, focusing on key classes such as flavonoids, which include flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanins, and flavan-3-ols, and non-flavonoids, such as hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and stilbenes. The health benefits of wine phenolics, particularly their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, are also discussed in relation to preventing and reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and neurodegenerative conditions. Furthermore, this review summarized the most current data from human population-based research that investigated the bioactivity of these red wine phytochemicals with relevant health benefits for NCDs. Finally, this review proposes some perspectives for future research to better understand the bioavailability, metabolism, and long-term health effects of these compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review discusses the crucial role of copper in human health and disease as an essential trace mineral. It emphasizes the significance of copper while addressing potential risks from imbalances in copper levels, be it excessive or inadequate. The review outlines various challenges in copper research, including toxicity concerns, data limitations, metabolic complexities, genetic influences, nutrient interactions, and resource constraints. Despite these challenges, the review identifies specific research areas needing exploration, such as copper homeostasis regulation, transport mechanisms, gut microbiome interactions, immune function, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular health, cancer, fertility, and reproductive health. The purpose of this review is to explore the important role of copper in human health and disease, which highlights the delicate balance required to avoid deficiency or toxicity. For the researchers and scientists, it provides the gaps in the research, so it aims to provide insights that could advance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies across various medical disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental hazards, especially particulates, and microbiological pollutants, have resulted in significant negative impacts on human health. In this study, 3D biodegradable cellulose filters were made from nanocellulose and tested for the removal efficiency of airborne particulates. Cellulose was first extracted from palm empty fruit bunches (EFBs) using green Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) under moderate temperature and then homogenized at high pressure to produce cellulose at the nanoscale size. Three types of renewable choline chloride (ChCl)‐based DESs were used: lactic acid, 1,3‐butanediol, and oxalic acid. The maximum cellulose yield from DES pretreatment was 38.78 % based on raw EFB (100 % cellulose yield based on cellulose in EFB) with ChBu60 C and the maximum nanocellulose yield was 68.49 % based on cellulose in EFB with ChLa80 C after 12‐pass high pressure homogenization. The cellulose air filter was fabricated using tert‐butyl alcohol (tBuOH) solvent exchanged under freeze‐drying conditions and characterized by different state‐of‐the‐art techniques. It was shown that the ChBu80 C filter had the lowest pressure drop (10.16 mmH2O or 2.07 mmH2O cm−2) and the maximum particle filtration efficiency (32.51 % for 0.1 μm and 93.63 % for 1.0 μm particles). The process simulation and techno‐economic analysis were performed for nanocellulose production and air filter fabrication to select the most feasible technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intestinal microbiota is a complex ecosystem where the microbial community (including bacteria) can metabolize available substrates via metabolic pathways specific to each species, often related in symbiotic relations. As a consequence of using available substrates and microbial growth, specific beneficial metabolites can be produced. When this reflects the health benefits for the host, these substrates can be categorized as prebiotics. Given that most prebiotic candidates must have a low molecular weight to be further metabolized by the microbiota, the role in the preliminary biological pretreatment is crucial. To provide proper substrates to the intestinal microbiota, a strategy could be to decrease the complexity of polysaccharides and reduce the levels of polymerization to low molecular weight for the target molecules, driving better solubilization and the consequent metabolic use by intestinal bacteria. When high molecular weight pectin is degraded (partially depolymerized), its solubility increases, thereby improving its utilization by gut microbiota. With regards to application, prebiotics have well-documented advantages when applied as food additives, as they improve gut health and can enhance drug effects, all shown by in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. In this review, we aim to provide systematic evidence for the mechanisms of action and the modulation of gut microbiota by the pectin-derived oligosaccharides produced by decreasing overall molecular weight after physical and/or chemical treatments and to compare with other types of prebiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of allergic respiratory diseases has increased in recent decades, with declining biodiversity identified as a potential contributing factor. While directly linking this increase to biodiversity loss is challenging, the research on pollen offers crucial insights into how environmental changes impact patients with pollen allergies. This paper explores the complex relationship between declining biodiversity and type 1 pollen allergies from 1998 to 2022 by synthesizing the scientific insights using the mapping software VOSviewer version 1.6.19. The graphical representation provides a visual overview of the evolution of the research on pollen and biodiversity aspects combined, showing a shift from localized studies to global, interdisciplinary approaches. The research in this field has expanded significantly, particularly since 2010, with European countries leading the scholarly contributions. Pollen allergy has become a key intersection of public health and environmental science. This bibliometric review underscores the critical need for enhanced interdisciplinary research and international collaboration to address these interconnected challenges, promoting sustainable solutions in a rapidly advancing field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The external environment constantly influences human health through many factors, including air quality, access to green spaces, exposure to pollutants, and climate change. Contamination poses a substantial threat to human well-being; conversely, environmental factors also positively impact health. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the complex relationship between various environmental factors and human health. While individual studies have explored specific aspects, a broader integrative understanding is lacking. Methods: Through databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Copernicus), 4888 papers were identified, with 166 selected for detailed analysis. Results: We summarized recent research, identifying multiple associations between environmental factors such as air pollution, climate change, solar radiation, and meteorological conditions and their impact on various health outcomes, including respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic and gastrointestinal, renal and urogenital, neurological and psychological health, infectious and skin diseases, and major cancers. We use chord diagrams to illustrate these links. We also show the interaction between different environmental factors. Findings begin with exploring the direct impact of environmental factors on human health; then, the interplay and combined effects of environmental factors, elucidating their (often indirect) interaction and collective contribution to human health; and finally, the implications of climate change on human health. Conclusions: Researchers and policymakers need to consider that individuals are exposed to multiple pollutants simultaneously, the "multipollutant exposure phenomenon". It is important to study and regulate environmental factors by considering the combined impact of various pollutants rather than looking at each pollutant separately. We emphasize actionable recommendations and solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Societal perspectives are hindering to admit sewage as a significant source of pollution along the coastlines. The sea's natural dilution is a solution for alleviating the sewage pollution is an ongoing global presumption. However, recent studies indicate the worldwide degradation of coastlines due to sewage discharges. This issue demands immediate attention to prevent future exacerbation. The aim of this perspective is to raise awareness among the global public about the threats and impacts of coastal sewage pollution, as well as to encourage policymakers, government bodies, international organizations, and researchers in formulating policies and mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is the prediction of heat-related mortality for Germany under future, i.e. hotter, climate conditions. The prediction is made based on 2m temperature data from climate storyline simulations using machine learning techniques. We use an echo state network for linking the outputs of storyline climate simulations to the target data. The target data are all-cause mortality rates of Germany for all ages. The network is trained with present day climate model outputs. Model outputs of future, i.e. 2K and 4K warmer, storylines are used to predict mortality rates under such climatic conditions. We find that we can train an echo state network with recent temperature data and mortality and make plausible predictions about expected developments of mortality in Germany based on future climate storylines. The trained network can successfully predict mortality rates for future climate conditions. We find increased mortality during the summer months which is attributed to the presence of more severe heat waves. The mortality decrease found during winter can be explained milder winters leading to fewer deaths caused by respiratory diseases. However, mortality in winter is largely influenced by other factors such as influenza waves or vaccination rate and explainability due to temperature is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This study assessed the addition of dried stinging nettle (SN) leaves at 0%, 2.5% and 5.0% in feed on egg production, egg quality, chemical composition and antioxidant content in eggs from laying hens.2. Seventy-two Hy-Line Brown laying hens, housed in 36 enriched layer cages, were used in the study from 43 to 47 weeks of age. Feeding dry SN leaves did not affect (p > 0.05) egg production variables.3. Dietary SN inclusion linearly increased (p < 0.001) carotenoid content more than six-fold, in addition to yellowness and redness of the yolks at the maximum inclusion. Providing eggs from hens fed carotenoid enriched diets, e.g. SN, may be used to increase carotenoids in human diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, overexplorations of ore and the growth of industries are the prime factors in the release of heavy metals in environments. As a result, the food crops and water bodies are contaminated with metals which may have several adverse effects on the health of humans and other living species. These metals and metalloids, such as Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, and As, upset the biochemical pathways of metabolite synthesis in living organisms and contribute to the etiology of different diseases. Microorganisms include bacteria, archaea, viruses, and many unicellular eukaryotes, which can span three domains of life--Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya--and some microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria, have shown high efficiency in the biosorption rate of heavy metals. Cyanobacteria are suitable for bioremediation as they can grow in adverse environments, have a less negative impact on the surrounding environment, and are relatively cheaper to manage. The structure of cyanobacteria has shown no extensive internal-bound membranes, so it can directly employ the physiological mechanisms to uptake heavy metals from contamination sites. Such biochemical makeups are suitable for managing and bioremediating heavy metal concentrations in polluted environments. This review aims to explore the potential of cyanobacteria in the bioremediation of heavy metals and metalloids in water bodies. Additionally, we have identified the prospects for enhancing bioremediation effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plastics are the most flexible products developed with a wide range of applications. They have been incorporated into almost every aspect of daily life due to their strength and low weight. However, widespread use and inadequate waste management have resulted in the accumulation of tiny plastic particles throughout the environment. Main text: Microplastics are found in oceans, rivers, sediments, sewers, soil, and agricultural products, even in table salts. Human beings are affected by microplastics through food ingestion and inhalation. Incorporated microplastics may accrue within the body and affect gastrointestinal, immune, endocrine, brain, and respiratory systems. It also interferes with the functions of major organs and causes chromosomal abnormalities. Conclusion: Addressing the issue of micro and nanoplastics requires interdisciplinary research, sustainable solutions, and improved waste management systems. The main focus of this review is to cover the harmful effects and impact of microplastics on human health and stress the need for combating strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical widely used in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, has been associated with a variety of adverse effects in humans including metabolic, immunological, reproductive, and neurodevelopmental effects, raising concern about its health impact. In the EU, it has been classified as toxic to reproduction and as an endocrine disruptor and was thus included in the candidate list of substances of very high concern (SVHC). On this basis, its use has been banned or restricted in some products. As a consequence, industries turned to bisphenol alternatives, such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF), which are now found in various consumer products, as well as in human matrices at a global scale. However, due to their toxicity, these two bisphenols are in the process of being regulated. Other BPA alternatives, whose potential toxicity remains largely unknown due to a knowledge gap, have also started to be used in manufacturing processes. The gradual restriction of the use of BPA underscores the importance of understanding the potential risks associated with its alternatives to avoid regrettable substitutions. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the potential hazards related to BPA alternatives prioritized by European Regulatory Agencies based on their regulatory relevance and selected to be studied under the European Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC): BPE, BPAP, BPP, BPZ, BPS-MAE, and TCBPA. The focus is on data related to toxicokinetic, endocrine disruption, immunotoxicity, developmental neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity/carcinogenicity, which were considered the most relevant endpoints to assess the hazard related to those substances. The goal here is to identify the data gaps in BPA alternatives toxicology and hence formulate the future directions that will be taken in the frame of the PARC project, which seeks also to enhance chemical risk assessment methodologies using new approach methodologies (NAMs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAstaxanthin (AXT), a natural carotenoid, has strong antioxidant and anti-ageing effects and can reduce ultraviolet light-induced damage to cells and DNA, stimulate the immune system, and improve cardiovascular disease prognosis. Despite its wide applications in the: nutraceutical, cosmetic, aquaculture, and pharmaceutical industries, AXT industrial production and application are hindered by natural source scarcity, low production efficiency, and high requirements. This review compares the qualitative differences of AXT derived from different natural sources, evaluates the upstream procedures for AXT expression in different chassis organisms, and investigates synthetic biology- and cell factory-based strategies for the industrial production of natural AXT. Synthetic biology is a promising novel strategy for reprogramming plants or microorganisms to produce AXT. Additionally, genetic engineering using cell factories extends beyond terrestrial applications, as it may contribute to the long-term sustainability of human health during space exploration and migration endeavors. This review provides a theoretical basis for the efficient and accurate genetic engineering of AXT from the microalga Haematococcuspluvialis, providing a valuable reference for future research on the biomanufacturing of AXT and other biological metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing environmental challenges caused by pharmaceutical waste, especially antibiotics and contaminants, necessitate sustainable solutions. Cellulose-based membranes are considered advanced tools and show great potential as effective materials for the removal of drugs and organic contaminants. This review introduces an environmentally friendly composite membrane for the elimination of antibiotics and dye contaminants from water and food, without the use of toxic additives. The potential of cellulose-based membranes in reducing the impact on water quality and promoting environmental sustainability is emphasized. Additionally, the benefits of using biobased cellulose membranes in membrane biological reactors for the removal of antibiotics from pharmaceutical waste and milk are explored, presenting an innovative approach to achieving a circular economy. This review provides recent and comprehensive insights into membrane bioreactor technology, making it a valuable resource for researchers seeking efficient methods to break down antibiotics in industrial wastewater, particularly in the pharmaceutical and dairy industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of the internal microclimate is a very important issue nowadays, considering that people in developed societies spend a good part of their day inside buildings and means of transport. But the poor quality of indoor air has a double effect; on the one hand, it can harm human health, and on the other hand, it can cause the degradation of materials. Thus, the current study considers the potential influence of a number of 20 pollutants on the exhibits, visitors, and employees of a synagogue that is over 140 years old in the Municipality of Oradea (Romania), which today is included in the list of historical monuments and is open to be visited. The monitoring period consisted of 9 months, during which parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, CO concentration, light intensity, concentration of particulate matter, and other pollutants were monitored. All the obtained values were then reported to the international standards in force for each indicator, both regarding the potential for human health and the integrity of the exhibits. The results indicate that the values of most pollutants respect the allowed thresholds, with more or less permitted exceptions. The most problematic are the values of temperature, relative humidity, HCHO, and VOC, which substantially exceed the allowed limits and vary a considerable difference. This can induce additional stress on the exhibits, leading over time to damage and premature aging; in terms of human health, the indoor microclimate can, in rare cases, cause discomfort associated with headaches, dizziness, and irritation, but the potential to cause persistent ailments is quite low. To maintain a clean internal microclimate, preventive conservation through the continuous monitoring of internal parameters as well as the establishment of long‐term strategies to stabilize the values of pollutants are necessary actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioaccumulation of trace elements and heavy metals in aquatic organisms is a critical environmental concern due to its potential impact on ecosystem health and human safety. This study investigated the level of trace elements and heavy metals bioaccumulation in Labeo rohita and Mystus seenghala from the River Jhelum in the district Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan. The concentration of calcium, magnesium, iron, nickel, copper, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, chromium, manganese, cobalt, and lead in the gills, liver, and muscle tissues of these fish was measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Then, the extent of contamination and its possible health risks were assayed. Our findings indicate significant variations in the elemental and metal concentrations among different organs and between species, reflecting their diverse feeding habits and habitats. The health risk assessment based on the estimated daily intake, estimated weekly intake, maximum permissible intake, target hazard quotient, hazard index or total target hazard quotient, health risk index, and target cancer risk revealed potential risks to human consumers of these fish. This study emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring, as new data and insights are crucial for understanding and mitigating these risks. Strict regulatory measures are also necessary to safeguard public health and preserve the ecosystem of Jhelum River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life cycle assessment (LCA) along with a survey on epidemiologic and oxidative potential studies was used for analysing the current evidence of the impact of airborne emissions from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) on human health. The correspondence among investigated health outcomes and pollutants was discussed based on the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). LCA indicated the ability of MSWI in avoiding human health impact, about − 2 × 10−4 DALY/tonne together with avoided emissions of particulate matter (PM) and resource depletion, about − 2.5 × 10−3 kg Sbeq/tonne and about − 0.11 kg PM2.5 eq/tonne, respectively. Positive emissions were detected for greenhouses (about 900 kg CO2eq/tonne) and ecotoxicity (about 15,000 CTUe/tonne). Epidemiologic studies performed on population exposed to MSWI reported quite contrasting results. In some of these, hazard ratio (HR) ranging from about 0.7 to 2.2 was reported concerning the incidence of stomach, liver, breast and bladder cancer. Larger agreement was detected concerning the incidence of larynx and lung cancer with HR ranging from about 1 to about 2.6. Direct causal nexuses were not definitively identified. Oxidative potential of PM was characterized by a high Pearson correlation > 0.8 to the presence of CrVI, Cu and Zn. These heavy metals were also identified by both CAS and IARC as toxic (i.e. Cu and Zn) and cancerous (i.e. CrVI) substances affecting the organs of both respiratory and digestive apparatus. In general, even if more research is necessary, LCA, oxidative potential and the epidemiologic survey results showed a high level of accordance. This suggests their integrated exploitation for supporting the investigation of both direct and indirect consequences on environment and health related to waste incineration for both retrospective and predictive studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFunctional fermented foods are increasingly recognized for their positive impact on human health, and this study aims to identify the factors that influence these products’ consumption in Iran. The study uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the conceptual model incorporating the theory of planned behavior (TPB), protection motivation theory (PMT), and flow theory (FT). Data from 319 individuals having prior experience with such foods were analyzed to test the hypothesized relationships. Based on the results, the integrated model components demonstrated a strong predictive power, explaining 70.6% of the variance in functional fermented food consumption. The study found that perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, and response cost from the PMT were the main drivers of functional fermented food consumption among Iranians. The study also offers practical insights, including highlighting health benefits, promoting pleasurable aspects, and mitigating accessibility challenges to these foods for Iranian consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a growing environmental issue associated with adverse health consequences, but the association with low birth weight remains unknown. We aim to explore associations between outdoor ALAN and low birth weight across 7,808 census tracts in California. We use data from the California Communities Environmental Health Screening Tool (CalEnviroScreen) at the census tract level. VIIRS Nighttime Day/Night Band Composites Version 1 dataset within the Google Earth Engine platform was used to assess outdoor ALAN. Multivariable linear regression was used to analyze the data. Our findings showed that an interquartile range increase in outdoor ALAN resulted in an increase of 0.42% (95% CI: 0.37, 0.46) in low birth weight rate on average, after adjusting for all potential covariates. The results demonstrate a significant association between outdoor ALAN and low birth weight. These associations remained consistent in sensitivity analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An operating room is a healthcare facility used to perform surgical operations on a patient. The OR demands high-air cleanliness and sterile conditions to reduce the risk of patients contracting surgical site infections. However, previous research stated that noticeable particle concentrations were identified near the surgery area. This scenario could elevate the tendency of particles to settle on the patient's wound and subsequently cause SSIs. Therefore, this study examines the effectiveness of innovative localised exhaust and air curtains in reducing the number of particles settling on the patient. An OR model was constructed using computer-aided design (CAD), while the airflow and particle simulation were performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The reliability of the present work was verified and validated using established data before the case study. A Re-Normalisation Group (RNG) k–ε model based on the Eulerian approach was used to simulate the airflow. In contrast, a discrete phase model (DPM) based on the Lagrangian approach was used to simulate the airborne particle dispersion. Results showed that the activation of the localised exhaust located on the two sides of the operating table could reduce the total particle settlement on the patient by 26% when compared to the baseline ventilation system. The installation of an additional air curtain showed the best performance in terms of reducing the particle settlement, followed by the installation of both an additional air curtain and a localised exhaust outlet. The particle concentration settled on a patient showed a positive relationship with the body surface area, which is expressed by equation y = 0.1088x + 0.2528 with a coefficient of determination, R2 value = 0.8764. This study suggests that adopting localised exhaust and air curtain systems in ORs could greatly improve infection control, enhance patient safety and elevate healthcare quality and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is crucial for human health, yet its microbial composition bears significant ecological and health implications. This research utilizes bibliographic methodology, amalgamating data from the Web of Science, and the VOSviewer software to scrutinize a selection of 1,000 seminal articles. It comprehensively delineates (1) the pivotal microorganisms prevailing in aquatic settings, (2) the intricate mechanisms through which microorganisms wield influence over water quality, and (3) the multifaceted repercussions on human health and well-being stemming from these microorganisms. Through this scholarly exploration, the paper illuminates the intricate interplay between water, microorganisms, and human health, providing valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and health practitioners. Understanding these dynamics is of paramount importance for maintaining both the ecological balance of aquatic systems and safeguarding the health of communities reliant on these resources. This study thus contributes to a deeper comprehension of the intricate relationship between water quality, microorganisms, and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plant tissue is a serious concern since it impacts both soil quality and food safety. This study evaluated the accumulation of heavy metals and the food quality of lettuce as a result of the application of chemical fertilizer (CF) and bioslurry (BS). The treatments were CF (158 kg ha−1 NPS and 200 kg ha−1 urea), BS (5 ton ha−1), and control with no fertilizer, laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil samples were analyzed for their physico‐chemical characteristics. The concentrations of 10 heavy metals (As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, and Cr) in the agricultural soil, bioslurry, and lettuce tissue were determined. Both the BS and CF reduced the concentrations of most heavy metals in the agricultural soil, particularly As, Pb, and Cd. Only the mean concentration of Cd in the agricultural soils exceeded the threshold level set by WHO/FAO (2011) for agricultural soils. Similarly, the concentration of As, Pb, and Cd in lettuce tissue grown in BS‐treated soils and the concentration of As in agricultural soils surpassed the limit set for vegetables. Given the toxicities of As, Cd, and Pb, as well as the effect on food safety, human health, and the environment, it is unsafe to cultivate lettuce using either the agricultural soil or BS in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One health is a relatively recent issue that is increasingly gaining importance, as the importance of the impact that the environment has on human health is being recognized. Brazil being a country in which the economy is mostly based on agriculture, recognition of the impacts of agriculture on the environment, human health and animal health, as despite being areas that are worked separately, they are interconnected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single leg squat (SLS) is an important motion commonly observed in sports. Excessive dynamic knee valgus (DKV) during SLS may increase non-contact knee injury risks particularly in physically active females. As muscular strength plays crucial role in controlling DKV, the present study aims to evaluate the correlation between hip strength and knee frontal plane angle during SLS among females with and without excessive DKV. Thirty-four volunteers were allocated to the valgus (n = 17) and non-valgus (n = 17) groups. Their motions during SLS at 45° and 60° knee flexion were captured and analyzed using three-dimensional motion analysis system. Isokinetic hip strength was examined at 180°/s in flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction for both legs. Pearson's correlation test was computed to evaluate the relationship between hip strength and knee angle during SLS. Non-dominant hip extensor strength (r = −0.56, p = 0.02) and dominant hip adductor strength (r = −0.51, p = 0.04) were significantly related to the knee frontal plane angle during 45° SLS among those without DKV. Meanwhile, those with DKV showed a significant relationship between the knee frontal plane angle for both legs and non-dominant hip abductor strength during 60° SLS. Both groups demonstrated the relationship of hip strength on knee frontal plane angle during SLS, whereby increased hip strength may minimize excessive DKV. Those with excessive DKV should train to strengthen their hip abductor to reduce knee valgus particularly during deep squats. • Both women with and without DKV demonstrated the influence of hip strength on knee angle during SLS. • Women with and without DKV emphasize on different muscle groups at different squat depths. • In deep squats, training should focus on increasing the hip abductors strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many people have associated e-cigarettes with adjectives such as trendy and cool, and regarded vaping as "a safer alternative to cigarette smoking". Compared with the conventional cigarettes, the public is less familiar with the dangers of e-cigarettes. E-cigarettes produce an aerosol by heating the e-liquid (usually comprising nicotine, flavorings, propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and other additives). Harmful substances are generated during the vaporization, such as formaldehyde. Cellular damages and DNA hypermethylation are also found to be associated with vaping. We reviewed the clinical neoplastic cases of patients with vaping history (three oral squamous cell carcinomas, one conjunctival squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, and one thoracic NUT-midline carcinoma). These patients tend to be younger than the average cancer patients. Although the exact relations between the cellular damages or DNA hypermethylation and vaping still need further investigations, we should be very careful about the dangers of using e-cigarettes as aids for cigarette smoking cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemists are aware of the contribution of plant biodiversity in providing chemical entities to the therapeutic arsenal, but the links between biodiversity and the emergence of pandemics are less described. "Healthy" biodiverse ecosystems protect us humans against emergence of infectious diseases and transmission as exemplified by the "dilution effect" developed upon the eco-epidemiological tick-borne Lyme disease. The emergence and spread of viral pandemics is not only due to the degradation of biodiversity but also compounded by anthropogenic factors such as the intensification and acceleration of trade and intercontinental transport, unprecedented urban human concentrations, climate change, industrialisation, massification and genetic uniformity in industrial breeding, consumption of bushmeat and promiscuity in certain markets with living animals. "One-Health" holistic approach to sustainable development is an excellent option to reduce the emergence of future pandemics. It tackles global environmental, human and animal health issues while respecting climate and ecological climate objectives. Surprisingly, this type of strategy implies accepting parasites and viruses and not seeing them as enemies to be eliminated. It also calls for recognition of the role of the local and indigenous communities in taking care traditionally and sustainably of more than a quarter of the world's land area. Only by thinking globally and acting locally this way, we will be able to reduce the risk of (re)-emergences of zoonoses and parasitic diseases. [Display omitted] • Links between biodiversity and emergence of pandemics need to be more considered. • Biodiverse ecosystems protect us against emergence of infectious diseases as exemplified by the "dilution effect". • Other factors are important as intercontinental transport, human and animal concentrations and consumption of bushmeat. • "One-Health" holistic approach is an excellent option to reduce the emergence of future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), sourced from various organisms, including aquatic life, are promising alternatives to combat antibiotic resistance. Their investigation is essential amid global antibiotic resistance concerns. The invaluable impact of antibiotics on human health, having saved numerous lives, is currently at risk. The growing global incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a serious challenge to their ability to effectively treat various illnesses. This situation demands immediate attention and the exploration of alternative medical solutions. One of the most promising alternatives to antibiotics is antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which can treat bacterial infections, particularly those brought by multi-drug-resistant pathogens. With a particular focus on their antimicrobial properties, this systematic review aims to evaluate and classify recent AMPs isolated from aquatic organisms. This review advances knowledge of these aquatic life-derived AMPs' potential as alternatives to conventional antibiotics by examining their unique antibacterial characteristics and modes of action. A systematic review of articles published in English between 2014 and 2024 was carried out in the Science Direct, PubMed NCBI and Google Scholar databases using keywords and inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 33 potential AMPs isolated from aquatic organisms had been reported, and 21 of the AMPs were reported to have functional antimicrobial activities. Continuous research and study of natural substances, particularly AMPs, remain critical in pursuing alternatives to conventional antibiotics for effective treatments in combating antibiotic resistance. Therefore, ongoing research holds significant importance in identifying and harnessing the potential of AMPs for future medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airborne fungi and bacteria have been extensively studied by researchers due to their significant effects on human health. We provided an overview of the distribution and sources of airborne pathogenic microbes, and a detailed description of the detrimental effects that these microorganisms cause to human health in both outdoor and indoor environments. By analyzing the large body of literature published in this field, we offered valuable insights into how airborne microbes influence our well-being. The findings highlight the harmful consequences associated with the exposure to airborne fungi and bacteria in a variety of natural and human-mediated environments. Certain demographic groups, including children and the elderly, immunocompromised individuals, and various categories of workers are particularly exposed and vulnerable to the detrimental effect on health of air microbial pollution. A number of studies performed up to date consistently identified Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium as the predominant fungal genera in various indoor and outdoor environments. Among bacteria, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, and Pseudomonas emerged as the dominant genera in air samples collected from numerous environments. All these findings contributed to expanding our knowledge on airborne microbe distribution, emphasizing the crucial need for further research and increased public awareness. Collectively, these efforts may play a vital role in safeguarding human health in the face of risks posed by airborne microbial contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fentanyl and its analogues are synthetic opioids of varying potencies that are unfortunately heavily abused. Over the last 15 years, fentanyl and its analogues have contributed to the increasing prominence of hospitalisation and numerous deaths due to drug overdose. In this comprehensive literature review, the mechanism of toxicity of the drug in humans is evaluated. A systematic approach was used whereby the relevant literature has been detailed where the toxicity of fentanyl and/or its analogues to different organs/systems were investigated. Furthermore, the review covers the post-mortem toxicological data and demographic information from past fatal cases where fentanyl was believed to be involved. Such insight into fentanyl toxicity is useful as an aid to better understand the toxic doses of the drug and the suspected mechanism of action and the unexpected complications associated with overdose incidences involving the drug. Finally, the review offers an overview of the traditional and emerging test systems used to investigate the adverse effects of fentanyl on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6-methoxybenzoxazolinone (6-MBOA) is a secondary plant metabolite predominantly found in monocotyledonous plants, especially Gramineae. In damaged tissue, 2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA-Glc) is hydrolyzed to DIMBOA, which spontaneously decomposes into 6-MBOA. It is commonly detected in plants consumed by voles and livestock and can also be present in cereal-based products. Discovered in 1955, this compound is renowned for its ability to trigger animal reproduction. However, there is a lack of research on its functional and mechanistic properties, leaving much of their potential unexplored. This review aimed to comprehensively summarize the effects of 6-MBOA on animal reproduction and human health, as well as its defensive role against herbivores. Studies have shown that 6-MBOA effectively inhibits the digestion, development, growth, and reproduction of insects. 6-MBOA may act as a partial agonist of melatonin and exert a regulatory role in mammalian reproduction, resulting in either promoting or inhibiting effects. 6-MBOA has been theorized to possess anti-tumor, anti-AIDS, anti-anxiety, and weight-loss effects in humans. However, insufficient attention has been paid to its defense properties against mammalian herbivores, and the mechanisms underlying its effects on mammalian reproduction remain unclear. In addition, research on its impact on human health is still in its preliminary stages. The review emphasizes the need for further systematic and comprehensive research on 6-MBOA to fully understand its diverse functions. Elucidating the effects of 6-MBOA on animal reproduction, adaptation, and human health would advance our understanding of plant–herbivore coevolution and the influence of environmental factors on animal population dynamics. Furthermore, this knowledge could potentially promote its application in human health and animal husbandry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals contamination of poultry products is a major concern for public health. This study aimed to determine the concentration of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and iron (Fe) in the edible parts of broilers, as well as in feed, drinking water, and litter as sources of contamination and to assess their possible human health risk in the province of Jijel (Northeast Algeria). The range of Hg, Pb, and Fe in edible parts were 0.004–0.007, 0.185–0.480, and 28.536–88.306 mg/kg, respectively, and the difference in content was only significant (p < 0.05) for lead. Breast and thigh samples had Pb concentrations above the maximum limit. Spearman coefficient analysis revealed that most correlations were positive between metals detected in feed, water, and litter and those in the edible parts of broilers. But most of them were insignificant (p > 0.05). The estimated daily intake (EDI) values of examined metal exceeded the tolerable daily intake (PTDI). The target hazard quotients (THQ) and hazard index (HI) of all metals were lower than 1, suggesting no significant carcinogenic risks. The calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of Pb was higher than 10−4 for men, women, and children, indicating the presence of carcinogenic risk. Considering the wide consumption of broiler meat, regular national monitoring of heavy metals in the broiler production chain is recommended to protect population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing societal burden worldwide, with ESKAPEE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species and Escherichia coli) pathogens overwhelming the healthcare sectors and more recently becoming predominantly a concern for their persistence in food and food industries, including agricultural settings and animal husbandry environments. The aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms by which the ESKAPEE group gained its multidrug resistance profiles, to analyse their occurrence in different foods and other related reservoirs, including water, and to address the current challenges due to their spread within the food production chain. Moreover, the repertoire of surveillance programmes available focused on monitoring their occurrence, common reservoirs and the spread of antimicrobial resistance are described in this review paper. Evidence from the literature suggests that restricting our scope in relation to multidrug resistance in ESKAPEE pathogens to healthcare and healthcare-associated facilities might actually impede unveiling the actual issues these pathogens can exhibit, for example, in food and food-related reservoirs. Furthermore, this review addresses the need for increasing public campaigns aimed at addressing this challenge, which must be considered in our fight against antimicrobial resistance shown by the ESKAPEE group in food and food-related sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic has been known as an artificial polymer whereas environmental microplastics become a global concern. Microplastics are reported to cause immunotoxicity in humans through gut deposition and entering the bloodstream. This study is a comprehensive indication of the recent research on microplastic toxicity in the gastrointestinal system. We performed bibliographic analysis using VOS viewer software and analyzed the data received on microplastics and their impact on gut health which has grown exponentially since 2016. Recent findings also support microplastic toxicity in combination with heavy metals. The smaller particle size and other factors enhanced the adsorption ability of environmental contamination such as heavy metals on microplastic which increased their bioaccumulation. Such toxic complexes of heavy metals and microplastics are a concern to natural ecosystems and environmental biologists. Few reports also demonstrated the biofilm formation on microplastic surfaces which might cause greater environmental as well as human health risks. Notably, terms of determining the microplastics in human tissues through several analytical techniques are still limited to some extent. Future research should be focused on the quantification of microplastics in human tissues, the combined effect of microplastics with other contaminants, and their effects on pre-existing diseases. This study boosts understanding of the potential impacts of microplastic and nanoplastic toxicity in the human gastrointestinal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telomere length is a putative biomarker of aging and is associated with multiple age-related diseases. There are limited data on the landscape of rare genetic variations in telomere length. Here, we systematically characterize the rare variant associations with leukocyte telomere length (LTL) through exome-wide association study (ExWAS) among 390,231 individuals in the UK Biobank. We identified 18 robust rare-variant genes for LTL, most of which estimated effects on LTL were significant (> 0.2 standard deviation per allele). The biological functions of the rare-variant genes were associated with telomere maintenance and capping and several genes were specifically expressed in the testis. Three novel genes (ASXL1, CFAP58, and TET2) associated with LTL were identified. Phenotypic association analyses indicated significant associations of ASXL1 and TET2 with cancers, age-related diseases, blood assays, and cardiovascular traits. Survival analyses suggested that carriers of ASXL1 or TET2 variants were at increased risk for cancers; diseases of the circulatory, respiratory, and genitourinary systems; and all-cause and cause-specific deaths. The CFAP58 carriers were at elevated risk of deaths due to cancers. Collectively, the present whole exome sequencing study provides novel insights into the genetic landscape of LTL, identifying novel genes associated with LTL and their implications on human health and facilitating a better understanding of aging, thus pinpointing the genetic relevance of LTL with clonal hematopoiesis, biomedical traits, and health-related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the worst zoonotic illnesses, avian influenza (AI), or commonly referred to as bird flu, is caused by viruses belonging to the genus Influenza viruses, which are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family. The harmful effects of AI illness can affect both human and animal health and cause financial losses. Globally, the AI virus lacks political purpose and is not limited by geographical limits. It has been isolated from poultry, wild birds, and captive birds in Asia, North America, Europe, Australia, and South America. Their virulence is divided into highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) and low pathogenic AI (LPAI). The AI virus can also be diagnosed in a laboratory setting using molecular tests like real-time polymerase chain reaction or serological tests like the hemagglutinin inhibition test, agar gel immunodiffusion, antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and other immunoassays. The type of AI virus and host species determines the clinical manifestations, severity, and fatality rates of AI. Human infection with AI viruses typically results from direct transmission from infected birds to humans. AI outbreaks in domestic and wild birds are uncommon; however, an infection can pose a significant threat to public, veterinary, and medical health. Successful vaccination reduces the probability of AI H5N1 virus infection in meat and other poultry products and prevents systemic infection in chickens. This review will provide information that can be used as a reference for recognizing the dangers of AI and for preventing and controlling the disease, considering its potential to become a serious pandemic outbreak.

Fungi and their natural products, like secondary metabolites, have gained a huge demand in the last decade due to their increasing applications in healthcare, environmental cleanup, and biotechnology-based industries. The fungi produce these secondary metabolites (SMs) during the different phases of their growth, which are categorized into terpenoids, alkaloids, polyketides, and non-ribosomal peptides. These SMs exhibit significant biological activity, which contributes to the formulation of novel pharmaceuticals, biopesticides, and environmental bioremediation agents. Nowadays, these fungal-derived SMs are widely used in food and beverages, for fermentation, preservatives, protein sources, and in dairy industries. In healthcare, it is being used as an antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive drug. The usage of modern tools of biotechnology can achieve an increase in demand for these SMs and large-scale production. The present review comprehensively analyses the diversity of fungal SMs along with their emerging applications in healthcare, agriculture, environmental sustainability, and nutraceuticals. Here, the authors have reviewed the recent advancements in genetic engineering, metabolic pathway manipulation, and synthetic biology to improve the production and yield of these SMs. Advancement in fermentation techniques, bioprocessing, and co-cultivation approaches for large-scale production of SMs. Investigators further highlighted the importance of omics technologies in understanding the regulation and biosynthesis of SMs, which offers an understanding of novel applications in drug discovery and sustainable agriculture. Finally, the authors have addressed the potential for genetic manipulation and biotechnological innovations for further exploitation of fungal SMs for commercial and environmental benefits.

Abstract Background Human exposure to micro- and nanoplastic particles (MNPs) is inevitable but human health risk assessment remains challenging for several reasons. MNPs are complex mixtures of particles derived from different polymer types, which may contain plenty of additives and/or contaminants. MNPs cover broad size distributions and often have irregular shapes and morphologies. Moreover, several of their properties change over time due to aging/ weathering. Case-by-case assessment of each MNP type does not seem feasible, more straightforward methodologies are needed. However, conceptual approaches for human health risk assessment are rare, reliable methods for exposure and hazard assessment are largely missing, and meaningful data is scarce. Methods Here we reviewed the state-of-the-art concerning risk assessment of chemicals with a specific focus on polymers as well as on (nano-)particles and fibres. For this purpose, we broadly screened relevant knowledge including guidance documents, standards, scientific publications, publicly available reports. We identified several suitable concepts such as: (i) polymers of low concern (PLC), (ii) poorly soluble low toxicity particles (PSLT) and (iii) fibre pathogenicity paradigm (FPP). We also aimed to identify promising methods, which may serve as a reasonable starting point for a test strategy. Results and conclusion Here, we propose a state-of-the-art modular risk assessment framework for MNPs, focusing primarily on inhalation as a key exposure route for humans that combines several integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATAs). The framework starts with basic physicochemical characterisation (step 1), followed by assessing the potential for inhalative exposure (step 2) and includes several modules for toxicological assessment (step 3). We provide guidance on how to apply the framework and suggest suitable methods for characterization of physicochemical properties, exposure and hazard assessment. We put special emphasis on new approach methodologies (NAMs) and included grouping, where adequate. The framework has been improved in several iterative cycles by taking into account expert feedback and is currently being tested in several case studies. Overall, it can be regarded as an important step forward to tackle human health risk assessment.

Abstract This study examined the levels of 210Po and the annual effective dose in edible crustaceans from the Santa Barbara River, Nembe. The crustaceans analyzed included Crab (Cardisoma crassum), Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), Shrimp (Penaeus notalis), and Crayfish (Decapoda reptania). The concentration of 210Po in the crustaceans was measured using an alpha spectrometric procedure, with 209Po tracer used as a yield monitor after acidified HNO3 digestion. The results indicated trace amounts of 210Po in the different crustaceans, with a concentration of 24.17 Bq kg−1 fresh weight in Crab, 0.01 Bq kg−1 fresh weight in Prawn, 50.89 Bq kg−1 fresh weight in Shrimp, and 40.71 Bq kg−1 fresh weight in Crayfish. The doses of 210Po concentration from the crustaceans were calculated using ingestion dose coefficients of 1.2 μSv Bq−1 for adults, as provided by the regulatory framework that protects humans from exposure to ionizing radiation. The calculated annual effective doses suggested low levels of exposure to crustacean consumers, with values below the recommended limit of 1000 μSv y−1 set by the ICRP for effective dose. The crustaceans with the highest annual committed effective doses of 210Po were Penaeus notalis and Decapoda reptania. However, even small amounts of 210Po in crustaceans can lead to contamination that may be harmful to human health.

Abstract This study investigated residual levels of carbosulfan and its metabolites in date palm fruit in the UAE using HPLC-MS/MS and QuEChERS method. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 > 0.998), low LOD (0.001–0.04 μg/kg) and LOQ (0.003-0.1 μg/kg), and high recoveries (92-103%) with low RSD values (1–9%). The matrix effect was negligible (-16.43–17.09%), and uncertainty measurements did not exceed the 50% limit. Carbosulfan was present in all samples, exceeding its MRL in 46% of the samples. Carbofuran and 3-hydroxycarbofuran exceeded their MRL in 4.87% and 40% of the samples, respectively, while 3-ketocarbofuran levels were below the MRL. Dibutylamine was found in 82% of the samples, with an average concentration of 9.01 µg/kg. The health risk assessment for children and adults showed that all HQ values were below the safety limit of 1.0, indicating that date consumption poses no adverse health risks for either adults or children.

Abstract Background The targeted application of cutting-edge high-throughput molecular data technologies provides an enormous opportunity to address key health, economic and environmental issues in the tropics within the One Health framework. The Earth’s tropical regions are projected to contain > 50% of the world’s population by 2050 coupled with 80% of its biodiversity however these regions are relatively less developed economically, with agricultural productivity substantially lower than temperate zones, a large percentage of its population having limited health care options and much of its biodiversity understudied and undescribed. The generation of high-throughput molecular data and bespoke bioinformatics capability to address these unique challenges offers an enormous opportunity for people living in the tropics. Main In this review we discuss in depth solutions to challenges to populations living in tropical zones across three critical One Health areas: human health, biodiversity and food production. This review will examine how some of the challenges in the tropics can be addressed through the targeted application of advanced omics and bioinformatics and will discuss how local populations can embrace these technologies through strategic outreach and education ensuring the benefits of the One Health approach is fully realised through local engagement. Conclusion Within the context of the One Health framework, we will demonstrate how genomic technologies can be utilised to improve the overall quality of life for half the world’s population.

Abstract The atmosphere’s fine articulate Matter (PM2.5) poses various health-related risks. Even though multiple efforts have been made to lower the emissions of these substances, the mortality rate is continuously increasing, requiring immediate inclination of the scientific community towards the design and development of advanced predictive models. Conventional statistical approaches have become dormant due to their limitations in capturing the innate relationships between the pollutants, particularly for predicting PM2.5 concentrations. In contrast, machine and deep learning techniques have shown great potential for forecasting air quality, providing more accuracy than its predecessor techniques. The present study investigates the utilization of hybrid approaches by integrating machine learning models with deep learning models to improve the prediction capabilities of PM2.5 concentration. It uses datasets from the World Air Quality Index (WAQI) and the State of Global Air (SOGA) to analyze the performance of the models on both the daily and annual data, respectively. This ensures the model’s effectiveness on a diversified dataset. The present study implements Random Forest (RF), Polynomial Regression (PR), XGBoost, and Extra Tree Regressor (ETR) coupled with Fully Connected Neural Network (FCNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Bi-directional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) for obtaining optimized results. Finally, after a thorough investigation, the hybrid PR model coupled with FCNN (PR-FCNN) is found to be the best model with improved R-squared (R2) values, portraying its potential for predicting PM2.5 concentration accurately. Based on the experimentation, the preset study recommends implementing hybrid approaches, offering better predictive accuracy in forecasting air pollutants, especially PM2.5.

Abstract The aim of this work is the prediction of heat-related mortality for Germany under future, i.e. hotter, climate conditions. The prediction is made based on 2m temperature data from climate storyline simulations using machine learning techniques. We use an echo state network for linking the outputs of storyline climate simulations to the target data. The target data are all-cause mortality rates of Germany for all ages. The network is trained with present day climate model outputs. Model outputs of future, i.e. 2K and 4K warmer, storylines are used to predict mortality rates under such climatic conditions. We find that we can train an echo state network with recent temperature data and mortality and make plausible predictions about expected developments of mortality in Germany based on future climate storylines. The trained network can successfully predict mortality rates for future climate conditions. We find increased mortality during the summer months which is attributed to the presence of more severe heat waves. The mortality decrease found during winter can be explained milder winters leading to fewer deaths caused by respiratory diseases. However, mortality in winter is largely influenced by other factors such as influenza waves or vaccination rate and explainability due to temperature is limited.

A healthy lifestyle encourages people to regularly eat more fruits and nuts, including nutritious snack bars, which provide excellent nutritional and energy value and are exceptional convenience foods with the necessary content of macro- and microelements, dietary fibre and biologically active compounds. The article analyses and proves the usefulness of fruits and nuts, which have a positive impact on human health in snack bars. The consumption of nuts demonstrates a positive effect on health, preventing and/or creating a therapeutic effect on a person by reducing some risk factors associated with chronic diseases. The simulation, which reflects the structure of the population's diet, when all snacks between meals, with the exception of drinks, were replaced by nuts, records a significant decrease in added sugar (-17.8 %), solid fats (-21.0 %), saturated fat (-6.6 %) and sodium (-12.3 %), and an increase in monounsaturated (+35.4 %) and polyunsaturated fats (+42.0 %), vegetable omega-3 fatty acids (+53.1 %), dietary fibre (+11.1 %), magnesium (+29.9 %) and a slight increase in potassium (+1.5 %). The available scientific evidence shows that nut consumption (15 to 30 g per week for 3 to 16 weeks) does not provide additional health benefits for children aged 8 to 18 years, but replacing high-calorie, low-nutrient snacks with nuts can help to promote healthy dietary habits as children grow into adults. A survey of 188 respondents (39.3 % male, 60.7 % female) was conducted to investigate the attitudes of Ukrainian youth towards nut consumption and preferences for snack bar flavours. While protein bars can be considered a speciality food for consumers seeking to increase muscle mass, snack bars based on nuts and dried fruits are seen as snacks with an overall positive impact on the body. When eating, a person has a certain sequence of chemosensory sensations that influence the aesthetic pleasure of eating certain dishes, and the taste preferences of respondents show that the most desirable aroma and taste is chocolate (39.3 %), followed by hazelnut (32.8 %) and strawberry (13.1 %). The least desirable flavours for consumers are blueberry (2.6 %), cereal (2.0 %) and banana (2.0 %). In addition to attention to the vitamin content (44.3 %), respondents are interested in the absence of chemical additives (27.9 %) and sugar (16.4 %) in snack bars. Despite the scientifically proven positive effects of antioxidants and dietary fibre on the human body, only 1.6 % of respondents consider their presence to be a determining factor in choosing a food product. Based on the study conducted by the authors, it was found that using a mixture of nuts and dried fruit for snacking creates a balance between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, provides the body with essential vitamins and is desirable for consumption. Snack bars containing nuts and dried fruits are organoleptically the most desirable for consumers and may be useful in preventing a number of diseases. This study can be used to make managerial decisions in the production of healthy food products.

Abstract Background Plastics are the most flexible products developed with a wide range of applications. They have been incorporated into almost every aspect of daily life due to their strength and low weight. However, widespread use and inadequate waste management have resulted in the accumulation of tiny plastic particles throughout the environment. Main text Microplastics are found in oceans, rivers, sediments, sewers, soil, and agricultural products, even in table salts. Human beings are affected by microplastics through food ingestion and inhalation. Incorporated microplastics may accrue within the body and affect gastrointestinal, immune, endocrine, brain, and respiratory systems. It also interferes with the functions of major organs and causes chromosomal abnormalities. Conclusion Addressing the issue of micro and nanoplastics requires interdisciplinary research, sustainable solutions, and improved waste management systems. The main focus of this review is to cover the harmful effects and impact of microplastics on human health and stress the need for combating strategies.

Many people have associated e-cigarettes with adjectives such as trendy and cool, and regarded vaping as “a safer alternative to cigarette smoking”. Compared with the conventional cigarettes, the public is less familiar with the dangers of e-cigarettes. E-cigarettes produce an aerosol by heating the e-liquid (usually comprising nicotine, flavorings, propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and other additives). Harmful substances are generated during the vaporization, such as formaldehyde. Cellular damages and DNA hypermethylation are also found to be associated with vaping. We reviewed the clinical neoplastic cases of patients with vaping history (three oral squamous cell carcinomas, one conjunctival squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, and one thoracic NUT-midline carcinoma). These patients tend to be younger than the average cancer patients. Although the exact relations between the cellular damages or DNA hypermethylation and vaping still need further investigations, we should be very careful about the dangers of using e-cigarettes as aids for cigarette smoking cessation.