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The gut microbiome is a versatile system regulating numerous aspects of host metabolism. Among other traits, variations in the composition of gut microbial communities are related to blood lipid patterns and hyperlipidaemia, yet inconsistent association patterns exist. This study aims to assess the relationships between the composition of the gut microbiome and variations in lipid profiles among healthy adults. This study used data and samples from 23 adult participants of a previously conducted dietary intervention study. Circulating lipid measurements and whole-metagenome sequences of the gut microbiome were derived from 180 blood and faecal samples collected from eight visits distributed across an 11-week study. Lipid-related variables explained approximately 4.5% of the variation in gut microbiome compositions, with higher effects observed for total cholesterol and high-density lipoproteins. Species from the genera Odoribacter, Anaerostipes, and Parabacteroides correlated with increased serum lipid levels, whereas probiotic species like Akkermansia muciniphila were more abundant among participants with healthier blood lipid profiles. An inverse correlation with serum cholesterol was also observed for Massilistercora timonensis, a player in regulating lipid turnover. The observed correlation patterns add to the growing evidence supporting the role of the gut microbiome as an essential regulator of host lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic is a common cooking ingredient and used in traditional medicine in Asian countries. There is a growing attention on garlic due to its preventive characteristics in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Many studies have reviewed the association between garlic intake and CVDs; however, no consistent conclusions have been drawn. New clinical trials have also been conducted and could contribute to more solid statements. In order to systematically review the reliability of previous studies regarding the implication of garlic in the management of CVDs, we performed in-depth meta-analysis using the most up-to-date randomized clinical trials (RCTs) data with more systematic controls. According to the 22 studies included, the effects of garlic intake on lowering total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are more noticeable with lower dosage and longer duration, especially in patients with CVDs. In addition, subgroup analysis indicated that appropriate diet intervention could be an important control factor that should be taken into consideration in any future study designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (ZC) and purple sweet potato (PSP) are the potential sources of antioxidants, and play an important role in reducing blood fat levels, and encourage the development of antihyperlipidemic products, usually in the form of biscuits. Biscuits are favoured by consumers because of their delicious and varied tastes, relatively cheap prices, and complete nutritional content. In the present work, biscuits were made with three formula variations of ZC:PSP ratios namely F1 (0.75:5.25 g), F2 (0.45:5.55 g), and F3 (0.2:5.72 g), and then tested for their physical quality based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI), and hedonic testing to get the best formula, including aroma, colour, texture, and taste. Furthermore, in vivo antihyperlipidemic testing was carried out on the best formula. The test was conducted by dividing Sprague-Dawley rats into four groups, namely normal, negative, positive (Nutrive Benecol animal, 3.6 mL/day for 28 days), and the best formula (1.944 g/day for 28 days). All groups were induced with high fat diet (HFD) for 28 days, except normal group. Results showed a decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels in the normal group with values of 99.09 mg/dL, 90.36 mg/dL, 22.66 U/I, and 39.41 U/I, respectively, as compared to the negative group with values of 195.01 mg/dL, 142.44 mg/dL, 29.05 U/I, and 77.19 U/I, respectively. There was an increase in cholesterol, triglyceride, SGOT, and SGPT levels in the positive group with values of 108.39 mg/dL, 96.12 mg/dL, 24.11 U/I, and 48.55 U/I, respectively, as compared to the normal group test. A combination of biscuits made from ZC and PSP flour could have the potential to reduce lipid levels in the blood, and encourage the development of antihyperlipidemic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Evidence suggests that e-cigarette use (vaping) increases cardiovascular disease risk, but decades are needed before people who vape would develop pathology. Thus, murine models of atherosclerosis can be utilized as tools to understand disease susceptibility, risk and pathogenesis. Moreover, there is a poor understanding of how risk factors for atherosclerosis (i.e., hyperlipidemia, high-fat diet) intersect with vaping to promote disease risk. Herein, we evaluated whether there was early evidence of atherosclerosis in an inducible hyperlipidemic mouse exposed to aerosol from commercial pod-style devices and e-liquid.Methods: Mice were injected with adeno-associated virus containing the human protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) variant to promote hyperlipidemia. These mice were fed a high-fat diet and exposed to room air or aerosol derived from JUUL pods containing polyethylene glycol/vegetable glycerin (PG/VG) or 5% nicotine with mango flavoring for 4 weeks; this timepoint was utilized to assess markers of atherosclerosis that may occur prior to the development of atherosclerotic plaques.Results: These data show that various parameters including weight, circulating lipoprotein/glucose levels, and splenic immune cells were significantly affected by exposure to PG/VG and/or nicotine-containing aerosols.Discussion: Not only can this mouse model be utilized for chronic vaping studies to assess the vascular pathology but these data support that vaping is not risk-free and may increase CVD outcomes later in life.

Background: Diabetes and hyperlipidaemia are both risk factors for coronary artery disease, and both are associated with a high triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index). The TyG index has been presented as a marker of insulin resistance (IR). Its utility in predicting and detecting cardiovascular disease has been reported. However, few studies have found it to be a helpful marker of atherosclerosis in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that the TyG index can serve as a valuable marker for predicting coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in symptomatic CAD patients, regardless of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia. Methods: This study included 1516 patients with symptomatic CAD who underwent both coronary artery angiography and carotid Doppler ultrasound in the Department of Cardiology at Tianjin Union Medical Center from January 2016 to December 2022. The TyG index was determined using the Ln formula. The population was further grouped and analysed according to the presence or absence of diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. The Gensini score and carotid intima-media thickness were calculated or measured, and the patients were divided into four groups according to TyG index quartile to examine the relationship between the TyG index and coronary or carotid artery lesions in symptomatic CAD patients. Results: In symptomatic CAD patients, the TyG index showed a significant positive correlation with both coronary lesions and carotid plaques. After adjusting for sex, age, smoking, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and the use of antilipemic and antidiabetic agents, the risk of developing coronary lesions and carotid plaques increased across the baseline TyG index. Compared with the lowest quartile of the TyG index, the highest quartile (quartile 4) was associated with a greater incidence of coronary heart disease [OR = 2.55 (95% CI 1.61, 4.03)] and carotid atherosclerotic plaque [OR = 2.31 (95% CI 1.27, 4.20)] (P < 0.05). Furthermore, when compared to the fasting blood glucose (FBG) or triglyceride (TG) level, the TyG index had a greater area under the ROC curve for predicting coronary lesions and carotid plaques. The subgroup analysis demonstrated the TyG index to be an equally effective predictor of coronary and carotid artery disease, regardless of diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. Conclusion: The TyG index is a useful marker for predicting coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with symptomatic CAD, regardless of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia. The TyG index is of higher value for the identification of both coronary and carotid atherosclerotic plaques than the FBG or TG level alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in which the control groups received placebo without background LLT offer unique insights into the placebo and nocebo effects of lipid-lowering RCTs. Methods and results: Embase and Medline were searched for hyperlipidaemia RCTs with placebo-controlled arms. Placebo arms with background LLT were excluded. A single arm meta-analysis of proportions was used to estimate major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and adverse events (AE). A meta-analysis of means was used to estimate the pooled mean differences of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and triglycerides (TG). A total of 40 RCTs and 37 668 placebo-treated participants were included. The pooled mean changes for TC, LDL, HDL, and TG were -0.019 mmol/L, -0.028 mmol/L, 0.013 mmol/L, and 0.062 mmol/L respectively among placebo-treated participants, indicating a modest placebo effect. The pooled average nocebo effect among placebo-treated participants was 42.62% for all AEs and 3.38% for musculoskeletal-related AEs, 11.36% for gastrointestinal-related AEs, and 6.62% for headaches. Placebo-treated participants in secondary prevention RCTs had a far higher incidence of these nocebo effects than primary prevention RCTs: any AEs (OR 6.76, 95% CI: 5.56-8.24, P < 0.001), and gastrointestinal-related AE (OR 1.23, 95% CI: 1.00-1.51, P = 0.049). No differences in nocebo effects were found between the placebo arms of statin and non-statin trials. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis of placebo-treated participants in RCTs with no background LLT indicate a modest placebo effect but prominent nocebo effect of musculoskeletal, headache, and gastrointestinal symptoms that was greatest among secondary prevention RCTs. These findings may inform the design of future LLT RCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prospective study was conducted to investigate the impact of treatment burden and health literacy on medication adherence among older adults with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) and to explore the potential moderating effects of demographic and clinical factors. Face-to-face structured interviews were conducted among older adults aged 60 and above using the Burden of Treatment Questionnaire (TBQ-15), Short Form Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-SF12), and Malaysia Medication Adherence Assessment Tool (MyMAAT). This study included 346 older adults aged 60 years and above with two or more chronic conditions (n = 346). Hypertension (30.2%), hyperlipidemia (24.0%), and diabetes (18.0%) were the most reported chronic conditions among participants. The mean score of treatment burden was 53.4 (SD = 28.2), indicating an acceptable burden of treatment. The mean score of health literacy was 16.4 (SD = 12.6), indicating a limited health literacy level among participants; meanwhile, the mean score of medication adherence was 32.6 (SD = 12.3), indicating medication non-adherence among participants. Medication adherence was significantly correlated with treatment burden (r = −0.22, p < 0.0001), health literacy (r = 0.36, p < 0.0001), number of chronic conditions (r = −0.23, p < 0.0001), and age (r = −0.11, p < 0.05). The study findings emphasize that multimorbid older adults with high treatment burdens and low health literacy are more likely to have poor medication adherence. This underscores the importance for clinicians to address these factors in order to improve medication adherence among older adults with multiple chronic conditions (MCC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular-disease-related death worldwide, resulting from the subendothelial accumulation of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol, ultimately leading to chronic inflammation and the formation of clinically significant atherosclerotic plaques. Oligosaccharides have been widely used in biomedical research and therapy, including tissue engineering, wound healing, and drug delivery. Moreover, oligosaccharides have been consumed by humans for centuries, and are cheap, and available in large amounts. Given the constantly increasing number of obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia cases, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutics that can economically and effectively slow the progression of atherosclerosis. In this review, we address the current state of knowledge in oligosaccharides research, and provide an update of the recent in vitro and in vivo experiments that precede clinical studies. The application of oligosaccharides could help to eliminate the residual risk after the application of other cholesterol-lowering medicines, and provide new therapeutic opportunities to reduce the associated burden of premature deaths because of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duyun compound green tea (DCGT) is a healthy beverage with lipid-lowering effect commonly consumed by local people, but its mechanism is not very clear. We evaluated the effect of DCGT treatment on bile acids (BA) metabolism of mice with high-fat diet (HFD) – induced hyperlipidaemia by biochemical indexes and metabolomics and preliminarily determined the potential biomarkers and metabolic pathways of hyperlipidaemia mice treated with DCGT as well as investigated its lipid-lowering mechanism. The results showed that DCGT treatment could reduce HFD – induced gain in weight and improve dyslipidaemia. In addition, a total of ten types of BA were detected, of which seven changed BA metabolites were observed in HFD group mice. After DCGT treatment, glycocholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid were significantly down-regulated, while hyodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were markedly up-regulated. These results demonstrated that DCGT treatment was able to make the BA metabolites in the liver of hyperlipidaemia mice normal and alleviate hyperlipidaemia by regulating the metabolites such as glycocholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic, as well as the BA metabolic pathway and cholesterol metabolic pathway involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), one of the most widely used tumor markers, has been recently associated with carotid atherosclerosis. Aims: To assess the level of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with unstable angina and its relation with quantitative troponin-I. Materials and methods: An observational study was conducted for a period of two years among 120 patients with unstable angina in the department of general medicine, aim to assess the level of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with unstable angina and its relation with quantitative troponin-I. Results: The mean age of the study population was 51.9 ± 7.9 years. The gender ration male to female in the present study was 2.9:1 with male dominance (74.2%). Out of 120 cases, 15.8% had family history of myocardial infarction. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the study population was 25.8 ± 3.6 kg/sq.mt. Among 120 cases, 14.2% were overweight, 41.6% were pre-obese and 14.2% were obese. In the present study, 28.3% had diabetes mellitus, 22.5% had hypertension and 20.8% had hyperlipidaemia. All the cases had chest pain at the time presentation. 12.5% had shortness of breath, 17.5% had chest discomfort, 20.8% had sweating and 36.7% had tachycardia. Among 120 cases, ECG findings shows that 44.2% had ST elevation, 39.2% had t-wave changes and 28.3% had other ECG changes. The mean Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in the study population was 44.9 ± 7.91%. The mean Troponin-I (ng/ml) in the study population was 0.12 ± 0.04 ng/ml with 95% Confidence Interval of 0.10 - 0.12 ng/ml. The mean CEA (ng/ml) in the study population was 3.63 ± 0.88 ng/ml with 95% Confidence Interval of 3.47 - 3.79 ng/ml. There was a positive correlation between CEA and Troponin-I, but there was no statistical significant association found between CEA and Troponin-I. Conclusions: A biomarker such as CEA can give physician a window period to act and prevent myocardial necrosis from occurring in the first place. This can be helpful in future to bring down ACS related mortality and morbidity significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective. Hyperlipidaemia is the greatest risk factor of coronary heart disease and currently available hypolipidemic drugs have been associated with number of side effects. Several studies have demonstrated the role of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Allium sativum in improvement of lipid profile and suggest their use as alternative and natural source for prevention / long term management of hyperlipidaemia. Materials and method. The study investigates synergetic antihyperlipidemic effects of polyherbal formulation containing T. foenum-graecum seeds and A. sativum buds (ratio 7:3) in Triton-induced acute hyperlipidaemia in rabbits, and compared with standard Atorvastatin. All animals were fed their respective samples orally without any base material for the period of one week. On day 7, blood samples were collected directly from the marginal ear vein of all rabbits before dosing. Immediately after the last dose, Triton WR-1339 (200 mg/kg i.p.) (Tyloxapol) (Sigma-aldrich Corp., USA) in normal saline was injected into all groups. After 24 h of Triton injection, blood samples were again collected from marginal ear vein of all animals for analysis of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Results. Seven days pretreatment of polyherbal formulation clearly demonstrated significant anti-hyperlipidaemic effects by showing TC 40.4 (p <0.05*), TG 36.6 (p <0.01**), HDL 25.8 and LDL 10.6 mg/dl (p <0.01**) in comparison with control group that exhibited TC 94.6, TG 812.6, HDL 20 and LDL 91.6 mg/dl lipid values. The standard group also exhibited potent results by showing TC 46, TG 198.6 (p <0.01**), HDL 37.6 (p <0.05*) and LDL 31.6 mg/dl (p <0.05*) values. Conclusion. The results obtained suggest that the regular use of a moderate amount of T. foenum-graecum and A. sativum in the diet may offer protection against hyperlipidaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Hyperlipidaemia may play a significant role in the interrelationship between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and periodontal disease. A potential mechanism that links these three aspects together is the oral microbiota. We wanted to determine if there is an association between hyperlipidaemia, periodontal disease, and the oral microbiota of children with T1D, as this has not yet been explored. Methods In a post-hoc, cross-sectional study using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we explored links between oral bacterial diversity and composition of gingival swab samples from 72 children with T1D to periodontal risk factors and hyperlipidaemia status of first-degree relatives. While multiple periodontal risk factors were assessed, we used periodontal pocket depth of 3 mm to characterise periodontal risk. As periodontal pocket depth confounded the analysis of familial history of hyperlipidaemia, a multivariate analyses were performed (i.e., no periodontal risk markers in children with or without a family history of hyperlipidaemia were compared to counterparts who did not have periodontal risk markers) to examine linkages between these factors and diversity and composition of the microbiome. Results In participants with no periodontitis risk, children with a family history of dyslipidemia had different bacterial diversity and composition compared to those without a familar hisitory. In contrast, such differences did not exist in the children with periodontal risk, whether or not they had a family history of hyperlipidaemia. Co-occurrence networks showed that these differences in children with no periodontists risk were linked to the presence of fewer oral microbial networks, but more microbes linked to mature plaque structures. In contrast, children with periodontal risk markers, regardless of family history of hyperlipidaemia, contained co-occurrence networks that were associated with microbes linked to periodontal disease. Conclusions In children diagnosed with T1D, our findings support an association between oral microbiota and two different exposure variables: familial history of hyperlipidaemia and periodontal risk factors.

Maternal diabetes and/or obesity in pregnancy are undoubtedly associated with later disease-risk in the offspring. The placenta, interposed between the mother and the foetus, is a potential mediator of this risk through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation. In recent years, multiple studies have identified differentially methylated CpG sites in the placental tissue DNA in pregnancies complicated by diabetes and obesity. We reviewed all published original research relevant to this topic and analysed our findings with the focus of identifying overlaps, contradictions, and gaps. Most studies focused on the association of gestational diabetes and/or hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and DNA methylation in placental tissue at term. We identified overlaps in results related to specific candidate genes, but also observed a large research gap of pregnancies affected by type 1 diabetes. Other unanswered questions relate to analysis of specific placental cell types and the timing of DNA methylation change in response to diabetes and obesity during pregnancy. Maternal metabolism is altered already in the first trimester involving structural and functional changes in the placenta, but studies into its effects on placental DNA methylation during this period are lacking and urgently needed. Foetal sex is also an important determinant of pregnancy outcome, but only few studies have taken this into account. Collectively, we provide a reference work for researchers working in this large and evolving field. Based on the results of the literature review, we formulate suggestions for future focus of placental DNA methylation studies in pregnancies complicated by diabetes and obesity.

Abstract Background Both hyperuricaemia and hyperlipidaemia are common metabolic diseases that are closely related to each other, and both are independent risk factors for the development of a variety of diseases. HUA combined with hyperlipidaemia increases the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary heart disease. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between HUA and hyperlipidaemia and study the metabolic pathway changes in patients with HUA associated with hyperlipidaemia using metabolomics. Methods This was a case‒control study. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in HUA patients in the physical examination population of Tianjin Union Medical Centre in 2018 was investigated. Metabolomics analysis was performed on 308 HUA patients and 100 normal controls using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. A further metabolomics study of 30 asymptomatic HUA patients, 30 HUA patients with hyperlipidaemia, and 30 age-and sex-matched healthy controls was conducted. Differential metabolites were obtained from the three groups by orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis, and relevant metabolic pathways changes were analysed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 software. Results The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in HUA patients was 69.3%. Metabolomic analysis found that compared with the control group, 33 differential metabolites, including arachidonic acid, alanine, aspartate, phenylalanine and tyrosine, were identified in asymptomatic HUA patients. Pathway analysis showed that these changes were mainly related to 3 metabolic pathways, including the alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathway. Thirty-eight differential metabolites, including linoleic acid, serine, glutamate, and tyrosine, were identified in HUA patients with hyperlipidaemia. Pathway analysis showed that they were mainly related to 7 metabolic pathways, including the linoleic acid metabolism pathway, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathway. Conclusions Compared to the general population, the HUA population had a higher incidence of hyperlipidaemia. HUA can cause hyperlipidaemia. by affecting the metabolic pathways of linoleic acid metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. Fatty liver is closely associated with changes in the biosynthesis pathway of pahenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan in HUA patients with hyperlipidaemia. Changes in the glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathway in HUA patients with hyperlipidaemia may lead to chronic kidney disease.

Objectives: Hyperlipidemia (HL) is a major cause of ischemic heart diseases. The size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC), a cardioprotective phenomenon, is reduced in HL, possibly because of the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). The objective of this study is to see what effect pretreatment with Inula racemosa Hook root extract (IrA) had on IPC-mediated cardioprotection on HL Wistar rat hearts. An isolated rat heart was mounted on the Langendorff heart array, and then ischemia reperfusion (I/R) and IPC cycles were performed. Atractyloside (Atr) is an MPTP opener.Methods: The animals were divided into ten groups, each consisting of six rats (n = 6), to investigate the modulation of I. racemosa Hook extract on cardioprotection by IPC in HL hearts: Sham control, I/R Control, IPC control, I/R + HL, I/R + IrA + HL, IPC + HL, IPC + NS + HL, IPC + IrA+ HL, IPC + Atr + oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, integrity, and hemodynamic parameters are evaluated for each group.Results: The present experimental data show that pretreatment with IrA reduced the LDH, CK-MB, size of myocardial infarction, content of cardiac collagen, and ventricular fibrillation in all groups of HL rat hearts. This pretreatment also reduced the oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Inhibition of MPTP opening by Atr diminished the effect of IrA on IPC-mediated cardioprotection in HL rats.Conclusion: The study findings indicate that pretreatment with IrA e restores IPC-mediated cardioprotection in HL rats by inhibiting the MPTP opening.

Context Swertia mussotii Franch. (Gentianaceae) is a source of the traditional Tibetan medicine, ZangYinChen, and is used to treat chronic hepatitis and many types of jaundice.Objective This study explored the therapeutic effects and mechanism of S. mussotii on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia.Materials and methods After a week of adaptive feeding, 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: (1) Control, (2) Control-S, (3) Model, and (4) Model-S. During the 12 experimental weeks, we established the Model using a high-fat diet. Control-S and Model-S were given 1.0 g/kg S. mussotii water extract via gavage starting in the fifth week until the end of experiment.Results When compared with Model rats, the S. mussotii water extract led to a reduction in high-density lipoproteins (43.9%) and albumin (13.9%) and a decrease in total cholesterol (54.0%), triglyceride (45.6%), low-density lipoproteins (8.6%), aspartate aminotransferase (11.0%), alanine aminotransferase (15.5%), alkaline phosphatase (19.1%), total protein (6.4%), and glucose (20.8%) in serum. A reduction in three cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) was detected. Histopathological examination showed that liver steatosis was significantly relieved in S. mussotii-treated high-fat diet rats. S. mussotii also caused a downregulation in the expression of TLR4 (43.2%), MyD88 (33.3%), and a decrease in phosphorylation of NF-κB.Discussion and conclusions Our findings indicate that S. mussotii may act as a potential anti-inflammation drug via inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Further in vivo and in vitro studies are needed to validate its potential in clinical medicine.

Context Camel milk is used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus hypertension and other metabolic disorders.Objective This study evaluated the antisteatotic and antihypertensive effects of camel milk protein hydrolysate (CMH) in high fructose (HF)-fed rats and compared it with the effects afforded by the intact camel milk protein extract (ICM).Materials and methods Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups (n = 8 each) as 1) control, 2) ICM (1000 mg/kg), 3) CMH (1000 mg/kg), 4) HF (15% in drinking water), 5) HF (15%) + ICM (1000 mg/kg), and 6) HF (15%) + CMH (1000 mg/kg). All treatments were given orally for 21 weeks, daily.Results Both ICM and CMH reduced fasting glucose and insulin levels, serum and hepatic levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, and serum levels of ALT and AST, angiotensin II, ACE, endothelin-1, and uric acid in HF-fed rats. In addition, both ICM and CMH reduced hepatic fat deposition in the hepatocytes and reduced hepatocyte damage. This was associated with an increase in the hepatic activity of AMPK, higher PPARα mRNA, reduced expression of fructokinase C, SREBP1, SREBP2, fatty acid synthase, and HMG-CoA-reductase. Both treatments lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, the effects of CMH on all these parameters were greater as compared to ICM.Discussion and conclusions The findings of this study encourage the use of CMH in a large-scale population and clinical studies to treat metabolic steatosis and hypertension.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a urological disease prevalent among the ageing male population, which impairs the quality of life, including hyperlipidaemia and a decline in renal functions. Combining Anthocleista vogelii and Alstonia boonei stem bark extract has effectively managed BPH and its associated complications. This study evaluated the effects of a combined Anthocleista vogelii and Alstonia boonei stem bark extract (CAASBE) on the lipid profile and renal functions of rats induced benign prostatic hyperplasia with testosterone propionate injection. The study comprised five treatment groups, with groups 1 – 5 being the normal control, BPH control, standard control, BPH+200 mg/kg CAASBE, and BPH+400 mg/kg CAASBE, respectively. BPH was induced in the groups 2 – 4 rats by subcutaneous administration of testosterone propionate injection (5 mg/kg) for 28 days, and treatment with Finasteride and CAASBE were administered orally. The BPH control rats exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the total serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), urea, creatinine and significant (p < 0.05) decline in the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared to the normal control. Conversely, treatment of the BPH rats with 200 and 400 mg/kg of CAASBE significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the altered total serum cholesterol, TAG, LDL-C, HDL-C, urea and creatinine to normal levels comparable to that of the normal control and standard control respectively. These findings show that CAASBE alleviates hyperlipidaemia and renal malfunctions in the BPH rats suggesting it could be effective in managing BPH complication.

Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in the hepatic inflammation induced by apical periodontitis (AP). Periapical, systemic and hepatic reaction to AP under hyperlipidaemia was also investigated. Methodology: A total of 16 male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed with a hyperlipidaemic diet (HD) whereas another 16 rats with a normal diet (ND). After 9 weeks, the first molars of the right maxilla and mandible of 8 HD and 8 ND rats were exposed to induce AP (ND, ND + AP, HD and HD + AP group). After 5 weeks, rats were euthanized, the haematological tissue was collected directly from the heart, and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured. Liver tissue was analysed by haematoxylin–eosin and Masson staining, and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was performed to detect mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines. Serum, periapical, and hepatic OS parameters including total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The area of AP lesion in the right maxilla or mandible was radiographically assessed. Student's t‐test was performed on the periapical data. A one‐way analysis of variance and the Kruskal–Wallis test were analysed for others. Results: The HD + AP group had a larger AP lesion in the maxilla, compared with the ND + AP group (p <.05). The ND + AP group presented higher serum interleukin (IL)‐18, IL‐1β, TOS, OSI levels, lower serum TOAC levels, higher hepatic tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α mRNA expression and higher hepatic TOS, and OSI levels, compared with the ND group (p <.05). The HD + AP group had lower serum IL‐4 level, higher serum IL‐1β level, and higher hepatic IL‐6 and transforming growth factor (TGF) ‐β1 mRNA expression, compared with the HD group (p <.05). Conclusions: Apical periodontitis could activate systemic and liver inflammation by promoting serum IL‐18, 1L‐1β, TOS and OSI expression, enhancing hepatic TOS and OSI expression and inhibiting serum TOAC expression. AP under hyperlipidaemia led to more profound periapical bone destruction in the maxilla and elicit systemic and liver inflammatory responses through elevating serum levels of IL‐1β, descending serum IL‐4 level and improving hepatic IL‐6 and TGF‐β1 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperlipidaemia is one of the essential public health risk factors that can cause other metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Dieting and healthy lifestyle have been among the primary approaches. However, medication is required to regulate the lipid profile in some instances. Therefore, there has been an increase in interest in using or integrating herbal medicine with modern medicine in treating hyperlipidaemia. Nonetheless, preparing standardised herbal extract or products has been one of the major challenges in the herbal industry. Standardising herbal extract or product (single plant-based or mixture of multiple herbs) is needed to ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of the herbal maintained from batch to batch before it is released to the market. The present review thus evaluates several herbal plants with anti-hyperlipidaemic activities, quality control using chemical markers, and metabolomics application in herbal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the haematinic, antihyperlipidaemic, hepato-renal protective effects of Terminalia catappa aqueous leaf extract on male Wistar rats exposed to phenylhydrazine toxicity. Animals were exposed to phenylhydrazine (PHZ) 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal for two consecutive days thereafter, treated with T. catappa extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) orally for 21 days. After the experimentation, animals were sedated with ketamine (70 mg/kg) and euthanized by cervical dislodgement. Blood and organs were collected for haematology and biochemical studies following standard laboratory methods. Our study showed that T. catappa significantly increased erythrocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit and high density lipoprotein as well as down-regulating leukocytes, thrombocytes, ALP AST, ALT creatinine, urea, total cholesterol as well as low density lipoprotein. The liver, kidney and spleen antioxidant defence were also up-regulated against the adverse effect caused by phenylhydrazine exposure. Terminalia catappa attenuated Phenylhydrazine-induced anaemia and hepato-renal toxicity in male Wistar rat by boosting blood cells, modulation of lipoproteins and up-regulation of in vivo antioxidant armouries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the available evidence emphasizes the beneficial effects of probiotics in normalizing various cardiometabolic markers, there is still substantial uncertainty in this regard. Thus, we set out to determine the effect sizes of probiotics on blood lipid parameters more coherently. A systematic literature search of the Medline (PubMed) and Scopus databases was conducted from inception to 12 February 2021, applying both MeSH terms and free text terms to find the relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The meta-analysis was conducted based on a random-effect model to calculate the mean effect sizes demonstrated as weighted mean differences (WMDs) and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). To explore the heterogeneity, the Cochrane χ2 test, and analysis of Galbraith plots were performed. Meta-analysis of data from 40 RCTs (n = 2795) indicated a significant decrease in serum/plasma triglyceride [WMD (95% CI) = –12.26 (–17.11 to –7.41) mg/dL; P -value <0.001; I2 (%) = 29.9; P heterogeneity = 0.034], total cholesterol (with high heterogeneity) (WMD (95% CI) = –8.43 (–11.90 to –4.95) mg/dL; P -value <0.001; I2 (%) = 56.8; P heterogeneity < 0.001), LDL-C [WMD (95% CI) = –5.08 (–7.61, –2.56) mg/dL; P -value <0.001; I2 (%) = 42.7; P heterogeneity = 0.002], and HDL-C (with high heterogeneity) (WMD (95% CI) = 1.14 (0.23, 2.05) mg/dL; P -value = 0.014; I2 (%) = 59.8; P heterogeneity < 0.001) following receiving probiotic/synbiotic supplements. Collectively, the current preliminary evidence supports the effectiveness of probiotics/synbiotics in improving dyslipidaemia and various lipid parameters more prominently among subjects with hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. However, large and well conducted RCTs are required to provide further convincing support for these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal control of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) is identified as a major target in reducing cardiovascular disease burden globally. However, existing lipid-lowering therapies have not been able to achieve LDLc targets even in developed countries. Therefore, novel therapies for the management of hyperlipidaemia are being trialled. Currently, there are three main groups of newer medicines; bempedoic acid, PCSK9 inhibitors and inclisiran, in addition to statins and ezetimibe in use for the management of hyperlipidaemia. This article aims to introduce these newer medicines and their clinical use in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.

RATIONALE:Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic condition that predisposes patients to substantially increased risk of early-onset atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. FH risks can be minimized through regular participation in three self-management. BEHAVIORS: physical activity, healthy eating, and taking cholesterol lowering medication. OBJECTIVE:The present study tested the effectiveness of an integrated social cognition model in predicting intention to participate in the self-management behaviors in FH patients from seven countries. METHOD:Consecutive patients in FH clinics from Australia, Hong Kong, Brazil, Malaysia, Taiwan, China, and UK (total N = 726) completed measures of social cognitive beliefs about illness from the common sense model of self-regulation, beliefs about behaviors from the theory of planned behavior, and past behavior for the three self-management behaviors. RESULTS:Structural equation models indicated that beliefs about behaviors from the theory of planned behavior, namely, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, were consistent predictors of intention across samples and behaviors. By comparison, effects of beliefs about illness from the common sense model were smaller and trivial in size. Beliefs partially mediated past behavior effects on intention, although indirect effects of past behavior on intention were larger for physical activity relative to taking medication and healthy eating. Model constructs did not fully account for past behavior effects on intentions. Variability in the strength of the beliefs about behaviors was observed across samples and behaviors. CONCLUSION:Current findings outline the importance of beliefs about behaviors as predictors of FH self-management behaviors. Variability in the relative contribution of the beliefs across samples and behaviors highlights the imperative of identifying sample- and behavior-specific correlates of FH self-management behaviors.

Cardiovascular risk factors could be present in mild adrenal au tonomous cortisol secretion (MACS). However, the most frequent cardiovascular risk factors in MACS have not been established. The aim of the present study was to analyse the di fference in cardiovascular risk factors in patients with MACS in comparison to those with non-functioning adrenal tumour (NFAT). A total of 295 patients with adrenal incidentalo ma were included in this retrospective study. We divided our group into those who showed suppression in 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) (NFAT) (serum co rtisol level ≤1.8 μg/ dL) and those who did not show suppression in the DST (MACS) (s erum concentration of cortisol > 1.8 μg/dL and ≤5 μg/dL). In the studied groups, we analysed the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular events. In our study, 18.9% of patients were defined as MACS. Importantly, T2DM was diagnosed in 41% of MACS vs 23% of NFAT (P < 0.01) and higher frequency of occurrence of hyperlipidaemia in NFAT (72.4%) vs MACS (53.6%) (P = 0.01) was observed. We did not observed differences in the frequency of obesity, hypertension, chronic kidney disea se, prediabetes, atrial fibrillation, stroke, ST and non-ST elevation myocardial infarct ion and coronary angioplasty between patients with MACS and NFAT (all P > 0.05; respectively). In MACS, T2DM is more prevalent than in NFAT; hyperlipidaemia is more prevalent in NFAT. Accordingly, no differences were found in the incidence of obesity, hypertension , prediabetes, chronic kidney disease between studied groups as well as cardiovascular events.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading killers in the world today, and hyperlipidemia is one of the main risk factors. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia is rising dramatically worldwide and is mostly felt in poorer nations. The majority of communities and individuals in Africa are known to turn to ethnomedicine for their medical requirements. The tropical plant Carica papaya, which is grown for its edible, ripe fruit in Africa, was used in folk medicine for treatment of cardiovascular issues as well as a number of serious illnesses. This study assessed the anticholesterolemic property of the ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya leaves, adapting the egg yolk-induced hyperlipidaemia model in Wistar albino rats. This study prepared egg yolk to induce hyperlipidaemia in the Wistar rats, then treated some groups with the extract of Carica papaya leaves, and other groups with the standard drug Fenofibrate. The Wistar rats in the control group were given 2% acacia instead of egg yolk. The total cholesterol, triglycerides, as well as biological and haematological parameters, were determined. The Carica papaya leaves extracts significantly (p 250 mg/kg > Fenofibrate (2.29 mg/kg) > 500 mg/kg. With the potential efficacy of Carica papaya leaves extract in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and, as a result, cardiovascular diseases, more research on bioactive molecule isolation/characterisation for pharmaceutical use or incorporation into functional food products for CVD management is required.

Objectives: To determine the combined effects of chamomile and saffron herbs as an adjuvant therapy in patients with metabolic alterations associated with mild to moderate depression. Method: The prospective, randomised, blinded, end-point pilot study was conducted at the Aga Khan University, Karachi, from August to October 2020, and comprised patients with mild to moderate depression with or without diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. The subjects were randomised into intervention group A, which was given herbal tea sachets containing saffron 1mg and chamomile 20mg for twice a day oral use for a month along with medications, and control group B, which was advised to continue their routine medications. Data was collected at baseline and post-intervention using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for assessing depression severity, and blood samples for cholesterol estimations. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 50 subjects, 25(50%) were in each of the two groups. Cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and depression values were significantly better in group A than in group B (p

Purpose: Tangzhiqing formula (TZQ) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescribed to treat lipid metabolism disorders, atherosclerosis, diabetes and diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, some challenges and hurdles remain. TZQ showed promising results in treating diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. However, its effect on and mechanism of action in hyperlipidaemia complicated with myocardial ischaemia (HL-MI) remain unknown. Methods: In this study, a network pharmacology-based strategy integrating target prediction was adopted to predict the targets of TZQ relevant to the treatment of HL-MI and to further explore the involved pharmacological mechanisms. Results: A total of 104 potential therapeutic targets were obtained, including MMP9, Bcl-2, and Bax, which may be related to the apoptosis and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways. Then, we confirmed these potential targets and pathways with animal experimentation. TZQ reduced lipid levels, increased the expression levels of Bcl-2, decreased Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression levels, and activated the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the protective mechanisms of TZQ against HL-MI through network pharmacology and pharmacological approaches.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is composed of central obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and hypertension that increase an individual's tendency to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Kelulut honey (KH) produced by stingless bee species has a rich phenolic profile. Recent studies have demonstrated that KH could suppress components of MetS, but its mechanisms of action are unknown. A total of 18 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control rats (C group) (n = 6), MetS rats fed with a high carbohydrate high fat (HCHF) diet (HCHF group) (n = 6), and MetS rats fed with HCHF diet and treated with KH (HCHF + KH group) (n = 6). The HCHF + KH group received 1.0 g/kg/day KH via oral gavage from week 9 to 16 after HCHF diet initiation. Compared to the C group, the MetS group experienced a significant increase in body weight, body mass index, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum triglyceride (TG) and leptin, as well as the area and perimeter of adipocyte cells at the end of the study. The MetS group also experienced a significant decrease in serum HDL levels versus the C group. KH supplementation reversed the changes in serum TG, HDL, leptin, adiponectin and corticosterone levels, SBP, DBP, as well as adipose tissue 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) level, area and perimeter at the end of the study. In addition, histological observations also showed that KH administration reduced fat deposition within hepatocytes, and prevented deterioration of pancreatic islet and renal glomerulus. In conclusion, KH is effective in preventing MetS by suppressing leptin, corticosterone and 11βHSD1 levels while elevating adiponectin levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the cholesteryl esters transfer protein (CETP) gene (rs708272) was reported to affect statin efficacy. This study investigated the association between CETP rs708272 and statin's lipid-lowering effects in hyperlipidaemic participants at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan. Methods: A total of 229 hyperlipidaemic statin users (96.1% Malays) were recruited, and a single blood sample (3 mL) was obtained for DNA extraction. The genotypes were determined using PCR-RFLP method and validated by sequencing analysis. Results: The minor allele frequency for rs708272 in all participants was 0.391, with no difference between females and males. At the baseline, the SNP was associated with different low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) and triglyceride (TG) levels in females, but not males, when the GG and GA+AA genotypes were compared using a dominant genetic model. Regardless of the genotype, the total cholesterol and LDL-c levels decreased significantly (P < 0.001) in both genders after statin treatment, but the TG levels decreased exclusively in females with the GG genotypes. In both genders, high density lipoprotein levels were unaffected before and after the statin treatment. Conclusion: To improve the management of hyperlipidaemia, future research should consider patient gender when assessing the CETP rs708272 impact on LDL-c and TG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG; defined as ≥1.7 mmol/L) has a prevalence of 18–33% with significant inter‐regional variation. Despite meta‐analysis demonstrating its association with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, only 40% of HTG is identified in the community resulting in underutilisation of lipid‐lowering therapy and specialist clinics. An increase in awareness of its clinical risk factors is needed to improve the identification and management of HTG to prevent cardiovascular risk. Aims: To evaluate the prevalence, distribution and clinical predictors of HTG ≥1.7 mmol/L in a representative community group. Methods: Data were obtained from the Hunter Community Study (HCS), a longitudinal cohort of community‐dwelling men and women aged 55−85 years residing in Newcastle, New South Wales. Fasting triglycerides were identified based on the availability of fasting blood glucose level and categorised according to normal (<1.7 mmol/L), mild (1.7 to <2.3 mmol/L) and moderate–severe HTG (≥2.3 mmol/L). Clinical predictors of HTG were assessed using linear and logistic regression models. Results: Of 2536 triglyceride levels, 2216 (87%) were in a fasting state and included in the study. Three hundred and two (13.6%) participants had mild HTG and 221 (10.0%) participants had moderate–severe HTG. Significant clinical predictors of HTG included male gender, increasing body mass index, current smoking, decreasing daily step counts, increasing fasting glucose and higher thyroid‐stimulating hormone. Alcohol intake and blood pressure were not significant in either adjusted regression model. Conclusions: HTG ≥1.7 mmol/L is common, affecting 24% of the HCS. Clinical predictors identify modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular risk management. Clinician education to promote awareness is required to improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Hyperlipidemia and T cell driven inflammation are important drivers of atherosclerosis, the main underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. Here, we detailed the effects of hyperlipidemia on T cells. Methods and results In vitro, exposure of human and murine CD4+ T cells to very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), but not to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) resulted in upregulation of Th1 associated pathways. VLDL was taken up via a CD36-dependent pathway and resulted in membrane stiffening and a reduction in lipid rafts. To further detail this response in vivo , T cells of mice lacking the LDL receptor (LDLr), which develop a strong increase in VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels upon high cholesterol feeding were investigated. CD4+ T cells of hyperlipidemic Ldlr -/- mice exhibited an increased expression of the C-X-C-chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) and produced more interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Gene set enrichment analysis identified IFN-γ-mediated signaling as the most upregulated pathway in hyperlipidemic T cells. However, the classical Th1 associated transcription factor profile with strong upregulation of Tbet and Il12rb2 was not observed. Hyperlipidemia did not affect levels of the CD4+ T cell's metabolites involved in glycolysis or other canonical metabolic pathways but enhanced amino acids levels. However, CD4+ T cells of hyperlipidemic mice showed increased cholesterol accumulation and an increased arachidonic acid (AA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ratio, which was associated with inflammatory T cell activation. Conclusions Hyperlipidemia, and especially its VLDL component induces an atypical Th1 response in CD4+ T cells. Underlying mechanisms include CD36 mediated uptake of VLDL, and an altered AA/DHA ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of abnormalities which is characterized by hyperglycaemia. This study was mainly undertaken in order to study the burden of metabolic syndrome in newly detected type 2 diabetes mellitus cases. Material and Methods A case control study was conducted in 50 cases and 50 controls in a tertiary care centre. The cases included newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus cases. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed by modified WHO criteria including fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 hour post prandial blood sugar (2 hr PPBS), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), Height (H), Weight (W), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index, serum creatinine were estimated. At the baseline the blood samples were taken after minimum 6 hours overnight fasting. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 22.0% in newly diagnosed diabetes cases and 14.0% of the controls. This study had shown that, 18.0% of the newly diagnosed diabetics and 98.0% of the controls were physically active. There was statistically significant difference in the fasting blood sugar levels and HbA1c. There was no statistically significant difference in the triglyceride level, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL levels. A statistically significant difference was observed in the microalbumin levels between the cases and controls. Conclusion This study concluded that, the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in newly detected diabetes mellitus patients when compared to controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Psychological stress has been linked to lipid dysregulation with noticeable gender differences, but it remains unclear whether women are more susceptible to non-optimal lipid levels than men, when experiencing stressful life events. This study aims to examine the association between stressful life events and non-optimal lipid levels among persons with hyperlipidaemia and whether the association differs between men and women. Methods and results: A nested case–control study was performed using data from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort (WSC) Study from 2011 to 2015, including 224 participants with hyperlipidaemia and without a history of myocardial infarction or heart failure. Among them, 63 participants with non-optimal LDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels were identified as cases, and 161 participants with optimal LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were identified as controls. Cases and controls were traced back to their self-reported life events collected through the Retirement and Sleep Trajectories study during 2010–11. The association between stressful life events and non-optimal lipid levels was examined using multivariable logistic regression; confounding effects were addressed using propensity score weighting and Mahalanobis distance matching; gender differences were examined using subgroup analysis. Results showed that a higher number of stressful life events during 2010–11 was associated with greater odds of non-optimal lipid levels during 2011–15 (odds ratio = 1.45, P = 0.03) among women with hyperlipidaemia, whereas the association was not significant among men with hyperlipidaemia (P = 0.910). Conclusion: Future studies are needed to examine the underlying mechanisms that explain gender differences in the association between stressful life events and non-optimal lipid levels. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00005557 Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperlipidaemia is causally related to coronary artery diseases (CAD) and peripheral artery diseases (PAD) in people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). An in vivo study confirmed that virgin coconut oil (VCO) could maintain levels of lipids in the blood as effectively as conventional therapy. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of VCO on the lipid profiles and ankle–brachial index (ABI) of patients with DM. In this experimental study with pre- and post-test design and a control group, the participants were selected purposively. The ABI was evaluated on the first visit. Baseline lipid profile readings were taken. Each participant took 1.2 mL/kgBW of VCO daily and divided it into three doses. After 30 days of taking VCO, laboratory examinations and ABI were repeated, and adverse events were evaluated. The dependent t-test and Wilcoxon sign rank test with a significance level of α ≤ 0.05 showed a significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (p = 0.002), a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (p = 0.031), a significant decrease in energy intake (p = 0.046) and cholesterol intake (p = 0.023) at the endpoint in the VCO group. In conclusion, this therapy is beneficial for maintaining lipid profile when combined with dietary therapy. Future studies should investigate the duration and dosage of VCO on patients to maintain lipid-linked protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hyperlipidaemia may play a significant role in the interrelationship between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and periodontal disease. A potential mechanism that links these three aspects together is the oral microbiota. We wanted to determine if there is an association between hyperlipidaemia, periodontal disease, and the oral microbiota of children with T1D, as this has not yet been explored. Methods: In a post-hoc, cross-sectional study using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we explored links between oral bacterial diversity and composition of gingival swab samples from 72 children with T1D to periodontal risk factors and hyperlipidaemia status of first-degree relatives. While multiple periodontal risk factors were assessed, we used periodontal pocket depth of 3 mm to characterise periodontal risk. As periodontal pocket depth confounded the analysis of familial history of hyperlipidaemia, a multivariate analyses were performed (i.e., no periodontal risk markers in children with or without a family history of hyperlipidaemia were compared to counterparts who did not have periodontal risk markers) to examine linkages between these factors and diversity and composition of the microbiome. Results: In participants with no periodontitis risk, children with a family history of dyslipidemia had different bacterial diversity and composition compared to those without a familar hisitory. In contrast, such differences did not exist in the children with periodontal risk, whether or not they had a family history of hyperlipidaemia. Co-occurrence networks showed that these differences in children with no periodontists risk were linked to the presence of fewer oral microbial networks, but more microbes linked to mature plaque structures. In contrast, children with periodontal risk markers, regardless of family history of hyperlipidaemia, contained co-occurrence networks that were associated with microbes linked to periodontal disease. Conclusions: In children diagnosed with T1D, our findings support an association between oral microbiota and two different exposure variables: familial history of hyperlipidaemia and periodontal risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo root as by-product of bamboo shoot processing is rich in dietary fibre. The protective effects of bamboo root dietary fibre (BRDF) with different intake dose on the hyperlipidaemia mice were investigated. The mice weight in the high dose (HD) group was 31.18 g, lower than that of high fat diet (HFD) group (33.71 g, p <.05), after consuming BRDF. The contents of TC, TG and LDL-C in HD group mice were significantly reduced (p <.05). The mice liver index significantly decreased in the BRDF group compared to the HFD group. TC and TG contents in the liver of HD mice were 0.85 mmol·g−1 and 0.83 mmol·g−1, respectively, significantly lower than 2.25 mmol·g−1 and 1.46 mmol·g−1 in the normal control group (p <.05). H&E staining showed a reduction in inflammatory infiltration. These results suggested that BRDF in the daily diet could reduce blood lipids in vivo and prevent hyperlipidaemia. CO2 extrudedbamboo shoot fiberintervention controlled food-borne obesity in mice. CO2 extruded bamboo shootfiber, as a food ingredient, hasa good effect on lowering blood lipids. Reuse bambooshoot processing by-products to save resources and protect the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore whether flaxseed could be used to ameliorate various CVD biomarkers. In the first phase, flaxseed's nutritional composition was performed. In the second phase, a 32-day efficacy trial was conducted on 20 Sprague Dawley rats. All physical and biochemical tests were performed on the initial and final days. Results revealed that blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cells, and platelets were increased. Having significant clinical findings, a marketable flaxseed-supplemented muffin recipe was developed using flaxseed-supplemented flour at 0%, 5%, 10%, 12%, and 20%. Farinographic investigations of flaxseed-supplemented flour revealed its improved baking potential through more excellent water absorption and dough development time. The flaxseed-supplemented muffins revealed a significant rise of 15% in protein, 60% in fiber, 23% in ash, 60% in healthy vegetative fats and sensorial parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Network pharmacology was used to predict potential compounds, targets and pathways of action in hawthorn leaves for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia, and the network pharmacology predictions were validated in conjunction with target enzyme and cellular assays. The material basis and mechanism of action of hawthorn leaves against hyperlipidemia. Methods: The chemical components of hawthorn leaves were obtained through the traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology database analysis platform and literature mining, and the potential targets were obtained by using the relevant databases. GO and KEGG analysis were carried out to construct the “component-target-pathway” network. The effective components and potential targets predicted by network pharmacology were verified by ERK2 kinase, oil red O staining and triglyceride experiment. Results: After the network pharmacology screening, 96 active ingredients and 40 interacting target proteins were obtained from hawthorn leaves. The results of KEGG analysis indicated that the therapeutic effects of the active ingredient on hyperlipidaemia were mainly through the following signalling pathways: Metabolic pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, insulin resistance, thyroid hormone signaling pathway. According to the prediction results of network pharmacology, combined with the representative compounds of hawthorn leaves isolated by the research group, the ERK2 kinase activity of six compounds such as vitexin was tested. The results showed that the inhibition rate of vitexin on ERK2 kinase was the highest, reaching 84%. By constructing high-fat HepG2 cell model, oil red O staining and quantitative experiment were carried out, and TG content was measured. It was found that after vitexin intervention, the number of lipid droplets in cells gradually decreased with the increasing of vitexin concentration, and TG content decreased, indicating that vitexin could reduce lipid accumulation and TG content in cells. Further, the results of network pharmacology predicted the anti hyperlipidemia effect of vitexin in hawthorn leaves were verified. Conclusion: In this paper, network pharmacology was used to predict the material basis and mechanism of action of compounds in hawthorn leaves against hyperlipidemia. Target enzyme, oil red O staining and TG quantification experiments initially confirmed the network pharmacology predictions, while suggesting that vitexin would be promising as a potential therapeutic compound for reducing intracellular lipid content.

Obesity is defined as abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat, which always causes serious harm to body health. In this work, an anti-obesity strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BHP03 (L. plantarum), was explored. This strain showed good reproductive and acid production abilities. And its simulated intestinal fluid tolerance was better than that of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG（LGG). The in vitro lipid-lowering indicators (inhibition rate of pancreatic lipase, bile-acid salt binding capacity) of L. plantarum BHP03 were at the same level as LGG, but L. plantarum BHP03 exhibited better ability to clear cholesterol. Further, L. plantarum BHP03 was used to intervene high-fat diet mice by oral administration. The results showed that high (109 CFU/day) and low (108 CFU/day) doses of L. plantarum BHP03 could alleviate excessive weight gain caused by high-fat diet and improve the symptoms of hepatorenal enlargement and liver fatty lesions. In addition, high dose L. plantarum BHP03 significantly reduced the content of the serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mice. Moreover, high dose L. plantarum BHP03 enhanced the species richness of intestinal flora in mice fed with high-fat diet, decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Staphylococcus and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Dubosiella , Akkermansia , Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Therefore, it could be concluded that high dose L. plantarum BHP03 was more effective in preventing obesity and balancing gut microbiota. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for the application of lactobacilli to develop functional foods related to anti-obesity. • L. plantarum BHP03 had a good lipid-lowering ability in vitro. • L. plantarum BHP03 showed good anti-obesity effects on mice with high-fat diets. • L. plantarum BHP03 had an improving effect on serum cholesterol related indicators. • L. plantarum BHP03 could improve the dysbiosis of intestinal flora in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiome is a versatile system regulating numerous aspects of host metabolism. Among other traits, variations in the composition of gut microbial communities are related to blood lipid patterns and hyperlipidaemia, yet inconsistent association patterns exist. This study aims to assess the relationships between the composition of the gut microbiome and variations in lipid profiles among healthy adults. This study used data and samples from 23 adult participants of a previously conducted dietary intervention study. Circulating lipid measurements and whole-metagenome sequences of the gut microbiome were derived from 180 blood and faecal samples collected from eight visits distributed across an 11-week study. Lipid-related variables explained approximately 4.5% of the variation in gut microbiome compositions, with higher effects observed for total cholesterol and high-density lipoproteins. Species from the genera Odoribacter, Anaerostipes, and Parabacteroides correlated with increased serum lipid levels, whereas probiotic species like Akkermansia muciniphila were more abundant among participants with healthier blood lipid profiles. An inverse correlation with serum cholesterol was also observed for Massilistercora timonensis, a player in regulating lipid turnover. The observed correlation patterns add to the growing evidence supporting the role of the gut microbiome as an essential regulator of host lipid metabolism.

Background: Dyslipidaemia is a common metabolic condition occurring in people with HIV (PWH), whether treated or untreated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). As people live longer with HIV, ongoing lipid abnormalities may contribute to increased cardiovascular disease risk. This article aims to provide a narrative updated review on the clinical evaluation and management of dyslipidaemia in PWH. Methods: A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key term “HIV dyslipidemia”. The search strategy included clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, observational studies and reviews. The search was restricted to the English literature and the population of PWH. Results: HIV infection causes dysregulation of metabolic processes, including lipid metabolism, thus leading to dyslipidaemia. The main lipid changes seen in untreated HIV infection are elevated triglyceride levels but lower total, LDL and HDL-cholesterol levels. Treatment of HIV infection with ART often leads to a ‘return to health’ increase in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol back towards pre-HIV infection levels. However, specific ART may cause a further increase in triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The treatment of dyslipidaemia is similar in both HIV and non-HIV populations and includes both non-pharmacological and pharmacological options, with a few caveats. Conclusions: The management of dyslipidaemia is aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk via the utilization of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Whilst treatment options are similar, awareness of the impact of polypharmacy and drug interactions between ART and lipid-lowering medications in addition to close monitoring for adverse events is key to being successful in managing dyslipidaemia in PWH.

Hyperlipidaemia, which is characterized by an excess of lipids or fats in the bloodstream, is a high-risk factor and critical indicator of many metabolic diseases. This study used 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics to determine that stachyose (ST) has a therapeutic effect and is a mechanism of hyperlipidaemia. These results show that ST significantly attenuated high-fat diet-induced weight gain and fat deposition while also adjusting the gut microbial composition. Untargeted serum metabolomics identified 12 biomarkers, which suggests that ST may function by regulating metabolic pathways. These results highlight the potential of ST in treating hyperlipidaemia and provides directions for future research including an in-depth investigation of the bioactive components, dosage, and treatment strategies of ST.

Background: Both hyperuricaemia and hyperlipidaemia are common metabolic diseases that are closely related to each other, and both are independent risk factors for the development of a variety of diseases. HUA combined with hyperlipidaemia increases the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary heart disease. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between HUA and hyperlipidaemia and study the metabolic pathway changes in patients with HUA associated with hyperlipidaemia using metabolomics. Methods: This was a case‒control study. The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in HUA patients in the physical examination population of Tianjin Union Medical Centre in 2018 was investigated. Metabolomics analysis was performed on 308 HUA patients and 100 normal controls using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. A further metabolomics study of 30 asymptomatic HUA patients, 30 HUA patients with hyperlipidaemia, and 30 age-and sex-matched healthy controls was conducted. Differential metabolites were obtained from the three groups by orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis, and relevant metabolic pathways changes were analysed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 software. Results: The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in HUA patients was 69.3%. Metabolomic analysis found that compared with the control group, 33 differential metabolites, including arachidonic acid, alanine, aspartate, phenylalanine and tyrosine, were identified in asymptomatic HUA patients. Pathway analysis showed that these changes were mainly related to 3 metabolic pathways, including the alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathway. Thirty-eight differential metabolites, including linoleic acid, serine, glutamate, and tyrosine, were identified in HUA patients with hyperlipidaemia. Pathway analysis showed that they were mainly related to 7 metabolic pathways, including the linoleic acid metabolism pathway, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathway. Conclusions: Compared to the general population, the HUA population had a higher incidence of hyperlipidaemia. HUA can cause hyperlipidaemia. by affecting the metabolic pathways of linoleic acid metabolism and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism. Fatty liver is closely associated with changes in the biosynthesis pathway of pahenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan in HUA patients with hyperlipidaemia. Changes in the glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathway in HUA patients with hyperlipidaemia may lead to chronic kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal diabetes and/or obesity in pregnancy are undoubtedly associated with later disease-risk in the offspring. The placenta, interposed between the mother and the foetus, is a potential mediator of this risk through epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation. In recent years, multiple studies have identified differentially methylated CpG sites in the placental tissue DNA in pregnancies complicated by diabetes and obesity. We reviewed all published original research relevant to this topic and analysed our findings with the focus of identifying overlaps, contradictions, and gaps. Most studies focused on the association of gestational diabetes and/or hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and DNA methylation in placental tissue at term. We identified overlaps in results related to specific candidate genes, but also observed a large research gap of pregnancies affected by type 1 diabetes. Other unanswered questions relate to analysis of specific placental cell types and the timing of DNA methylation change in response to diabetes and obesity during pregnancy. Maternal metabolism is altered already in the first trimester involving structural and functional changes in the placenta, but studies into its effects on placental DNA methylation during this period are lacking and urgently needed. Foetal sex is also an important determinant of pregnancy outcome, but only few studies have taken this into account. Collectively, we provide a reference work for researchers working in this large and evolving field. Based on the results of the literature review, we formulate suggestions for future focus of placental DNA methylation studies in pregnancies complicated by diabetes and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Camel milk is used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus hypertension and other metabolic disorders. Objective: This study evaluated the antisteatotic and antihypertensive effects of camel milk protein hydrolysate (CMH) in high fructose (HF)-fed rats and compared it with the effects afforded by the intact camel milk protein extract (ICM). ICM (1000mg/kg), 3) CMH (1000mg/kg), 4) HF (15% in drinking water), 5) HF (15%) þ ICM (1000 mg/kg), and 6) HF (15%) þ CMH (1000mg/kg). All treatments were given orally for 21 weeks, daily. Results: Both ICM and CMH reduced fasting glucose and insulin levels, serum and hepatic levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, and serum levels of ALT and AST, angiotensin II, ACE, endothelin-1, and uric acid in HF-fed rats. In addition, both ICM and CMH reduced hepatic fat deposition in the hepatocytes and reduced hepatocyte damage. This was associated with an increase in the hepatic activity of AMPK, higher PPARa mRNA, reduced expression of fructokinase C, SREBP1, SREBP2, fatty acid synthase, and HMG-CoAreductase. Both treatments lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure. However, the effects of CMH on all these parameters were greater as compared to ICM. Discussion and conclusions: The findings of this study encourage the use of CMH in a large-scale population and clinical studies to treat metabolic steatosis and hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An epidemiological analysis assessing beverage consumption and risk factors for cardiovascular disease was conducted. Participants were 9–16 years old at enrolment, completed food frequency questionnaires in 1996–2001 and self-reported outcomes in 2010–2014. Exclusion criteria included missing data on relevant variables and covariates, prevalent disease before 2005, and implausible/extreme weight or energy intake. Intakes of orange juice, apple/other fruit juice, sugar-sweetened beverages and diet soda were related to the risk of incident hypertension or hyperlipidaemia using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusting for diet, energy intake, age, smoking, physical activity and body mass index. There were 9,043 participants with 618 cases of hypertension and 850 of hyperlipidaemia in 17 years of mean follow-up. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake but not fruit juice nor diet soda was associated with hypertension (hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.16 (1.03, 1.31)) in males. This study can guide beverage consumption as it relates to early predictors of cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]