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The illegal migration of Basotho women to South Africa in order to render domestic service is alarming because they are subjected to harsh treatment. This is a pastoral and theological concern for the church. As migrants, their struggle begins from the household circumstances that often force them to leave and seek job opportunities undocumented or without following prescribed migration procedures. They are then subjected to migration processes and procedures: for example, corruption and bribery by migration officers and illegal dealers ( lirurubele ). The working and living conditions in South Africa are often unconducive for illegal migrants. As economic and illegal migrants, they are often considered as lesser by prejudiced employers who treat them inhumanely. Accessing essential services also imposes a significant threat to their lives. Contribution: Through this study, the article will reveal the vulnerability faced by illegal migrant Basotho women as domestic workers in South Africa.

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht Julya Rabinowichs Migrationsroman Die Erdfresserin im Hinblick auf die Heterotopie Foucault der dort dargestellten Handlungsorte. Die Autorin lässt ihre osteuropäische Protagonistin ausgerechnet an den von Foucault als Abweichungsheterotopien bezeichneten Orten agieren und reflektieren, was dieser Figur signifikante kritisch-rebellische Widerstandskompetenzen verleiht. Diana agiert als illegale Migrantin, Prostituierte, gelernte Schauspielerin und Erdfresserin auf einem Wiener Friedhof an den Rändern der westeuropäischen Gesellschaft und fällt aus dieser peripheren Ausschlussposition signifikante Urteile über Widersprüche und Machtasymmetrien im gegenwärtigen Europa.United Europe and it’s adversary – Julya Rabinowich’s novel The Earth-Eater in the context of the contemporary labour migration movementThe following article examines Julya Rabinowich’s migraton novel The Earth-Eater regarding heterotopia Foucault of the presented narration places. Rabinowich’s east Europian protagonist acts and reflects in the heterotopias of deviation in the meaning of Foucault, what gives her a significant critical and rebellious resistance competence. Diana acts as illegal migrant, prostitute, trained actress and earth-eater in the Vienas cemetery on the fingers of west Europian society and passes of this periphery exclusion space the judgment on inconsistencies and power asymetry of the contemporary Europe.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe Burmese migrant women’s perceptions of health and well-being during pregnancy, their health promoting practices and their experiences with the Thai antenatal services.Design/methodology/approachThe study used an ethnographic design. Observations were conducted in two antenatal clinics in southern Thailand. Ten Burmese migrant women and three Burmese interpreters participated in interviews. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsThe Burmese women wanted to take care of themselves and their baby to the best of their ability. This included following traditional practices and attending the antenatal clinic if able. Negotiating the demands of earning an income, and protecting their unborn baby, sometimes led to unhealthy practices such as consuming energy drinks and herbal tonics to improve performance. Accessing antenatal care was a positive health seeking behaviour noted in this community, however, it was not available to all.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a small ethnographic study conducted in one Province in Thailand and all Burmese participants were legal migrants. Further research is required to understand the needs of pregnant women not able to access maternity services because of their status as an illegal migrant.Practical implicationsCommunity-based health promotion initiatives need to focus on the nutrition of pregnant women who are migrants living in southern Thailand. New models of care may increase migrant women’s use of antenatal services.Originality/valueMost studies of the health of migrant women are conducted in high-income countries. This study demonstrates the difficulties experienced by women migrating from a low to middle-income country.

This essay considers the fraught issue of clandestine migrations from East Pakistan/Bangladesh into India through a close reading of Prafulla Roy's Bengali short story “Stateless.” By drawing attention to the Indian state's slippery construction of the “illegal migrant” and to the increasingly constricting definition of Indian citizenship, I argue that the “illegal Bangladeshi” is a deeply unstable category, open to misuse and translation by different state actors/agencies. “Stateless” enables us to imagine the precarious existence of the sans papiers as de facto stateless persons and illustrates the importance of citizenship as legal status for those who don't have it.

Domestic work is an essential source of livelihood for women and men in Southeast Asia and requires legal protection, including for illegal migrant domestic worker. The ASEAN Consensus on Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Worker 2017 regulates the protection of migrant workers, including illegal migrant workers in the domestic sector. This research discusses the implications of the ASEAN Consensus on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Worker 2017 for the ASEAN member countries, particularly Indonesia. This research applies a juridical-normative approach focusing on the legal materials related to the protection of domestic workers. This research also applies the statute approach. The data are analyzed qualitatively. This research concludes that the ASEAN Consensus 2017 requires close cooperation between ASEAN countries in resolving cases of illegal migrant workers through preventive measures under national laws, regulations and policies that apply in ASEAN Member Countries. Indonesia is expected to be able to implement what was agreed in the ASEAN Consensus 2017 on national legislation and other domestic policies related to the protection and promotion of migrant workers’ rights in the domestic sector. Efforts in implementing the ASEAN Consensus 2017 on migrant workers for Indonesia can be pursued in two ways, efforts to improve internally and externally.

For a long time in the industrial configuration of Southern Africa, many South African neighbouring countries have been popularly known as the labour reserve economy for South African mines—and other industries. However, after the 1990s, employment opportunities for many in the mines started to decline as many mineworkers were retrenched. This led to declining means of livelihoods for many rural households in the region. The rural production shifted towards informal income activities that include zama zama or illegal mining. The significance of zama zama has increased, and most of the illegal mineworkers are unemployed South Africans, and those from the neighbouring countries such as Lesotho, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. With these groups coming together to work on disused gold mines, their interactions are often marred with conflicts, violence and killings in some cases. Looking at the case of Basotho illegal migrant mineworkers, this chapter explores the relationship between zama zama, conflict, mobility, turf wars and violence in disused gold mines in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The chapter further demonstrates the conflicts between different groups of Basotho illegal migrant mineworkers in underground, disused mines in a foreign country, South Africa. This chapter draws from the author’s doctoral thesis, extant literature and the researcher’s observations and experience in the study of unlicensed artisanal diamond mining in the highlands of Lesotho.

The text aims to identify aspects that should be considered in preparing the State’s institutions to effectively combat human trafficking of a transnational nature. It addresses four main issues. First, it notices the specific problems of foreign human trafficking victims, which could be confused or overlapped with other categories, such as migrant smuggling and illegal migrant status. Subsequently, it develops three fundamental arguments that give primacy to their status as victims of human trafficking and their specialized attention from a human rights perspective. Thirdly, it provides guidelines on the elements that should constitute this approach from the specific rights of foreign victims of human trafficking. Finally, the Peruvian legal and institutional framework is analyzed, as well as its possibilities and challenges for adequate attention to foreign victims of trafficking. El texto apunta a determinar los aspectos que deben ser considerados para perfeccionar el funcionamiento del aparato estatal con el fin de luchar efectivamente contra la trata de personas de carácter transnacional y para orientarlo por los principios propios de un enfoque de derechos humanos con respecto a la víctima de trata de personas. Aborda cuatro puntos centrales. Primero, advierte la problemática particular de las víctimas de trata extranjeras, al ser proclive su confusión o superposición con otras categorías, como la de tráfico de migrantes y migrante en condición irregular. Posteriormente, se desarrollan tres argumentos fundamentales que otorgan primacía a su condición de víctima de trata y a su atención especializada desde un enfoque de derechos humanos. Como tercer punto, se brindan directrices sobre los elementos que deben componer este enfoque, a partir de los derechos específicos de víctimas de trata extranjeras. Por último, se analiza el marco normativo e institucional peruano, y sus posibilidades y retos para lograr una atención adecuada a las víctimas de trata extranjera.

Access to health care and financial protection for migrants can be promoted through diverse health insurance schemes, designed to suit migrants&rsquo, needs within a specific context. The Migrant Fund (M-Fund) is a voluntary, non-profit health insurance scheme operating along the Thai&ndash, Myanmar border in Thailand since 2017 and aims to protect the health of migrants uncovered by existing government insurance schemes. A qualitative evaluation was conducted between December 2018 and March 2019 to determine M-Fund&rsquo, s operational impacts, provide recommendations for improvement, and draw suggestions about its role in protecting migrant health. In-depth interviews with 20 individuals and 5 groups were conducted in three categories: (1) International, national, and local partners, (2) M-Fund clients, and (3) M-Fund staff. Interview information was triangulated with findings from other informants, a document review, and researchers&rsquo, observations. Despite covering a small number of 9131 migrants, the M-Fund has contributed to improving access to care for migrants, raised awareness about migrant health protection, and reduced the financial burden for public hospitals. The M-Fund acts as a safety-net initiative for those left behind due to unclear government policy to protect the health of undocumented/illegal migrants. Despite clear merits, the issue of adverse selection to the scheme is a critical challenge. Evidence from this evaluation is useful to inform the future design of government insurance schemes for migrants.

Being a non-party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“1951 Refugee Convention”) and 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (“1967 Protocol”), Indonesia does not have legal obligations to provide permanent resettlement for asylum seeker and/or refugee. However, as a transit country for those seeking shelter in Australia, Indonesia undergoes a myriad of issues resulting from illegal entrance by asylum seeker and/or refugee. Besides having neither legal framework nor domestic mechanism to handle asylum seekers and/or refugee, Indonesia’s immigration law identifies every foreigner including asylum seeker and refugee who unlawfully enter Indonesia’s territory into the same box as illegal migrant. It then leads to the arrest of asylum seeker and/or refugee to be put in an over-capacity detention center or other places. This paper will analyze various issues related to asylum seeker and refugee in Indonesia and to weigh whether it is indispensable for Indonesia to accede to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol.

This chapter looks into laws relating to statelessness. It explores certain key concepts and their legal implications in India, for instance, who is an ‘illegal migrant’ in India, and how is citizenship defined in the context of India? It also delves into issues like, what is meant by right to nationality in international law, factors that give rise to a precarious condition of statelessness, the legal aspects of these concepts and so forth.

The article investigates the dynamics of tourist flows in Ukraine and concludes about their growth in recent years, including through the policy of European integration. It is revealed that the development of tourism in Ukraine is accompanied by the spread of illegal migration. The factors that promote the use of illegal migration through the tourist channels of Ukraine are revealed. The main factors of the existence of illegal migration in our country include the exacerbation of the socio-political situation in a number of countries in Asia and the Middle East, primarily in Afghanistan and Syria, as well as the complex military-political situation in eastern Ukraine. The ways of solving the issues of illegal migration through tourist channels have been identified. ,the necessity of the system complex approach by both state institutions and the tourism sector was substantiated in order to prevent the use of tourist legal channels for illegal migrant, and trafficking.

The study below is meant to focus on the migrant smuggling crime in Romania, especially analysis of the migrant smuggling infraction provided in the Romanian Criminal Code. Being a component of the human trafficking activity, the illegal migration is a phenomenon that is continuously extending and harder to stop due to the involvement of the organized crime networks and also due the ingenuousness and maliciousness of the people and the criminals. Therewith, the migrant smuggling is highly connected with drug trafficking, terrorism etc., aspects that are connected with the organized crime. Legally, there are many differences between the source states, the transit states or the destination states, that is slowing the fight of the states for combating this scourge. During this fight of preventing and stopping the illegal migrant smuggling, the states that are involved aligned their own legal frame to the international one in the activity field, by elaborating and promoting the regulatory acts that have been putting the responsibility on the governmental and non-governmental institution in this activity field. KEYWORDS: migrant, illegal migration, crime, organized crime, Romanian Criminal Code&nbsp

A quantitative estimation of the number of labor migrants in Kazakhstan has been given using the statistics of the monetary transfers to the countries of the origin of migrants. The macroeconomic estimation of the contribution of the labor migrants to the development of the country is represented.

Illegal migration is an impalpable phenomenon with complicated dimensions. Thousands of people leave their homelands every year due to a number of reasons such as civil wars, terrorism, economic difficulties, and social oppressions. With their flexible modus operandi, migrant smugglers benefit from individuals or groups that wish to immigrate for a more comfortable life. In order to reach a complete perception of illegal migration one needs to draw an accurate profile of migrant smugglers. At this end, data collection from both smugglers as perpetrators and illegal migrants as the object of the smuggling process provides important information for a holistic definition of “smugglers”. In this study researchers interviewed 262 illegal migrants and 174 smugglers captured in Istanbul from 2007 to 2013 in order to identify and develop a profile of migrant smugglers and understand the operating methods of illegal migration organizations. The collected data were analyzed and important results on illegal migrant smugglers were reached.

Protection of asylum seeker and Illegal migrants human rights, has often been difficult due to the need of states to regulate unwanted migration flows. European Court of Human Rights plays an important role in protecting the rights of these individuals, through a set of human rights. Requests for interim measures under Rule 39 of the Rules of Court also have great importance. In cases involving illegal migrants and asylum-seekers, Court was often in difficult position, given the contradictions that could arise from the protection of human rights and the legitimate aim of the Contracting States to control the entry, residence and expulsion of aliens. Recent Courts judgment in case of M. S. S. against Belgium is particularly important, because of its remarkable influence on the perception of a common asylum system in the EU, as well as the judgment in the case of Jama Hirsi and Others v. Italy.

У статті проаналізовано забезпечення органами Державної прикордонної служби України режиму тримання нелегальних мігрантів та особливості нормативно-правового регулювання такої діяльності. Встановлено юридичну природу та окремі елементи такого режиму. Визначено законодавчі тенденції реалізації міжнародних стандартів у практиці утримання затриманих мігрантів. The article analyzes the provision by the bodies of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine of the regime for keeping irregular migrants and the specifics of the legal regulation of such activities. The legal nature and individual elements of this regime are established. Legislative trends in the implementation of international standards in the practice of detention of detained migrants have been determined. В статье проанализированы обеспечение органами Государственной пограничной службы Украины режима содержания нелегальных мигрантов и особенности нормативно- правового регулирования такой деятельности. Установлены юридическая природа и отдельные элементы такого режима. Определены законодательные тенденции реализации международных стандартов в практике содержания задержанных мигрантов.

This article discusses issues related to the legal status of irregular or undocumented migrants from the international law perspective. The authors analyze the existing tendency in international organizations to use the term “irregular migrant”, rather than terms such as “illegal migrant” or “migrant without papers”. The authors also think that the minimum degree of protection of human rights must be granted to every individual, including illegal migrants.

The rich world’s borders increasingly seem like a battleground where a new kind of ‘threat’ is fought back – the so-called ‘illegal migrant’. At Europe’s southern frontiers, sea patrols, advanced surveillance machinery and fencing keep migrants out, much like at the US, Israeli or Australian borders. Such investments have created a dense web of controls that displaces the border both inward and outwards, into the borderlands beyond it. This article, building upon recent border studies and ethnographies of illegality, explores Europe’s migration controls by focusing on their temporal aspects. In the borderlands, it shows, irregular migrants are not only subjected to extended periods of waiting, as migrants often are; they also face an active usurpation of time by state authorities through serial expulsions and retentions. The ways in which migrants’ time is appropriated reveal a complex economics of illegality, complementing existing ‘biopolitical’ perspectives on Europe’s borders.

The existences of geographical factors, push factors and pull factors generated the intensity of migration in Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMS). The region which consists of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and part of China’s territory had various problems in the migration process. A predominant problem of migration is rendered by the absence of law framework. Therefore, there were a practically illegal migrant and human trafficking. This research will explain the assistance to recover migration’s problems in GMS given by Australian Government (cooperated with ILO). The type of assistance is categorized as multi-bi aid which is the assistance given by the bilateral donor to a multilateral institution. The assistance was released in the form of a project named GMS Triangle Project with the aim of creating migrant protection in GMS. To analyze the implementation of that project, the author uses the concept of multi-bi aid and review effectiveness through the concept of aid effectiveness proposed by Paris Agreement including ownership, alignment, harmonisation, managing for a result, and Mutual Accountability. The result of this study describes how multi-bi aid methods are embodied in a form of project and effectiveness are different for each receiving state in GMS.

The laws and regulations of a contracting State as to the admission to or departure from its territory of passengers, crew or cargo of aircraft, such as regulations relating to entry, clearance, immigration, passports, customs, and quarantine shall be complied with by or on behalf of such passengers, crew or cargo upon entrance into or departure from, or while within the territory of that State.

If labour migration increases the potential for interstate conflicts, does the economic interdependence thus created make such conflicts easier to address, given the economic gains to both sides from such labour movements? This article addresses this question by using the concepts of economic security and interdependence to compare the Malaysia-Philippines and Malaysia-Indonesia conflicts over labour migration. Although the limited cases make generalizations difficult, the analysis suggests that the economic interdependence constraint on conflict escalation may not always work well as it may be offset by national security concerns in the labour receiving states about the illegal migrant workers and by the shifting economic underpinnings of economic security. The theoretically pacifying effect of interdependence can also be weakened by preventing the ‘aggrieved country’ from articulating clearer demands from the other side for fear of jeopardizing the economic gains from the migrant outflows. Comp...

The problem of Indonesian illegal migrant workers to foreign countries will always be a crucial issue. The international migrant workers issue raised when many Indonesian migrant workers to foreign countries were treated badly when seen from a humanity and law aspect. The data of this research made use of the research data conducted by the International Migration Team, Population Studies Center, Gadjah Mada University comprising of 355 return migrants from Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara in 1998. The return migrants acted as respondents were randomly selected. The method used in this research were quantitative and qualitative with secondary data analysis. Results of the research indicated that individual, institutional (structural) and environmental context influences the program effectiveness. The institutional context such as bureaucracy and the environmental context were the existence of informal institution and accessibility of also gives contribution towards consideration in determining the choice of the migration procedure, especially in determining the legal migration procedure

A growing population of children of illegal migrant workers has produced public debate worldwide. Obliged to conceal themselves in the host country, little is known about these children's developmental and psychological characteristics which have been strikingly understudied. Recognizing this need, a study collecting data about this population in Israel is presented. Israel's migrant worker policy has led to a sizable population of children without legal status. Exposure to negative life events and mental health indicators were compared for three groups of children (N = 68) born in Israel, living in South Tel Aviv, children of illegal migrants from Africa and the Philippines and a control group of legal immigrants' children from Bukhara. Findings showed significant group differences on ethnic identity and traumatic life events exposure. No differences emerged on emotional and behavioral difficulties. A direct relation was found between high life events impact and self-perception of emotional, behavioral and social difficulties. Only for the Bukhari group, child-report of low or high negative life events impact was directly related to teacher-report of children's behavioral difficulties. Accumulation of empirical data about this hidden population is crucial for international decisions regarding their status, rights and care.

This article discusses the employment experiences of Basotho migrant domestic workers in South Africa. As they generally do not possess South African identity documents, these migrants are constructed (legally, socially and discursively) as ‘illegal’ workers. In 2008, the commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) and the Labour Court officially extended basic labour protections and rights to apply to foreigners working ‘illegally’ in South Africa. Despite these moves, Basotho domestic workers find labour institutions, including unions, inaccessible. As deportable migrants they are afraid of being detected by the authorities; this precludes any engagement with institutions, and often even with fellow domestic workers. Living-in with employers – while an effective strategy for migration and even for concealment from the authorities – also heightens their dependence on employers. Unsurprisingly, these workers' isolation and dependence create the conditions for their exploitation,...

Words have consequences, especially in situations where strong emotions, as well as social and political conflicts, are endemic. Raj Bhopal’s rapid response in The BMJ, in which he objected to the use of the phrase “illegal migrant” on the grounds that only actions, not persons, can be deemed illegal, merits further reflection and dissection.

The violent episodes that have taken places recently in Rosarno (Calabria), involving many illegal migrants, have pointed out the close relationship that exists between clandestine immigration and economic exploitation. At present, the status of illegal migrant workers is governed by certain regulations adopted by the International Labour Organisation and the United Nation that, in a more or less explicit fashion, ban forced labour and slavery. The work of these international organizations has also demonstrated that the conditions of exploitation to which these migrant workers are subjected (as in the case of Rosarno) present features that are typical of the so-called "contemporary forms of slavery", in particular debt bondage and human trafficking. Copyright

International borders are important interim areas around the world. The junctional areas between countries are usually where control is required. Travel across international borders means crossing from one into another country, and legal control is usually required. Nevertheless, due to long international lines, informal border crossings are commonly carried out by the local people. Sometimes this can be a big problem in travel medicine. Two groups of people performing informal international border crossings are refugees and illegal migrant workers. There are many reports regarding the health statuses of those who have informally crossed international borders, and this is an interesting issue in travel medicine.

Border control is a crucial component of national security. For a country the size of the United States, however, the length of its land borders and coastlines poses a significant security challenge. Illegal migrant workers, drug couriers, foreign terrorists, smugglers, fugitives, and other criminals benefit from the geographic range and porous nature of American borders. The purpose of this research was to identify facilitating and inhibiting factors of illegal land border crossings in order to determine physical and human geographic features related to the probability of such movement. Identifying the geographic patterns of illegal migration can help the Border Patrol optimize resource allocation and anticipate offender reactions.

This paper analyzes a corpus of films that represent various journeys of illegal migrants. It focuses specifically on the role of the illegal migrant on the border, understood as both a place and a metaphor. After critically examining the notion of border, it explores the recurring characters in this particular kind of film: the illegal migrant who experiences the border, the Western man-in-crisis who is regenerated through contact with the Other, the immigration officer whose own stance toward the suffering of illegal migrants is questioned.

In its periphery, or neighbourhood, the EU applies a concentric geostrategy (cf. Figure 8.2): the closest to the EU, the most important in terms of security. Surrounded by the sea, except on parts of its eastern flank, the EU also projects security in its maritime margins, whose importance varies depending on the actual threats or issues under consideration. As a union of states, the EU shares its maritime geostrategy with member states as well as NATO. Therefore, a discussion of the various EU’s maritime margins cannot be conducted without widening the focus to member states’ and NATO’s actorness and agency as well.

This chapter examines how many of those refugees and asylum seekers making transnational journeys are classified as irregular migrants by states who seek to make such movements illegitimate. It considers the framing, targeting, and active production of ‘forced migrants as illegal migrants’ in the literature and highlights the importance of the labels of ‘forced’ and ‘illegal’ in the governing of migration. It discusses the concept of ‘figures of migration’, which is based on the notion that categorizations of people on the move such as the ‘refugee’ or the ‘illegal migrant’ do not represent distinct social groups sharing characteristic features. Furthermore, it looks at how academic knowledge production might intervene in the contested politics of mobility in order to refuse, destabilize, or subvert the terms by which the rendering of ‘forced migrants as illegal migrants’ has become unambiguous.

To give some idea of the magnitude of migration these data, from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) website (www.iom.int), give both facts and commentary. In 2009 the IOM noted that: There are more than 200 million migrants in the world today, about 3 per cent of the world’s population. That number, if in a single sovereign state, would constitute the world’s fifth most populous nation. There are an estimated 20 to 30 million illegal migrants in the world today, comprising between 15 and 20 per cent of all migrant stock. In 2007 there were an estimated 26 million internally displaced peoples in the world in at least 52 countries — the result of conflict. In 2007 the estimated number of refugees reached 11.4 million people.

The laws and regulations of a contracting State as to the admission to or departure from its territory of passengers, crew or cargo of aircraft, such as regulations relating to entry, clearance, immigration, passports, customs, and quarantine shall be complied with by or on behalf of such passengers, crew or cargo upon entrance into or departure from, or while within the territory of that State.

With both legal and illegal flows crossing the Mexico-US border, intractable problems have displaced the integrative spirit of the 1990s. That integrative spirit made Mexico the third largest US trading partner and the United States the top Mexican counterpart;2 two-thirds of Mexico’s foreign investment originate in the United States; and Mexican culture deepens while the Spanish language diffuses wider in the United States than ever before.3 Some consequences of the illegal threats: behavior and institutional reinforcement of Westphalian features and a wholesale rejection of non-Westphalian possibilities, and the retreat to bilateral relations. Nowhere this is more evident than along the 3,000 kilometer border, and for the 12 million people born in Mexico living in the United States.

The United States is not alone with a “southern immigration problem.” Mexico both mirrors the US predicament and feeds into it: Vast and loosely patrolled borders have witnessed illegal migrants cross over from the less-developed southern neighbors to both Mexico and the United States, while the one-size-fits-all neoliberal flavor (without necessarily becoming a causal factor) from the 1990s converted the United States into the be-all and end-all illegal migrant destination and Mexico into the migrant platform country par excellence.

Indonesia has faced the problem of illegal immigrants for a long time, especially with the rise of war in other countries or other forms of oppression against a party who then makes them leave the country with the hope to live in another country better off than where they originated. The issue of "illegal migrants" itself has gained a lot of international attention as well as international talks that discussed the problem and how to overcome it. Policies and mitigation measures carried out so far can not address the problem of illegal immigration effectively, which force Government of Indonesia to accommodate those who are awaiting receipt of the status of refugees ("Refugee") and the opportunity to leave to Australia. It requires comprehensive and effective arrangements in tackling this includes identifying relevant agencies that should cooperate in the supervision and law enforcement action

The Middle East in particular, and the Middle East and North African (MENA) region in general, is one of the most interesting regions in the world, and scholars and policy makers have a tremendous desire to do research on this region from a variety of perspectives (Zahra, 2011). Yet, it is probably one of the least researched corners of the world in terms of quantitative analyses (Genc et al., 2011). When one focuses on the contribution of studies from the region itself, the picture is even bleaker. The MENA region produced less than 0.2 percent of economic publications between 2005 and 2010, placing it at the bottom among large regions in the world. Latin American countries rank second to bottom with a 3 percent share, beating the MENA countries by a factor of 10 (UNESCO, 2010). In the globalized world, lack of understanding of any region could potentially threaten even some of the most stabilized countries in the rest of the world (see Kaminsky and Reinhart, 2000; and articles in Griffith-Jones et al., 2001; Goodhart and Illing, 2002). In particular, Genc et al., (2010) look into the financial and economic integration, or lack thereof, between the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and the United States.

Šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje nelegali migracija – rimta problema ne tik Lietuvai bet ir visai Europos Sąjungai. 1990 m. Lietuvai atkūrus nepriklausomybę, emigraciniai srautai pradėjo sparčiai didėti, per Lietuvą nusidriekė nelegalių imigrantų iš įvairių šalių keliai į trokštamas Vakarų ir Šiaurės Europos šalis, Lietuvos įsiliejimas į Šengeno erdvę atvėrė kelią laisvai judėti joje ne tik teisėtai esantiems ar gyvenantiems asmenims, bet ir nelegaliems migrantams. Darbo temos aktualumą lemia tai, kad nelegali migracija šiuo metu yra labai sparčiai besivystantis reiškinys, kurio pagrindinis barjeras nelegaliems migrantams iš trečiųjų šalių yra išorinė ES siena, kurią teisėtu ar neteisėtu būdu perėję jie atsiduria Šengeno erdvėje. Šio darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti Valstybės sienos apsaugos tarnybos pareigūnų veiklą nelegalios migracijos kontrolės srityje, ją reglamentuojančius teisės aktus ir įgyvendinimo ypatumus. Darbe keliama prielaida, kad nelegalios migracijos prevencija ir kontrolė Lietuvoje, nėra tinkamai sureguliuota ir įgyvendinama nacionaliniais teisės aktais. Ištyrus tarptautinius teisės aktus, įstatymus ir kitus nacionalinius teisės aktus, išanalizavus teismų sprendimus, mokslinius straipsnius ir disertaciją, spaudos publikacijas, teisėsaugos institucijų ataskaitas ir statistiką, bei kitą informaciją nagrinėjama tema, sulyginus teorinę bei praktinę informaciją, gautą interviu metodu, nustatytos Valstybės sienos apsaugos tarnybos pareigūnų, įgyvendinamos kontrolės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] In modern society illegal migration is a very serious problem not only in Lithuania but for all European Union. Since Lithuania restored it's independence, emigration amount started to increase very rapidly. Lithuania became the way to illegal migrants to the desirable Western and northern European countries. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze State Border Guards service officers activity in the illegal migration control department, to analyze all the law acts and ways of implementation. The study of international law, administrative law and national legislation, the analysis of court decisions, scholarly articles, dissertations and publications of the press, law enforcement reports and statistics, supplemented with other information at the subject, as well as comparison of theoretical and practical information received in interviews, the State Border Guard officers implementation of the control of illegal migration, the formulation of problems and proposition of possible solutions is made. The test results lead to the conclusion that the State Border Guard Service and competences of illegal migration prevention and control are indefinite, there is no clear migration processes of the institutions implementing the distribution of functions, but under the current regulations of the State Border Guard officers, illegal immigration controlled efficiently.

In the wake of increased internationalization of prostitution markets, European authorities are facing new challenges regarding policy choices between the need to protect the rights of persons trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation on the one hand, and to control illegal entry on the other. The Norwegian case is no exception: the largest cities have seen a dramatic change in the composition of both street and indoor prostitution arenas in the last ten years. The number of migrant women in this sector has increased dramatically. The last few years saw a new development: prostitution arenas of larger Norwegian cities have seen an influx of Nigerian women, from only two spotted in street prostitution in the capital Oslo in 2003 to 638 in 2008, out of a total 1,230 women in street prostitution. One of the most important questions posed by the deliberations in Norway on this emerging phenomenon is whether the Nigerian women are victims of trafficking, and if so, how can Norwegian authorities meet their needs?

In September 2005, one more story of trafficking was reported in the UK media1 — another raid, one more massage parlour and a police rescue operation. Yet, this story of rescuing victims of trafficking did not stop where most stories of trafficking told in the media end. While 19 women were reported as having been saved from the premises of the Birmingham massage parlour, a few hours later 13 were released, as they were either legal residents or European Union (EU) citizens. Apparently they had told the police they were working voluntarily in the sex industry. The remaining six, coming mostly from Eastern Europe, were sent to a detention centre to await deportation by immigration on the grounds of being illegally in the UK. A few days later, the six women had their expulsion deferred, as activists intensely lobbied the government to change its policy on trafficking towards a victim-centred approach. However, the women did not make allegations of trafficking, thus, creating even more disarray.