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International audience; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Srs2 helicase plays at least two distinct functions. One is to prevent recombinational repair through its recruitment by sumoylated Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), evidenced in postreplication-repair deficient cells, and a second one is to eliminate potentially lethal intermediates formed by recombination proteins. Both actions are believed to involve the capacity of Srs2 to displace Rad51 upon translocation on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), though a role of its helicase activity may be important to remove some toxic recombination structures. Here, we described two new mutants, srs2R1 and srs2R3, that have lost the ability to hinder recombinational repair in postreplication-repair mutants, but are still able to remove toxic recombination structures. Although the mutants present very similar phenotypes, the mutated proteins are differently affected in their biochemical activities. Srs2R1 has lost its capacity to interact with sumoylated PCNA while the biochemical activities of Srs2R3 are attenuated (ATPase, helicase, DNA binding and ability to displace Rad51 from ssDNA). In addition, crossover (CO) frequencies are increased in both mutants. The different roles of Srs2, in relation to its eventual recruitment by sumoylated PCNA, are discussed.

Guanine quadruplexes (G4) are non-canonical nucleic acids structures formed by guanine-rich DNA and RNA sequences. In vivo, such structures appear to be implicated in genome dynamics, and especially at telomeres. In the latter case, G4 folding at telomeres using ligands stabilizing these structures could limit the proliferation of cancer cells. During this thesis work, we developed a middle-throughput method allowing to test the effect of various molecules on the stabilization of the human telomeric G4. This method is based on thermal dissociation of G4 followed by FRET, in the presence of several DNA competitive structures. It allowed us to identify some series of ligands displaying interesting affinity and selectivity for G4-DNA, such as neomycin-capped macrocycles and N-methylbisquinolinium phenanthrolin derivatives. We then characterized more thoroughly the molecular mechanisms by which these ligands could stabilize G4 structures. A kinetic study using a model of tetramolecular G4 showed that some peculiar G4 ligand families were able to strongly increase the association rate of the G4. We also analyzed telomerase inhibition in presence of these ligands. Using a direct primer extension assay, we highlighted that only few ligands were able to interfere with the telomerase processive elongation on a DNA substrate which did not form an intramolecular G4 initially. These results contributes to the already growing suspicion that cellular effects of these ligands are not solely related to their effect on telomerase, but should also result from their effect on other telomeric proteins essential to maintain of functional telomeres. Finally, we investigated the possibility to transpose the strategy of targeting telomeres with G4 ligands to limit cellular proliferation, to the pathogen organism responsible for Malaria : Plasmodium falciparum. We showed the existence of a 3' telomeric overhang in the parasite an its potential folding into a G4 structure under physiological conditions. We identified several molecules stabilizing the parasite telomeric G4 with a good selectivity versus duplex DNA, and we tested these drugs on the parasite proliferation., Les quadruplexes de guanines (G4) sont des structures non canoniques d'acides nucléiques formées par des séquences d'ADN ou d'ARN contenant des blocs de guanines. In vivo, ces structures pourraient être impliquées de façon transitoire dans de nombreux processus cellulaires, en particulier au niveau des télomères. Dans ce dernier cas, la formation de G4 aux télomères au moyen de ligands favorisant ces structures pourrait limiter la prolifération de cellules tumorales. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous avons développé une méthode de criblage à moyen débit permettant de tester l'effet de diverses molécules sur la stabilisation du G4 télomérique humain. Cette méthode, basée sur la dénaturation thermique de G4 suivie en fluorescence, en présence d'autres structures compétitrices d'ADN, a permis d'identifier plusieurs familles de ligands présentant des affinités et des sélectivités intéressantes, tels que des dérivés macrocycliques de néomycine et des N-méthylbisquinolinium phénanthrolines. Nous avons ensuite caractérisé plus précisément les mécanismes moléculaires expliquant la stabilisation des G4 par divers ligands. L'étude cinétique sur un modèle de G4 tétramoléculaire a permis de mettre en évidence la possibilité d'une accélération importante de la vitesse d'association des G4 par certaines familles de composés. Nous avons également analysé l'inhibition de la télomérase en présence de ces ligands. En utilisant un test d'extension d'amorce par la télomérase, nous avons montré que seuls certains ligands étaient capables d'enrayer l'élongation par la télomérase sur un substrat ne formant pas initialement de G4 intramoléculaire. Ces résultats appuient l'hypothèse selon laquelle les effets cellulaires de ces ligands ne sont pas uniquement corrélés à leur effet sur la télomérase, mais aussi à des effets connexes impliquant d'autres protéines télomériques, essentielles au maintien de télomères fonctionnels. Enfin, nous avons transposé cette stratégie de ciblage du télomère pour limiter la prolifération cellulaire, à l'agent pathogène responsable de la Malaria : Plasmodium falciparum. Nous avons montré l'existence d'une extrémité télomérique 3' sortante chez le parasite et son potentiel repliement en G4 dans des conditions physiologiques. Plusieurs molécules stabilisant les G4 télomériques du parasite avec une bonne sélectivité ont été identifiées, et leur impact sur sa prolifération a été testé.

The hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus nautilus carries a plasmid, pTN1, which encodes a rolling-circle (RC) replication initiator protein of 74 kDa (Rep74) and an orphan protein of 24 kDa (p24). The Rep74 protein is homologous to the Rep75 protein encoded by the RC plasmid pGT5 from Pyrococcus abyssi. Comparative analysis of Rep74 and Rep75 sequences shows that these proteins correspond to a new family of RC initiators formed by the fusion of a Rep domain with an N-terminal domain of unknown function. Surprisingly, the Rep domain of Rep74/75 is more closely related to transposases encoded by IS elements than to Rep proteins of other RC plasmids. The p24 protein contains a hydrophobic segment, a highly charged region and a zinc finger motif. A recombinant p24 protein lacking the hydrophobic segment binds and condenses both single- and double-stranded DNA, and forms DNA aggregates with extreme compaction at high protein to DNA ratio. In addition to encoding proteins of significant interest, pTN1 is remarkable by being the only characterized plasmid isolated from a Thermococcus strain, thus being useful to develop genetic tools in Thermococcus kodakaraensis for which gene disruption methods became recently available.

The HIRIP3 protein had been identified from its interaction with the HIRA histone chaperone. Experiments using anti-peptide antisera indicated that this 556-aa protein is nuclear throughout the cell cycle and excluded from condensed chromatin during mitosis. Based on its electrophoretic migration and sensitivity to phosphatase treatment, endogenous HIRIP3 was found to be heavily phosphorylated. HIRIP3 can be phosphorylated in vitro by a recombinant form of the serine-threonine kinase CK2. Moreover, HIRIP3 protein was found to co-purify with a CK2 activity. Together, these data prompt us to propose HIRIP3 as a new member of the growing list of CK2 substrates with a possible role in chromatin metabolism.

Using magnetic tweezers to investigate the mechanical response of single chromatin fibers, we show that fibers submitted to large positive torsion transiently trap positive turns, at a rate of one turn per nucleosome. A comparison with the response of fibers of tetrasomes (the (H3-H4)2 tetramer bound with ~50 bp of DNA) obtained by depletion of H2A-H2B dimers, suggests that the trapping reflects a nucleosome chiral transition to a metastable form built on the previously documented righthanded tetrasome. In view of its low energy, 33 pages (double spacing), 7 figures

Renal cell carcinoma primary tumors and lung metastases are infiltrated by activated natural killer (NK) cells. Interleukin (IL)-15, a major cytokine involved in cross-talk between accessory cells (dendritic cells and macrophages) and NK cells, is produced by epithelial renal cells. We show that renal cell carcinoma cells and normal renal cells express IL-15 mRNA and membrane-bound IL-15 (MbIL-15). These cells also express IL-15 receptor α (IL-15Rα). Silencing of IL-15Rα by specific small interfering RNA in renal cell carcinoma had no effect on MbIL-15 production, indicating that the cytokine is not cross-presented by IL-15Rα in renal cell carcinoma cells but anchored to the membrane. Furthermore, we show that MbIL-15 from renal cell carcinoma cells is functional and involved in rapid nuclear translocation of phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 in IL-2–starved NK cells. MbIL-15 on the target did not interfere with resting NK cell activation and target cell cytolysis but rescued NK cells from IL-2 starvation-induced apoptosis through contact-dependent interaction. Masking of MbIL-15 with soluble IL-15Rα molecules restored NK cell apoptosis. These findings suggest that IL-15 produced by renal tumor cells is involved in the maintenance of active NK cells at the tumor site. [Cancer Res 2007;67(12):5594–9]

The objective was to validate a combination of two new technologies to depict tumor physiology both temporally and spatially with dynamic contrast-enhanced sonography and an oximeter. Human cancer prostate tumors xenografted onto mice were followed for three weeks using dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCE-US) to detect tumor perfusion. Time intensity curves in linear data were quantified on four regions-of-interest (ROI, main tumor section and its anterior, central and posterior intra-tumoral areas) to extract three indices of perfusion. An oxygen sensor was guided by sonography to obtain accurate pO 2 measurements in the three predefined areas of tumors during their development. No impact on tumor growth of subsequent pO 2 probe insertion was detected. Among the four ROIs studied, the local central tumor showed significant perfusion and oxygenation variations throughout the experiment. A correlation was observed between local central tumor perfusion and pO 2 , both of them decreasing through time ( p = 0.0068; r = 0.66). The methodology which we developed demonstrated the potential of combining DCE-US with direct tissue pO 2 measurements, improving the description of complex intratumoral dynamic behavior. (E-mail: lassau@igr.fr )

International audience; DNA in living cells is generally processed via the generation and the protection of single-stranded DNA involving the binding of ssDNA-binding proteins (SSBs). The studies of SSB-binding mode transition and cooperativity are therefore critical to many cellular processes like DNA repair and replication. However, only a few atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations of ssDNA nucleoprotein filaments have been conducted so far. The point is that adsorption of ssDN A–SSB complexes on mica, necessary for AFM imaging, is not an easy task. Here, we addressed this issue by using spermidine as a binding agent. This trivalent cation induces a stronger adsorption on mica than divalent cations, which are commonly used by AFM users but are ineffective in the adsorption of ssDNA–SSB complexes. At low spermidine concentration (

Busulfan is an example of a drug eliminated through glutathione S-transferase (GST)-catalyzed conjugation with reduced glutathione (GSH). We studied the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of busulfan in C57BL6 mice in correlation with liver GST activity and GSH synthesis by accurate determination of precursors, namely, gamma-glutamyl-cysteine and cysteine. A significantly lower incidence of acute toxicity was observed in mice receiving busulfan 16.5 mg/kg twice a day compared with animals receiving 33 mg/kg once a day. In both cases, a total dose of 132 mg/kg was administered over 4 days. The difference in toxicity was explained by pharmacokinetics since a strong induction of clearance was observed only in animals treated twice daily. Induction of metabolism was correlated with an increase in liver cysteine content and enhanced glutathione synthesis rate, whereas GST activity was unchanged. To our knowledge, this is the first time that in vivo flux of GSH synthesis has been shown to be closely related to a drug plasma clearance and toxicity. These results allow hypothesizing that GSH liver synthesis may directly influence busulfan clearance in humans with possible implications in the occurrence of hepatic veno-occlusive disease.

The Kae1 (Kinase-associated endopeptidase 1) protein is a member of the recently identified transcription complex EKC and telomeres maintenance complex KEOPS in yeast. Kae1 homologues are encoded by all sequenced genomes in the three domains of life. Although annotated as putative endopeptidases, the actual functions of these universal proteins are unknown. Here we show that the purified Kae1 protein (Pa-Kae1) from Pyrococcus abyssi is an iron-protein with a novel type of ATP-binding site. Surprisingly, this protein did not exhibit endopeptidase activity in vitro but binds cooperatively to single and double-stranded DNA and induces unusual DNA conformational change. Furthermore, Pa-Kae1 exhibits a class I apurinic (AP)-endonuclease activity (AP-lyase). Both DNA binding and AP-endonuclease activity are inhibited by ATP. Kae1 is thus a novel and atypical universal DNA interacting protein whose importance could rival those of RecA (RadA/Rad51) in the maintenance of genome integrity in all living cells.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a human malignancy consistently associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. Exposure to non-viral carcinogens and genetic predisposition are other crucial etiologic factors. Tumor development appears to require the expression of a small subset of transforming viral RNAs and proteins with concomitant silencing of most other viral genes. Impairment of the interactions of viral proteins with cellular partners or disruption of viral latency might prove to be useful for novel therapeutic strategies.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) opens new perspectives in the study of DNA-protein interactions. My work consisted of developing new methodologies for controlling DNA adsorption on surfaces and enabling the study of the dynamics of the complexes in liquid. We have characterized the interactions between DNA and the mica surface. We propose a simple model to describe the electrostatic interactions in solution between DNA and mica, considering the role of monovalent and divalent cations. The good correlation with experimental data allows validating referential adsorption conditions and a reversible adsorption method for DNA on nickel-pretreated mica. In parallel we have developed a system of tethers to anchor DNA by its extremities. The control of these methodologies allows characterizing accessibility in function of the adsorption states. We broach this issue by characterizing bleomycin activity on DNA. This approach on a model system allows characterizing the surface influence in terms of accessibility and activity. The last part of this work considers the characterization of the interactions of the Ku protein with DNA, in the frame of the study of DNA double-strand break repair. Our approach which combines the contributions of transmission electron microscopy and of AFM shows a cooperative polymerization of Ku along DNA and a very different binding mode on single-stranded DNA. This work shows the interest of molecular imaging for the characterization of target site research mechanisms by proteins.; La microscopie à force atomique (AFM) ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans l'étude des interactions ADN-protéines. Mon travail a consisté à développer de nouvelles méthodologies pour contrôler l'adsorption de l'ADN sur les surfaces et permettre l'étude en liquide de la dynamique des complexes. Nous avons caractérisé les interactions entre l'ADN et la surface de mica. Nous proposons un modèle simple pour décrire les interactions électrostatiques en solution entre l'ADN et le mica, en considérant le rôle des cations monovalents et divalents. La bonne corrélation avec les données expérimentales permet de valider un référentiel de conditions et une méthode d'adsorption réversible de l'ADN sur mica prétraité nickel. Nous avons parallèlement développé un système de plots pour ancrer l'ADN par ses extrémités. Le contrôle de ces méthodologies permet de caractériser l'accessibilité en fonction des états d'adsorption. Nous abordons cette problématique en caractérisant l'activité de la bléomycine sur l'ADN. Cette approche sur un système modèle permet de caractériser l'influence de la surface en termes d'accessibilité et d'activité. La dernière partie de ce travail considère la caractérisation des interactions de la protéine Ku avec l'ADN dans le cadre de l'étude de la réparation des cassures double brin. Notre approche qui combine les apports de la microscopie électronique à transmission et de l'AFM met en évidence une polymérisation coopérative de Ku sur l'ADN double brin et un mode de fixation très différent sur l'ADN simple brin. Ce travail montre l'intérêt de l'imagerie moléculaire pour caractériser les mécanismes de recherche des sites cibles par les protéines.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) opens new perspectives in the study of DNA-protein interactions. My work consisted of developing new methodologies for controlling DNA adsorption on surfaces and enabling the study of the dynamics of the complexes in liquid. We have characterized the interactions between DNA and the mica surface. We propose a simple model to describe the electrostatic interactions in solution between DNA and mica, considering the role of monovalent and divalent cations. The good correlation with experimental data allows validating referential adsorption conditions and a reversible adsorption method for DNA on nickel-pretreated mica. In parallel we have developed a system of tethers to anchor DNA by its extremities. The control of these methodologies allows characterizing accessibility in function of the adsorption states. We broach this issue by characterizing bleomycin activity on DNA. This approach on a model system allows characterizing the surface influence in terms of accessibility and activity. The last part of this work considers the characterization of the interactions of the Ku protein with DNA, in the frame of the study of DNA double-strand break repair. Our approach which combines the contributions of transmission electron microscopy and of AFM shows a cooperative polymerization of Ku along DNA and a very different binding mode on single-stranded DNA. This work shows the interest of molecular imaging for the characterization of target site research mechanisms by proteins.; La microscopie à force atomique (AFM) ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans l'étude des interactions ADN-protéines. Mon travail a consisté à développer de nouvelles méthodologies pour contrôler l'adsorption de l'ADN sur les surfaces et permettre l'étude en liquide de la dynamique des complexes. Nous avons caractérisé les interactions entre l'ADN et la surface de mica. Nous proposons un modèle simple pour décrire les interactions électrostatiques en solution entre l'ADN et le mica, en considérant le rôle des cations monovalents et divalents. La bonne corrélation avec les données expérimentales permet de valider un référentiel de conditions et une méthode d'adsorption réversible de l'ADN sur mica prétraité nickel. Nous avons parallèlement développé un système de plots pour ancrer l'ADN par ses extrémités. Le contrôle de ces méthodologies permet de caractériser l'accessibilité en fonction des états d'adsorption. Nous abordons cette problématique en caractérisant l'activité de la bléomycine sur l'ADN. Cette approche sur un système modèle permet de caractériser l'influence de la surface en termes d'accessibilité et d'activité. La dernière partie de ce travail considère la caractérisation des interactions de la protéine Ku avec l'ADN dans le cadre de l'étude de la réparation des cassures double brin. Notre approche qui combine les apports de la microscopie électronique à transmission et de l'AFM met en évidence une polymérisation coopérative de Ku sur l'ADN double brin et un mode de fixation très différent sur l'ADN simple brin. Ce travail montre l'intérêt de l'imagerie moléculaire pour caractériser les mécanismes de recherche des sites cibles par les protéines.

HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) condenses the viral RNA within the mature capsid. In a capsid-free system, NCp7 promotes an efficient mechanism of aggregation with both RNA and DNA. Here, we show an analysis of these macromolecular complexes by dark-field imaging using transmission electron microscopy. Thousands of mature NCp7 proteins co-aggregate with hundreds of single-stranded circular DNA molecules (ssDNA) within minutes, as observed with poly(rA). These co-aggregates are highly stable but dynamic structures, as they dissociate under harsh conditions, and after addition of potent ssDNA or NCp7 competitive ligands. The N-terminal domain and zinc fingers of NCp7 are both required for efficient association. Addition of magnesium slightly increases the avidity of NCp7 for ssDNA, while it strongly inhibits co-aggregation with relaxed circular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). This DNA selectivity is restricted to mature NCp7, compared to its precursors NCp15 and NCp9. Moreover, for NCp15, the linkage of NCp7 with the Gag C-terminal p6-peptide provokes a deficiency in ssDNA aggregation, but results in DNA spreading similar to prototypical SSB proteins. Finally, this co-aggregation is discussed in a dynamic architectural context with regard to the mature HIV-1 nucleocapsid. On the basis of the present data, we propose that condensation of encapsidated RNA requires the C-terminal processing of NCp. Subsequently, disassembly of the nucleocapsid should be favoured once dsDNA is produced by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Adsorption of DNA molecules on mica, a highly negatively charged surface, mediated by divalent or trivalent cations is considered. By analyzing atomic force microscope (AFM) images of DNA molecules adsorbed on mica, phase diagrams of DNA molecules interacting with a mica surface are established in terms of concentrations of monovalent salt (NaCl) and divalent (MgCl2) or multivalent (spermidine, cobalt hexamine) salts. These diagrams show two transitions between nonadsorption and adsorption. The first one arises when the concentration of multivalent counterions is larger than a limit value, which is not sensitive to the monovalent salt concentration. The second transition is due to the binding competition between monovalent and multivalent counterions. In addition, we develop a model of polyelectrolyte adsorption on like-charged surfaces with multivalent counterions. This model shows that the correlations of the multivalent counterions at the interface between DNA and mica play a critical role. Furthermore, it appears that DNA adsorption takes place when the energy gain in counterion correlations overcomes an energy barrier. This barrier is induced by the entropy loss in confining DNA in a thin adsorbed layer, the entropy loss in the interpenetration of the clouds of mica and DNA counterions, and the electrostatic repulsion between DNA and mica. The analysis of the experimental results provides an estimation of this energy barrier. We then discuss some important issues, including DNA adsorption under physiological conditions.

The multifunctional DNA repair enzymes apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases cleave DNA at AP sites and 3′-blocking moieties generated by DNA glycosylases in the base excision repair pathway. Alternatively, in the nucleotide incision repair (NIR) pathway, the same AP endonucleases incise DNA 5′ of a number of oxidatively damaged bases. At present, the physiological relevance of latter function remains unclear. Here, we report genetic dissection of AP endonuclease functions in base excision repair and NIR pathways. Three mutants of Escherichia coli endonuclease IV (Nfo), carrying amino acid substitutions H69A, H109A, and G149D have been isolated. All mutants were proficient in the AP endonuclease and 3′-repair diesterase activities but deficient in the NIR. Analysis of metal content reveals that all three mutant proteins have lost one of their intrinsic zinc atoms. Expression of the nfo mutants in a repair-deficient strain of E. coli complemented its hypersensitivity to alkylation but not to oxidative DNA damage. The differential drug sensitivity of the mutants suggests that the NIR pathway removes lethal DNA lesions generated by oxidizing agents. To address the physiological relevance of the NIR pathway in human cells, we used the fluorescence quenching mechanism of molecular beacons. We show that in living cells a major human AP endonuclease, Ape1, incises DNA containing α-anomeric 2′-deoxyadenosine, indicating that the intracellular environment supports NIR activity. Our data establish that NIR is a distinct and separable function of AP endonucleases essential for handling lethal oxidative DNA lesions.

Polyamines are known to induce dynamical bending of DNA molecules. This mechanism is very important since many DNA binding proteins (DNAse, transcription factor, etc.) exert their action by their ability to bend DNA. We propose an analytical model which describes the dynamical bending of DNA by polyamine ions in highly diluted DNA solutions. The bending probability depends on the entropy loss of polyamines due to their localization. This localization is facilitated by the electrostatic repulsion between multivalent counterions condensed on DNA, which reduces the entropy loss in counterion localization. Therefore DNA bending by polyamines depends on the competition between monovalent counterions and polyamines. We find that the bending probability is weak for a low binding ratio of polyamines (i.e. number of bound polyamines per base pair), whereas a high bending probability can be reached at large polyamine binding ratio. In addition, we describe a new mechanism of DNA bending. It occurs with the help of thermal agitation, which initiates the bending and favours the polyamine localization. This model provides further insights into DNA bending by polyamines and its implication in DNA condensation. A qualitative estimation of the DNA bending probability is obtained by measuring the cleavage efficiency of DNA by bleomycin versus spermidine concentration. Indeed, a local helix distortion by polyamines results in an amplification of the double-strand cleavage by bleomycin. The measurement of the bleomycin amplification is performed by analysing images of DNA molecules with atomic force microscope. Some features of the dynamical bending indicate that condensation and bending are interrelated.

The cleavage of DNA caused by the antitumoral drug bleomycin has been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). This work deals with the effect that adsorbing DNA onto a positively- or negatively-charged surface has on the double-strand cleavage of DNA by Fe(III)/bleomycin. Quantitative analysis of the number of breaks per DNA molecule, in bulk and at the surface of the mica substrate, has been performed by analyzing AFM images. It turns out that the cleavage of DNA is strongly inhibited by a positively-charged surface. Our experiments can be interpreted using a simple electrostatic model. This paper is a first step in the study of DNA accessibility to ligand such as bleomycin, using AFM in liquids.

The adsorption of DNA molecules onto a flat mica surface is a necessary step to perform atomic force microscopy studies of DNA conformation and observe DNA-protein interactions in physiological environment. However, the phenomenon that pulls DNA molecules onto the surface is still not understood. This is a crucial issue because the DNA/surface interactions could affect the DNA biological functions. In this paper we develop a model that can explain the mechanism of the DNA adsorption onto mica. This model suggests that DNA attraction is due to the sharing of the DNA and mica counterions. The correlations between divalent counterions on both the negatively charged DNA and the mica surface can generate a net attraction force whereas the correlations between monovalent counterions are ineffective in the DNA attraction. DNA binding is then dependent on the fractional surface densities of the divalent and monovalent cations, which can compete for the mica surface and DNA neutralizations. In addition, the attraction can be enhanced when the mica has been pretreated by transition metal cations (Ni2+, Zn2+). Mica pretreatment simultaneously enhances the DNA attraction and reduces the repulsive contribution due to the electrical double-layer force. We also perform end-to-end distance measurement of DNA chains to study the binding strength. The DNA binding strength appears to be constant for a fixed fractional surface density of the divalent cations at low ionic strength (I

The atomic force microscope is a key tool for investigating DNA conformation and DNA−protein interactions in liquid. The main advantage of this technique is that moving molecules can be studied in ...

Rad51 protein is a well known protagonist of homologous recombination in eukaryotic cells. Rad51 polymerization on single-stranded DNA and its role in presynaptic filament formation have been extensively documented. Rad51 polymerizes also on double-stranded DNA but the significance of this filament formation remains unclear. We explored the behavior of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 on dsDNA and the influence of nucleosomes on Rad51 polymerization mechanism to investigate its putative role in chromatin accessibility to recombination machinery. We combined biochemical approaches, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for analysis of the effects of the Rad51 filament on chromatinized templates. Quantitative analyses clearly demonstrated the occurrence of chromatin remodeling during nucleoprotein filament formation. During Rad51 polymerization, recombinase proteins moved all the nucleosomal arrays in front of the progressing filament. This polymerization process had a powerful remodeling effect, as Rad51 destabilized the nucleosomes along considerable stretches of DNA. Similar behavior was observed with RecA. Thus, recombinase polymerization is a powerful mechanism of chromatin remodeling. These remarkable features open up new possibilities for understanding DNA recombination and reveal new types of ATP-dependent chromatin dynamics.

International audience; The number of D4Z4 repeats in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q is strongly reduced in patients with Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy (FSHD). We performed chromosome conformation capture (3C) analysis to document the interactions taking place among different 4q35 markers. We found that the reduced number of D4Z4 repeats in FSHD myoblasts was associated with a global alteration of the three-dimensional structure of the 4q35 region. Indeed, differently from normal myoblasts, the 4qA/B marker interacted directly with the promoters of the FRG1 and ANT1 genes in FSHD cells. Along with the presence of a newly identified transcriptional enhancer within the 4qA allele, our demonstration of an interaction occurring between chromosomal segments located megabases away on the same chromosome 4q allows to revisit the possible mechanisms leading to FSHD.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) are much more sensitive to chemotherapy than other head and neck carcinomas. Spectacular regressions are frequently observed after induction chemotherapy. However, these favorable responses are difficult to predict and often of short duration. So far there have been only few experiments to investigate the mechanisms which underline the cytotoxic effects of anti-neoplastic drugs against NPC cells. In addition, these studies were performed almost entirely on EBV-negative cell lines therefore not truly representative of NPC cells. For the first time, we have used two EBV-positive NPC tumor lines derived from a North African (C15) and a Chinese (C666-1) patient as in vitro targets for a panel of anti-neoplastic agents. Doxorubicin, taxol and in a lesser extent cis-platinum efficiently inhibited NPC cell proliferation at clinically relevant concentrations, but all three agents failed to induce apoptosis. However, massive apoptosis of C15 cells was achieved when doxorubicin (1 microM) was combined with a farnesyl-transferase inhibitor, BIM 2001 (5 microM). Moreover, this apoptotic process was associated with a caspase-dependent early cleavage of the TNF-receptor associated factor 1 (TRAF-1) molecule, a signaling adaptor which is specifically expressed in latently EBV-infected cells. TRAF-1 cleavage might become a useful indicator of chemo-induced apoptosis in EBV-associated NPCs.

BackgroundmiRNA profiling performed in myogenic cells and biopsies from skeletal muscles has previously identified miRNAs involved in myogenesis.ResultsHere, we have performed miRNA transcriptome profiling in human affinity-purified CD56+ myoblasts induced to differentiatein vitro. In total, we have identified 60 miRNAs differentially expressed during myogenic differentiation. Many were not known for being differentially expressed during myogenic differentiation. Of these, 14 (miR-23b, miR-28, miR-98, miR-103, miR-107, miR-193a, miR-210, miR-324-5p, miR-324-3p, miR-331, miR-374, miR-432, miR-502, and miR-660) were upregulated and 6 (miR-31, miR-451, miR-452, miR-565, miR-594 and miR-659) were downregulated. mRNA transcriptome profiling performed in parallel resulted in identification of 6,616 genes differentially expressed during myogenic differentiation.ConclusionsThis simultaneous miRNA/mRNA transcriptome profiling allowed us to predict with high accuracy target genes of myogenesis-related microRNAs and to deduce their functions.