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Field studies were conducted to assess the coastal water quality impact of stormwater runoff from the Santa Ana River, which drains a large urban watershed located in southern California. Stormwater runoff from the river leads to very poor surf zone water quality, with fecal indicator bacteria concentrations exceeding California ocean bathing water standards by up to 500%. However, cross-shore currents (e.g., rip cells) dilute contaminated surf zone water with cleaner water from offshore, such that surf zone contamination is generally confined to5 km around the river outlet. Offshore of the surf zone, stormwater runoff ejected from the mouth of the river spreads out over a very large area, in some cases exceeding 100 km2 on the basis of satellite observations. Fecal indicator bacteria concentrations in these large stormwater plumes generally do not exceed California ocean bathing water standards, even in cases where offshore samples test positive for human pathogenic viruses (human adenoviruses and enteroviruses) and fecal indicator viruses (F+ coliphage). Multiple lines of evidence indicate that bacteria and viruses in the offshore stormwater plumes are either associated with relatively small particles (53 microm) or not particle-associated. Collectively, these results demonstrate that stormwater runoff from the Santa Ana River negatively impacts coastal water quality, both in the surf zone and offshore. However, the extent of this impact, and its human health significance, is influenced by numerous factors, including prevailing ocean currents, within-plume processing of particles and pathogens, and the timing, magnitude, and nature of runoff discharged from river outlets over the course of a storm.

In southern California, storm water runoff from urban watersheds impacts coastal water quality. At the present time, coastal water quality impairments are usually managed through the development and implementation of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) plan, for which waste load allocations (WLA) and load allocations (LA) are developed, respectively, for the primary point and non-point sources of pollution in the watershed. The WLA and LA values are developed after weighing different pollutant source management scenarios, typically with the help of a distributed model of the watershed — for example, the geographical information system (GIS) model called BASINS. Because of challenges associated with this approach, we explore an alternative paradigm for modeling pollutant flow out of large watersheds that we term top-down , as opposed to the bottom-up approach employed by distributed models described above. In this alternative approach, the emphasis is on developing scaling relationships for pollutant loading rates that apply at the scale of large sub-drainages and the watershed as a whole. These scaling relationships could, in principle, be used for engineering calculations (e.g., for the design phase of storm water treatment facilities), to assess the contribution of individual watersheds to coastal pollution, and as a benchmark against which distributed models can be compared and tested. To this end, a series of studies were carried out at three sites in the Santa Ana River watershed, a large urban watershed encompassing in southern California. From the data, fecal indicator bacteria loading rates appear to scale as a power law with volumetric flow in a manner that varies by site, but is robust within, and between, storms at a single site. The physical basis for these scaling relationships, as well as the relationship between contaminants and particles eroded during storm events, are explored and developed.

The limited success achieved in controlling diabetes and its complications with conventional insulin therapy suggests the need for reevaluation of the appropriateness of insulin administration protocols. Indeed, conventional subcutaneous insulin administration produces slowly changing blood insulin levels and suboptimal hepatocyte insulinization resulting in impaired hepatic capacity for processing incoming dietary glucose. The novel approach to insulin administration known as chronic intermittent intravenous insulin therapy (CIIIT) delivers insulin in a pulsatile fashion and achieves physiological insulin concentration in the portal vein. Done as a weekly outpatient procedure combined with daily intensive subcutaneous insulin therapy, this procedure has been shown to (1) significantly improve glycemic control while decreasing the incidence of hypoglycemic events, (2) improve hypertension control, (3) slow the progression of overt diabetic nephropathy, and (4) reverse some manifestations of diabetic autonomic neuropathy (e.g., abnormal circadian blood pressure pattern, severe postural hypotension, and hypoglycemia unawareness).

The present work concerns optimal design for the injection molding process of a deflection yoke (coil separator). The optimal design for the injection molding process is developed using design of experiments and finite element analysis. Two design of experiments approaches are applied such as: the design of experiment for mold design and the design of experiments for determination of process parameters. Finite element analyses have been carried out as a design of experiments for mold design: runner system and cooling channel. In order to determine optimal process parameters, experiments have been performed for various process conditions with the design of experiments scheduling.

Purpose: Our purpose is to evaluate the results of the operative treatment in neglected Monteggia fracture-dislocation in children. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 10 elbows in 10 patients who underwent surgery. All patients were classified as Bado type I, except one with type III. The mean duration of follow up was 2 years and 5 months. The mean age at the time of operation was 10 years and the mean time from injury to operation was 7 months. All 10 patients underwent open reduction of the radial head and reconstruction of annular ligament. Ulnar osteotomy was performed in 9 cases. Clinical assessment was done by Bruce et al.'s rating system. Results: All 10 patients gained a mean of of extension-flexion arc, however lost a mean of of pronation-supination arc. And there were three complications, including dislocation of radial head in two patients and breakage of transarticular K-wire in one patient. According to Bruce et al.'s rating system, there were 4 excellent, 1 good, 3 fair, and 2 poor results. Conclusion: We found that the effect of the operative treatment of neglected Monteggia fracturedislocation in children was limited in majority of the patients. Particularly, the loss of pronation-supination arc was noticed postoperatively in most patients.

목 적: 내측 손상 없는 족관절 외과 단독 골절에서 보존적 치료의 결과를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1999년 3월부터 2003년 2월까지 족관절 외과 단독 골절로 치료받고 1년 이상 추시 가능하였던 25명의 25 족관절을 대상으로 하였고 평균 연령은 46.9세 (범위, 20~71세)였다. 삼각인대 부위에 부종이나 압통이 없는 경우와 내측에 경미한 통증, 압통, 부종이 있으나 스트레스 촬영상 내측 관절 간격이 정상측에 비하여 1 mm 이하로 넓어지는 경우를 대상으로 하였다. 단하지 석고 고정으로 즉시 체중 부하를 허용하였다. 결 과: 골절 형태는 모두 Lauge-Hansen 분류상 회외-외회전 형이었고 석고 고정 기간은 평균 6.3±1.6주 였다. 외상후 단하지 석고를 하 고 바로 체중 부하를 허용하였으나 주기적 방사선 촬영에서 내측 관절 간격이 넓어진 예는 없었고 전위의 정도가 증가한 예도 없었다. 결 론: 내측 족관절 손상 없는 외과 단독 골절에서는 보존적 치료가 가능하므로 이런 골절 형태를 잘 구분하여 불필요한 수술을 피하고 조기 에 정상적인 활동으로의 복귀가 가능하다고 사료된다.

Background and Objectives:Ischemic preconditioning reduces the size of myocardial infarct in animal models, however its role in humans remains unclear. Clinical data suggests that episodes of angina immediately before acute myocardial infarction may be associated with a protective effect on the human myocardium. We performed an analysis on the effect of prodromal angina on infarct size, in-hospital outcome and newly developed Q-wave in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Subjects and Methods:65 patients who had received thrombolytic therapy were enrolled in the study. Eleven patients (17%) had experienced previous angina within 24 hours prior to acute myocardial infarction (group I), and the remaining 54 patients (83%) did not have a history of previous angina (group II). Killip class, cardiac enzyme, ECG findings, echocardiographic data and in-hospital outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results:Group I tended to have lower peak creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB levels, although the difference between the two groups in regards to the level of cardiac enzyme was statistically insignificant. Despite similar patient characteristics, Group I showed a lower incidence of heart failure during hospitalization than group II. 6/11 patients (55%) in group I and 47/54 (87%) in group II had a Q-wave at discharge ECG. Group I showed better left ventricular systolic function during admission. None of the DM patients (14 patients) had prodromal angina and 13 of 14 patients (93%) demonstrated Q-wave infarction. Conclusion:Prodromal angina prior to acute myocardial infarction as a marker of ischemic preconditioning may also confer beneficial effects in terms of in-hospital outcomes. Further studies concerning the long term outcomes of such cases are needed. (Korean Circulation J 2002; 32(1):47-52)

연구배경 : 국내의 지역사회획득 폐렴 원인균에 대한 연구가 부족하며, 특히 레지오넬라 폐렴균은 중증환자에서 중요한 원인균임을 고려할 때 이에 대한 연구가 시급하다. $NOW^{TM}$ Legionella Urinary Antigen Test는 Legionella 폐렴균의 90%를 차지하는 Legionella penumophila serogroup 1에 대해 90% 이상의 민감도를 갖는 검사법으로 이를 이용하였다. 방 법 : 1999년 7월부터 일년간 강원지역 일개 대학병원에 입원한 지역사회획득 폐렴환자를 대상으로 요즘 레지오넬라 항원 검사를 시행하였다. 결 과 : 총 54예중 요중 레지오넬라 항원이 양성으로 나온 예는 없었다. 환자의 59.3%는 중환자실에 입원한 중증의 지역사회획득 폐렴 환자였다. 결 론 : 국내에서 Legionella pneumophila에 의한 지역사회 획득 폐렴은 매우 드물 것으로 생각되어, 향후 치료지침을 만드는데 고려해야 할 요소로 생각된다. 【Background : Legionella pneumophila has been recognized as an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia(CAP) requiring hospitalization. However, epidemiological data on the occurrence of legionella-related pneumonia is unavailable in Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the etiological importance of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in patients hospitalized with CAP. Method : The CAP patients over 16 year-old were recruited from July 1999 to June 2000 at the Chunchon Sacred Heart Hospital. Fifty four patients (male 29, female 25, average age $63.8{\pm}15.3$ ) were included in this study. A diagnosis of a legionella pneumophila infection was based on a urinary antigen test using the Binax Company enzyme immunoassay. The severity of pneumonia was assessed using the Fine's PORT scoring system. Result : The average Fine's PORT score was 99.7( ${\pm}44.9$ ). According to the risk classification proposed by the Infectious Disease Society of America, the number of patients in each class(from class I to class V) were 6(11.1%), 13(24.1%), 9(16.7%), 14(25.8%), and 12(22.2%), respectively. Thirty two patients(59.3%) were initially admitted to the intensive care unit. The mortality rate was 16.7%(9 in 54). In all patients, urinary antigens to Legionella pnewnophila serogroup 1 were not detected. Conclusion : Legionella pnewnophila may play little role in causing adult CAP in Korea. Therefore, the routine use of macrolide in the empirical treatment of the CAP patients based upon the ATS guidelines(1993) in Korea should be reevaluated.】

The in sacco digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen content of the leaf material from 12 species of tropical browse legumes were measured in rumen-fistulated goats fed on a diet of rice straw supplemented with lucerne chaff. Freeze-dried samples of Albizia lebbek, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Samanea saman and Sesbania sesban did not contain condensed tannins. These browse species also exhibited high digestibilities of both dry matter and nitrogen. Highest condensed tannin contents (vanillin-HCl method) were recorded in Calliandra calothrysus (11.07%) and Codariocalyx gyroides (7.12%). In species which contained tannins, however, there was poor correlation between nitrogen digestibility and total condensed tannin content (measured either by vanillin-HCl or butanol-HCl assay). Drying the browse at 60°C in a forced-draught oven resulted in variable losses in both total phenolics and condensed tannin content in all species. In particular, Gliricidia sepium and Tipuana tipu lost all apparent tannin content during oven drying. Lowest digestibilities of nitrogen (

Santonin-kainic acid complex was evaluated as a chemotherapeutic of the mass treatment of the Ascaris lumbricoides infection in Korea. The results could be summarized as follows: 1) The negative conversion rate was 82.9% in average in 4 treated groups. Some variations of negative conversion rate among the treated groups were noticed. 2) The egg reduciton rate was 97.7% in average and the results were rather uniform among the three evaluated groups. 3) By the analysis of egg reduction, it seems that the lightly infected cases whose E.P.G. were under 5,000 were resistant to treatment with the less reduced egg output. 4) After the treatment with this complex, the number of egg discharged cases were reduced to 1.84% and the average number of discharge eggs per incompletely treated or untreated cases were reduced to 12.5% compared with the level of before-treatment egg output. 5) The successive observations of the pattern of worm expulsion after drug intake was made. The worms were mostly expelled in the stool within 3 days, and 58.9% of total expelled worms were collected within 24-hour stool. 6) The minimum length of the immature worms expelled was 7.6cm. Among the 659 Ascaris collected in the first-day stool from 91 rural people, 8.5% were in the range of 7.6-12.2 cm-long, immature worms. The sex ratio, male: female= 0.69: 1.

The authors examined 3,169 fecal specimens from inhabitants of seven localities such as City, Eups and Myons in Cheju Do on July 1970 with cellophane thick smear technique. The results were analysed and summarized as follows: 1) The overall egg positive rate of helminths was 82.2% and it was attributed to high rates of soil-transmitted helminths as in case of other parts in Korea. 2) The infection rates of each species were; A. lumbricoides 44.3%, T. trichiurus 65.6%, hookworm 1.5%, T. orientalis 0.8%, C. sinensis 0.2%, P. westermani 0.4%, M. yokogawai 0.9%, Taenia sp. 12.7% and H. nana 1.4%. 3) The infection rates of soil-transmitted helminths were relatively lower than those of mainland Korea especially in case of hookworm and T. orientalis. The proportion of unfertilized ova passers among the Ascaris infected case was 22.1%. 4) The ova of heterophyids, most probably Metagonimus yokogawai were detected in lower percentage but discovered throughout the localities surveyed and in all age groups. It is certainly presumed that Metagonimus infection is autochthonous. 5) The most interesting results were obtained in Taenia sp. infection and the higher rates were shown in rural area than in urbanized areas. The positive rates were within 5% in childhood and adolescence but abruptly increased up to 36.4 % in adults.