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The third way is central to the market turn that has taken place across the Western world since the 1970s. In this article, we explore the origins of the third way in Denmark, focusing on economist and Social Democratic dissident Jørn Henrik Petersen. We show how Petersen from the late 1970s onwards imported a new economic perspective on politics in the form of public choice theories into Danish debates about the welfare state, which contributed to making the third way possible as a cross-ideological project by allowing politicians of different colours to criticize, defend and reform the welfare state.

Background Haloperidol is frequently used to treat delirium in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), but evidence of its effect is limited. Methods In this multicenter, blinded, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned adult patients with delirium who had been admitted to the ICU for an acute condition to receive intravenous haloperidol (2.5 mg 3 times daily plus 2.5 mg as needed up to a total maximum daily dose of 20 mg) or placebo. Haloperidol or placebo was administered in the ICU for as long as delirium continued and as needed for recurrences. The primary outcome was the number of days alive and out of the hospital at 90 days after randomization. Results A total of 1000 patients underwent randomization; 510 were assigned to the haloperidol group and 490 to the placebo group. Among these patients, 987 (98.7%) were included in the final analyses (501 in the haloperidol group and 486 in the placebo group). Primary outcome data were available for 963 patients (97.6%). At 90 days, the mean number of days alive and out of the hospital was 35.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.9 to 38.6) in the haloperidol group and 32.9 (95% CI, 29.9 to 35.8) in the placebo group, with an adjusted mean difference of 2.9 days (95% CI, -1.2 to 7.0) (P=0.22). Mortality at 90 days was 36.3% in the haloperidol group and 43.3% in the placebo group (adjusted absolute difference, -6.9 percentage points [95% CI, -13.0 to -0.6]). Serious adverse reactions occurred in 11 patients in the haloperidol group and in 9 patients in the placebo group. Conclusions Among patients in the ICU with delirium, treatment with haloperidol did not lead to a significantly greater number of days alive and out of the hospital at 90 days than placebo.

BACKGROUND Haloperidol is frequently used to treat delirium in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), but evidence of its effect is limited. METHODS In this multicenter, blinded, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned adult patients with delirium who had been admitted to the ICU for an acute condition to receive intravenous haloperidol (2.5 mg 3 times daily plus 2.5 mg as needed up to a total maximum daily dose of 20 mg) or placebo. Haloperidol or placebo was administered in the ICU for as long as delirium continued and as needed for recurrences. The primary outcome was the number of days alive and out of the hospital at 90 days after randomization. RESULTS A total of 1000 patients underwent randomization; 510 were assigned to the haloperidol group and 490 to the placebo group. Among these patients, 987 (98.7%) were included in the final analyses (501 in the haloperidol group and 486 in the placebo group). Primary outcome data were available for 963 patients (97.6%). At 90 days, the mean number of days alive and out of the hospital was 35.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.9 to 38.6) in the haloperidol group and 32.9 (95% CI, 29.9 to 35.8) in the placebo group, with an adjusted mean difference of 2.9 days (95% CI, -1.2 to 7.0) (P=0.22). Mortality at 90 days was 36.3% in the haloperidol group and 43.3% in the placebo group (adjusted absolute difference, -6.9 percentage points [95% CI, -13.0 to -0.6]). Serious adverse reactions occurred in 11 patients in the haloperidol group and in 9 patients in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Among patients in the ICU with delirium, treatment with haloperidol did not lead to a significantly greater number of days alive and out of the hospital at 90 days than placebo.

An original interpretation of the neoliberal order's origins, The Marketizers is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the marketization of politics since the 1980s. The book traces the origins of the neoliberal order to public choice theory and argues that the reinvention of government on the model of the market would have been unimaginable without the emergence of this body of thought. The separation of provision and production in public services, the introduction of competition between service providers, the treatment of citizens as customers, and the use of performance incentives all have origins in the writings of public choice theorists. From the 1940s through the 1980s, these marketizers gradually eroded the differences between politics and the market as they applied the tools of economics to problems usually considered the purview of political scientists and political philosophers. In response to the extraordinary postwar growth in American public expenditures, they reimagined politics as a marketplace, redefined the relationship between the state and its citizens as a commercial transaction between a firm and its customers, and argued for the marketization of government.

This thesis examines the production of legitimacy during the handling of the Covid-epidemic in Denmark between the end of 2019 and the 3rd of February 2022. Its main analytical focus lies on the Danish government and its authorities’ communication to the public. The last chapter consists of a comparison between the government’s explanations of its own handling of the crisis to the knowledge production from the government’s advisory experts. This is done to explain why the second reopening of Denmark was politized, while the third was not. The Covid-epidemic has recently been investigated through numerous current themes but none of them has addressed how the Covid-19 epidemic crisis management could be legitimized in a modern western democracy like the Danish. This is the first contribution of the thesis. The question of legitimacy in epidemic crisis management has, however, been asked in terms of other, recent epidemics in other geographical and temporal spaces. But none of these has used an approach that emphasizes the importance of language in the production of legitimacy. This is the second contribution of this thesis. The theoretical and methodological framework of Michel Foucault’s historical discourse accentuates the important role of language in the production of legitimacy. It is an approach that makes it possible to give an account of how language is used for making sense of the experienced world and why people make the choices they do. Using this approach, the thesis argues firstly that the handling of the epidemic was a constant adaption to the changing perceptions and facts of government and authorities. To conceptualize and legitimize the constant adaption of the epidemic crisis management to the public, the government used words with historical and cultural notions that in some ways corresponded to the specific critical situation in question. Secondly, the thesis argues that this approach to epidemic crisis management with time evolved into a p, This thesis examines the production of legitimacy during the handling of the Covid-epidemic in Denmark between the end of 2019 and the 3rd of February 2022. Its main analytical focus lies on the Danish government and its authorities’ communication to the public. The last chapter consists of a comparison between the government’s explanations of its own handling of the crisis to the knowledge production from the government’s advisory experts. This is done to explain why the second reopening of Denmark was politized, while the third was not. The Covid-epidemic has recently been investigated through numerous current themes but none of them has addressed how the Covid-19 epidemic crisis management could be legitimized in a modern western democracy like the Danish. This is the first contribution of the thesis. The question of legitimacy in epidemic crisis management has, however, been asked in terms of other, recent epidemics in other geographical and temporal spaces. But none of these has used an approach that emphasizes the importance of language in the production of legitimacy. This is the second contribution of this thesis. The theoretical and methodological framework of Michel Foucault’s historical discourse accentuates the important role of language in the production of legitimacy. It is an approach that makes it possible to give an account of how language is used for making sense of the experienced world and why people make the choices they do. Using this approach, the thesis argues firstly that the handling of the epidemic was a constant adaption to the changing perceptions and facts of government and authorities. To conceptualize and legitimize the constant adaption of the epidemic crisis management to the public, the government used words with historical and cultural notions that in some ways corresponded to the specific critical situation in question. Secondly, the thesis argues that this approach to epidemic crisis management with time evolved into a p

Mixed-linkage glucan, which is widely distributed in grasses, is a polysaccharide highly abundant in cell walls of grass endosperm and young vegetative tissues. Lichenases are enzymes that hydrolyze mixed-linkage glucan first identified in mixed-linkage glucan-rich lichens. In this study, we identify a gene encoding a lichenase we name Brachypodium distachyon LICHENASE 1 (BdLCH1), which is highly expressed in the endosperm of germinating seeds and coleoptiles and at lower amounts in mature shoots. RNA in situ hybridization showed that BdLCH1 is primarily expressed in chlorenchyma cells of mature leaves and internodes. Disruption of BdLCH1 resulted in an eight-fold increase in mixed-linkage glucan content in senesced leaves. Consistent with the in situ hybridization data, immunolocalization results showed that mixed-linkage glucan was not removed in chlorenchyma cells of lch1 mutants as it was in wild type and implicate the BdLCH1 enzyme in removing mixed-linkage glucan in chlorenchyma cells in mature vegetative tissues. We also show that mixed-linkage glucan accumulation in lch1 mutants was resistant to dark-induced degradation, and 8-week-old lch1 plants showed a faster rate of starch breakdown than wild type in darkness. Our results suggest a role for BdLCH1 in modifying the cell wall to support highly metabolically active cells.

This article examines how Murray Rothbard, though he claimed to follow Ludwig von Mises very closely, ended up making a number of radical leaps that Mises never did. It argues that Rothbard constructed anarchocapitalism by repurposing Mises's economic theory. First, whereas Mises responded to interwar socialism, Rothbard redeployed his mentor's economics in response to the militarism of the right-wing. Second, whereas Mises defended the market as a consumers' democracy against ideas about economic democracy, Rothbard developed an anti-democratic view of the market in response to the egalitarianism of the counterculture. These differences in context account for the distinctiveness of anarchocapitalism.