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10106 Background: A decision aid (DA) increases knowledge, decreases decisional conflicts and regrets and improves post-decision satisfaction, emotional distress. However, few DA trials have revealed whether decisional role preferences have an impact on patient-reported outcomes by decision making. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of caregiver’s decisional role preference on decisional conflicts and psychiatric distresses in decision making. Methods: 406 of 444 caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients enrolled onto a previous trial determining the efficacy of the decision aid about disclosure of terminal disease status were included in this analysis. The analysis outcomes were change score of decisional conflicts using the Decision Conflict Scale (DCS) and depression and anxiety using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at 1 and 3 months from baseline. Participants were divided into 4 groups: active caregiver who received DA (active-DA), active caregiver in control group (active-control), passive caregiver who received DA (passive-DA), and passive caregiver in control group (passive-control). Linear mixed model was conducted to find out the impact of caregiver’s decisional role preference on the DCS and the HADS. Results: Among 406 caregivers, 137 (33.7%) showed active role preference, and 269 (66.3%) showed passive role preference. In post-hoc analysis of adjusted differences of change scores between passive-DA and active-DA groups, non-significant differences were observed in DCS. However, at 3 months, change scores of HADS depression subscale increased as 4.43 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78-8.07; P< 0.007; effect size (ES) 0.71) and those of HADS anxiety subscales increased as 4.14 (95% CI, 0.37-7.91; P= 0.021; ES 0.61) in passive-DA group than in active-DA group, showing moderate to large difference. Conclusions: These findings suggest that information about decision making might be provided with tailored format for how much individual wish to involve in decision making.

A facile synthetic strategy for a hybrid Cu2O/Pd–Fe3O4 nanocomposite via controlled thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5 and reduction of Pd(OAc)2 and Cu(acac)2 was developed. The Pd precursor and amount of reducing agent used during the synthetic process controlled the morphology of the Cu2O/Pd–Fe3O4 nanocomposites. The prepared Cu2O/Pd–Fe3O4 nanocomposites showed excellent catalytic performance for C–H arylation, which can be attributed to the synergetic catalytic system formed from the catalytically effective Pd and Cu2O. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, the C–H arylation of 4-nitroimidazoles with aryl iodides catalyzed by heterogeneous nanocatalysts has not been reported in the literature.

The 6-line ferrihydrite sample for Ficher-Tropsch catalysts was prepared by using a combination of a co-precipitation technique and a spraydrying method. The crystallographic and magnetic properties of 6-line ferrihydrite sample were investigated by using x-ray diffractometer (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and Mossbauer spectrometer. The XRD patterns of the ferrihydrite sample, measured at 295 K, showed 6-lines peak and its structure was found to be a single-phased hexagonal with space group of P3m1 according to JCPDS card. The temperaturedependent magnetization curves were measured under 1000 Oe between 4.2 and 300 K, and showed blocking temperature (TB) around 110 K. Also, Mossbauer spectra of the 6-line ferrihydrite sample were taken at various temperatures ranging from 4.2 to 295 K. At temperature below TB, the obtained spectra were analyzed as two-sextets for Fe sites, while At temperature above TB, the obtained spectra showed a doublet due to relaxation, resulting from the spin dynamic effect.

We prepared highly productive Co/MCF nanocatalysts by a facile melt infiltration process using a hydrated Co precursor. The highly loaded Co particles (30 wt%) were uniformly dispersed in the large pores (30 nm) of the MCF support. The Co particles had an average diameter of 17 nm and clean surfaces without any surfactant. The Co/MCF catalyst exhibited very high hydrocarbon productivity (∼0.98 gtotal HC gcat−1 h−1) with high activity (CO conversion = 77%, CTY = 7.6 × 10−5 molCO gCo−1 s−1) and good selectivity for C5+ long chain hydrocarbons (∼81%) in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.

We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of early response assessment using a volumetric fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) PET analysis in chemotherapy-treated patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).We retrospectively reviewed 33 patients with NSCLC who received first-line chemotherapy and performed F-FDG PET/computed tomography before (baseline PET) and after two cycles of chemotherapy (interim PET). The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) of the total malignant lesion were measured in baseline (SUV1 and MTV1) and interim (SUV2 and MTV2) PET images, and percentage changes in SUVmax (ΔSUV) and MTV (ΔMTV) were calculated between the two images. We compared PET parameters and clinicopathologic variables in terms of the 2-year overall survival (OS).The median follow-up period was 14.3 months and the 2-year OS was 31%. In PET images, the mean SUV1, MTV1, SUV2, MTV2, ΔSUV, and ΔMTV were 13.1±4.5, 307.9±340.0 cm, 9.5±5.1, 180.4±29.6 cm, 27±28%, and 42±65%, respectively. In univariable analysis, M stage, TNM stage, and all six PET parameters associated significantly with OS. Both the MTV1 and the ΔMTV were tested against OS controlling for M stage, one at time, and the effect remained significant in multivariable analyses.A smaller baseline MTV and greater decrease in MTV between baseline and interim PET images are associated with a significantly prolonged OS. A volume-based F-FDG PET analysis would facilitate prediction of clinical outcome and identification of treatment-resistant patients early during chemotherapy and could thus be used in personalized treatment approaches for patients with NSCLC.

The development of an eco-friendly and economical synthetic pathway of nanomaterials such as metal nanoparticles and nanoporous metals remains a challenging topic in the field of nanomaterials. Here we report a novel and eco-friendly series of synthetic methods from the preparation of metal nanoparticles to the fabrication of hierarchical porous metals by using partial film boiling phenomena established by a reactor with the inverse configuration of conventional Leidenfrost drop reactors, which is much more favorable to large-scale production than conventional Leidenfrost drop reactors. As a result, we have revealed two important facts, which can offer fresh vision to the field of metal nanoparticle and nanoporous metal synthesis. The first one is that Pd and Pt precursor can be reduced to neutral Pd and Pt nanoparticles under basic condition established by partial film boiling phenomena without reducing agents such as ethanol and citric acid. The second one is that when citric acid and ethanol as a mild ...

Background. In this prospective study, we determined the frequency of opioid-related chemical coping among advanced cancer patients, as diagnosed by palliative medicine specialists. We also determined predictors for chemical coping and the concordance between the physician's diagnosis and documentation in the medical records. Patients and Methods. Palliative medicine specialists evaluated and diagnosed consecutive patients seen for chemical coping. The proportion of patients identified as chemically coping was compared with the proportion documented in the medical records. Demographic data; cancer diagnosis; history of smoking; substance abuse; psychiatric disease; morphine equivalent daily dosage; Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye-opener (CAGE) questionnaire scores; and Edmonton Symptom Assessment System scores were also collected. Results. A total of 432 patients were evaluated. Overall, 76 patients (18%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14%–21%) were diagnosed as chemically coping. Documentation of chemical coping in the medical records was reported for only 15 patients (4%; 95% CI: 2%–6%). CAGE positivity (odds ratio [OR]: 2.89), younger age (OR: 0.97 per year), better performance status (OR: 0.68 per point), pain (OR: 1.20 per point), and well-being (OR: 1.28 per point) were found to be significant predictors of chemical coping by protocol definition. After recursive partitioning, 21 of 50 patients (42%) who were CAGE positive and had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤2 were diagnosed as chemically coping. Conclusion. Approximately 18% of palliative care patients seen were diagnosed as chemically coping by palliative medicine specialists. The frequency of documentation in the medical records was significantly lower. Better and safer ways for physicians to assess and report chemical coping are needed. Implications for Practice: Cancer pain is a multidimensional symptom for which opioids are the mainstay of treatment. However, opioids can have a double effect resulting in drug-seeking behaviors. Chemical coping occurs when a patient uses opioids in a nonprescribed way to cope with various stressful events. This can lead to misuse of opioids and complications including neurotoxicities, respiratory depression, and death. Proper diagnosis and documentation is needed to ensure proper management of pain and to avoid unnecessary harm. The findings of this study suggest that ∼18% of advanced cancer patients seen by a palliative care service were diagnosed as chemical coping, but only 4% were documented in the medical records.

To develop small stationary reformers for on-site H 2 production, the active catalyst and its reaction kinetics were examined in order to study the steam methane reforming reaction. A 20 wt% Ni/γ-Al 2 O 3 was found to be a highly active catalyst within the investigated range of contact time from 1.16 to 3.64 g cat h/mol, which was good for developing the small stationary reformers. BET, XRD, and TEM analysis revealed that the high activity of the 20 wt% Ni/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst compared to the 15 wt% Ni/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst was strongly ascribed to the high number of Ni metal particles and the ratio of the number of the Ni metal species between the catalysts was calculated to be 1.33. Furthermore, the SMR reaction kinetics of the reversible first-order reaction between reactants and products was applied. This showed that the activation energies obtained by the two catalysts were the same because of the similar pore diffusion and heat transfer restrictions, and the similar Ni particle size in the catalyst pores. Also, it was found that the ratio of the pre-exponential factor was 1.30, which was exactly proportional to the ratio of Ni loading in the catalysts because it was strongly related to the collision density.

Combined high catalytic activity and thermal stability were achieved with a well-structured, surfactant-free Pd@porous SiO2 yolk–shell nanostructure, resulting from the entirely exposed Pd core particles and highly porous silica shells. Pd@SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles were synthesized by a water-in-oil microemulsion method for direct silica coating of as-prepared tiny Pd nanoparticles. Hydrothermal etching and subsequent high thermal treatment generated large pores in the silica shells and facilitated complete removal of surfactants around the core particles. The surfactant-free Pd@pSiO2 yolk–shell nanoparticles efficiently catalyzed the oxidation of benzyl alcohol as well as that of various substituted benzyl alcohols.

A facile synthesis of rose-like Pd-Fe3O4 nanocomposites via controlled thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5 and reduction of Pd(OAc)2, followed by the immobilization of Au nanoparticles (NPs) onto the Pd-Fe3O4 supports, is reported. The morphology of these hybrid nanostructures could be easily controlled by varying the amount of Fe(CO)5 and the reaction temperature. Moreover, the synthesized Au/Pd-Fe3O4 catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity for the tandem synthesis of 2-phenylindoles and demonstrated magnetic recyclability.

Using a simple thermal treatment under a CO flow, uniform micrometer-sized iron oxalate dihydrate cubes prepared by hydrothermal reaction were transformed into Fe5C2@C nanoparticles to form a mesoporous framework; the final structure was successfully applied to the high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch reaction and it showed high activity (CO conversion = 96%, FTY = 1.5 × 10(-4) molCO gFe(-1) s(-1)) and stability.

Cs promoted Fe5C2/charcoal nanocatalysts bearing small iron carbide particles of 8.5 and 14 nm were prepared through a simple melt-infiltration process and a wetness impregnation method; the resulting materials showed very high CO conversion (>95%) and good selectivity, especially at Cs/Fe = 0.025, resulting in a high liquid oil productivity (∼0.4 gliq gcat−1 h−1) in high-temperature Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.

Mesoporous SiO

Background. Both the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the European Society for Medical Oncology strongly endorse integrating oncology and palliative care (PC); however, a global consensus on what constitutes integration is currently lacking. To better understand what integration entails, we conducted a systematic review to identify articles addressing the clinical, educational, research, and administrative indicators of integration. Materials and Methods. We searched Ovid MEDLINE and Ovid EMBase between 1948 and 2013. Two researchers independently reviewed each citation for inclusion and extracted the indicators related to integration. The inter-rater agreement was high (κ = 0.96, p < .001). Results. Of the 431 publications in our initial search, 101 were included. A majority were review articles (58%) published in oncology journals (59%) and in or after 2010 (64%, p < .001). A total of 55 articles (54%), 33 articles (32%), 24 articles (24%), and 14 articles (14%) discussed the role of outpatient clinics, community-based care, PC units, and inpatient consultation teams in integration, respectively. Process indicators of integration include interdisciplinary PC teams (n = 72), simultaneous care approach (n = 71), routine symptom screening (n = 25), PC guidelines (n = 33), care pathways (n = 11), and combined tumor boards (n = 10). A total of 66 articles (65%) mentioned early involvement of PC, 18 (18%) provided a specific timing, and 28 (28%) discussed referral criteria. A total of 45 articles (45%), 20 articles (20%), and 66 articles (65%) discussed 8, 4, and 9 indicators related to the educational, research, and administrative aspects of integration, respectively. Conclusion. Integration was a heterogeneously defined concept. Our systematic review highlighted 38 clinical, educational, research, and administrative indicators. With further refinement, these indicators may facilitate assessment of the level of integration of oncology and PC.

Fresh catalyst samples of 100Fe/5.26Cu/4.76K/18.2SiO2 in part per weight were synthesized by using a combination of a co-precipitation technique and spray-drying method and were activated in situ by using syngas (H2/CO/xCO2) with different amounts of CO2 (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0). All activated catalyst samples showed similar XRD patterns, a combination of ferrihydrite, magnetite, χ-carbide, and e′-carbide, regardless of the CO2 contents. From the Mossbauer spectra, we also observed a combination of ferrihydrite, magnetite, χ-carbide, and e′-carbide in all activated catalyst samples. The main compound of the activated catalyst sample activated by using CO2-free syngas (H2/CO) was magnetic χ-carbide, and the main compound changed from χ-carbide to ferrihydrite with increasing CO2 concentration, confirmed by both, Mossbauer spectra and XRD pattern.

Background To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of reirradiation using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in symptomatic patients with locoregionally recurrent lung cancer. Methods Between 2005 and 2012, 15 patients with locoregionally recurrent lung cancer were retreated with 3D-CRT after previously receiving thoracic radiotherapy. The median interval between the initial irradiation and reirradiation was 12 months (range, five to 41 months). The median initial radiotherapy dose was 63 Gy (range, 45–70 Gy), and reirradiation doses ranged from 25.2 to 45.2 Gy (median, 36 Gy), with daily fractions of 1.8–4 Gy (median, 2 Gy). Results After reirradiation, 80% of the patients experienced resolved or diminished symptoms for one or more of their symptoms, with an 83% improvement in a total of 24 symptoms. The overall tumor response rate to reirradiation was 46.7%, with progressive disease occurring in only one patient. The median overall survival (OS) time was 11 months (range, one to 27 months), and the one-year OS rate was 47%. The progression-free survival time ranged from one to 10 months (median, five months). In univariate analysis, the use of combined chemotherapy and a higher reirradiation dose showed a trend toward improved survival after reirradiation. Treatment-induced toxicity included grade 2 radiation pneumonitis in only one patient, and there were no other complications, such as radiation esophagitis or myelopathy. Conclusions Reirradiation using 3D-CRT with moderate doses for locoregionally recurrent lung cancer can provide palliative benefits without severe complications to the majority of selected patients with symptoms as a result of a regrowing tumor.

article i nfo A system consisting of a cobalt catalyst coated metallic foam and heat-exchanger type reactor was developed with the consideration of thesevere heatand masstransferlimitations intheFischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction. The system showed highlydesirableresults notonly interms ofits low CH4and CO2 selectivities, but alsoits high C5+productivity,becauseofitsenhancedheatandmasstransferpropertiesinthereaction.Theeffectsofthesyn- thesis gas flow rate and reaction temperature on the CO conversion and C5+productivity were also investigated. The CO conversion decreased, but the C5+ selectivity increased, with increasing synthesis gas flow rate, because the former was strongly affected by the reaction contact time and the latter was deeply related to the superficial velocity of the synthesis gas in the reactor. Furthermore, this system effectively prevented the formation of CH4, even at high temperature, and reduced the diffusional restrictions of the hydrocarbons produced in the catalyst pores with the temperature. The system of cobalt catalyst coated metallic foam and heat-exchanger type reactor

We developed a photocatalyst (T–FC) that incorporated anatase TiO2 (T) nanoparticles on magnetically enhanced carbon [iron oxide (F; α,γ-Fe2O3–Fe3O4) supported on activated carbon (C)] for use as a highly visible-light-active, low-cost, recyclable, and photostable catalyst for the degradation of organic dyes and bacterial sterilization. The T–FC photocatalyst with a large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (564.3 m2 g−1) was synthesized by wet-chemical processing and ultrasound irradiation. Under visible-light irradiation, the highest photocatalytic activity for T–FC ([k] = 3.874 h−1) was 32.6 and 3.1 times higher than those of T ([k] = 0.119 h−1) and FC ([k] = 1.259 h−1). The recyclability of T–FC was high, with a dye decolorization rate measured at ∼95.8% of the initial value after 15 recycles. Furthermore, T–FC showed more substantial antimicrobial properties against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) than T and FC when exposed to visible-light for 120 min. Even after 10 cycles of use, T–FC killed more than 95.7% of E. coli. These results indicated that T–FC might have utility in several promising applications such as wastewater treatment and as a bactericidal agent.

This paper reviews recent developments in the field of hybrid Pd nanoparticles and their catalytic activity in the Suzuki coupling reaction, which is used extensively in the fabrication of both simple and complex biaryl compounds. We developed three types of Pd-silica hybrid nanoparticles. Pd/SiO2 nanobeads containing tiny Pd clusters, Pd@nickel phyllosilicate yolk-shell nanoparticles, Pd@porous SiO2 yolk-shell nanoparticles were synthesized, and they displayed highly efficient catalytic activity and excellent reusability. The hybrid nanoparticles also catalyzed the Suzuki coupling reaction with various substrates, including bromobenzene and chlorobenzene. This review also briefly discusses the synthesis procedure, structural characterization, and catalytic activity of hybrid Pd nanoparticles.

The linear α-olefin 1-octene was produced via the dehydration of 1-octanol over Al2O3 catalysts. The effect of calcination temperature on the characteristics of an Al2O3 catalyst and its activity in the dehydration of 1-octanol to 1-octene was investigated. Al2O3 catalysts calcined at various temperatures (250, 500, 750, 1000 °C) were evaluated at 300–400 °C with a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) of 7–56 h−1. XRD, BET, 27Al-NMR, Py-FTIR, and NH3-TPD analyses indicated that the calcination temperature affected the crystal phase, surface area, occupancy of the coordinated Al3+ ion, and acidic properties of Al2O3 catalysts. Upon calcination at temperatures >750 °C, the surface area of Al2O3 catalysts reduced due to γ-Al2O3 to θ-Al2O3 phase transition. The changes in the crystal phase decreased the surface area, which correlated to the acidity of the Al2O3 catalyst. The distribution of unsaturated Al3+ ions acting as LAS on the catalyst surface increased with increasing calcination temperature, but decreased above 750 °C calcination temperature due to the diminishing surface area. The Al2O3 catalyst calcined at 500 °C showed the highest 1-octanol conversion in the dehydration of 1-octanol. High 1-octene selectivity was maintained while the isomer ratio decreased at a high LHSV of 56 h−1.

The use of nanostructure materials as heterogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of organic compounds have been receiving more attention in the rapid developing area of nanotechnology. In this review, we mainly focused on our own work on the synthesis of hybrid palladium−iron oxide nanoparticles. We discuss the synthesis of Pd−Fe3O4—both morphology-controlled synthesis of Pd−Fe3O4 and transition metal-loaded Pd−Fe3O4—as well as its application in various C−C coupling reactions. In the case of rose-like Pd−Fe3O4 hybrid nanoparticles, thermal decomposition can be used instead of oxidants or reductants, and morphology can be easily controlled. We have developed a method for the synthesis of nanoparticles that is facile and eco-friendly. The catalyst was recyclable for up to five continual cycles without significant loss of catalytic activity and may provide a great platform as a catalyst for other organic reactions in the near future.

In the present work, we synthesized magnetically separable Pd/Fe3O4/charcoal nanocatalysts by simple solid-state grinding of a mixture of salts and the simultaneous thermal decomposition of the salts. The highly loaded Pd nanoparticles (20 wt%) were well dispersed in the porous charcoal, with an average diameter of ∼5 nm and clean surfaces without any surfactant. Moreover, the simultaneously obtained Fe3O4 nanoparticles (10 wt%) had good superparamagnetic character, enabling quick separation of the catalyst from the products and re-dispersion in the reaction solution. The bifunctional catalyst showed a high product time yield with various substituted aryl halides and aryl boronic acids.

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis was carried out over industrially important Fe/Cu/K/SiO2 catalysts containing a small amount of residual sodium which originated from the sodium carbonate solution used as a precipitating agent. The structural promoter, SiO2, was incorporated by two comparative sequences: immediately after precipitation (AP) or after a subsequent wash (AW). Whereas AW exhibited severe deactivation during the reaction, AP displayed high and stable catalytic activity for the entire reaction time. Furthermore, AP showed higher selectivity of liquid hydrocarbons, in particular heavy hydrocarbons, than AW. We attribute the advantageous catalytic performance observed in AP to the enhanced reducibility and higher surface basicity of AP, potentially induced by higher dispersion of catalysts and promoters.

Recently, a convenient melt-infiltration method, using a hydrated metal salt with porous support, was developed to prepare various metal/metal-oxide nanocatalysts. Until now, millimeter-scale, bead-shaped, cobalt egg-shell catalysts have been used to enhance the rate of reactant diffusion and catalyst performance. In the present work, new SiO2@Co/mSiO2 egg-shell nanoreactors (~300 nm) were synthesized with controlled Co content of 10 and 20 wt%. This was accomplished using a selective melt-infiltration process with porous silica shells around solid-silica cores. The SiO2@Co(10 wt%)/mSiO2 egg-shell catalyst that bears small cobalt nanoparticles of -2 nm was successfully employed for the industrially valuable Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, showing the high activity of -8.0 x 10(-5) mol(CO) x gCo(-1) x S(-1).

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was carried out over nanocrystalline ferrihydrite-based (Fe9O2(OH)23) catalysts activated by different reducing agents: syngas (H2+CO), CO, and H2. The syngas activation successfully changed the ferrihydrite-based catalysts into an active and stable catalytic structure with chi-carbide (Fe2.5 C) and epsilon'-carbide (Fe2.2 C). The crystal structure of the catalysts obtained by syngas activation was similar to the structure obtained by CO activation; this similarity was probably due to the peculiar reduction behavior of the ferrihydrite-based catalysts, which exhibit much greater reducibility in CO atmosphere than in H2 atmosphere. The performance of the catalysts activated by syngas was much higher than the performance of the catalysts activated by H2 and was comparable to the performance of the catalysts activated by CO. This strongly demonstrates that the ferrihydrite-based catalysts are advantageous for industrial FTS processes because syngas can be commonly used for both activation pre-treatment and subsequent reaction.

Objective:Caregivers of cancer patients face intense demands throughout the course of the disease, survivorship, and bereavement. Caregiver burden, needs, satisfaction, quality of life, and other significant areas of caregiving are not monitored regularly in the clinic setting, resulting in a need to address the availability and clinical effectiveness of cancer caregiver distress tools. This review aimed to determine the availability of cancer caregiver instruments, the variation of instruments between different domains of distress, and that between adult and pediatric cancer patient populations.Method:A literature search was conducted using various databases from 1937 to 2013. Original articles on instruments were extracted separately if not included in the original literature search. The instruments were divided into different areas of caregiver distress and into adult versus pediatric populations. Psychometric data were also evaluated.Results:A total of 5,541 articles were reviewed, and 135 articles (2.4%) were accepted based on our inclusion criteria. Some 59 instruments were identified, which fell into the following categories: burden (n = 26, 44%); satisfaction with healthcare delivery (n = 5, 8.5%); needs (n = 14, 23.7%); quality of life (n = 9, 15.3%); and other issues (n = 5, 8.5%). The median number of items was 29 (4–125): 20/59 instruments (33.9%) had ≤20 items; 13 (22%) had ≤20 items and were psychometrically sound, with 12 of these 13 (92.3%) being self-report questionnaires. There were 44 instruments (74.6%) that measured caregiver distress for adult cancer patients and 15 (25.4%) for caregivers of pediatric patients.Significance of results:There is a significant number of cancer caregiver instruments that are self-reported, concise, and psychometrically sound, which makes them attractive for further research into their clinical use, outcomes, and effectiveness.

Recent developments in the synthesis of SpellECuO nanoparticles (NPs) and their application to the [3+2] cycloaddition of azides with terminal alkynes are reviewed. With respect to the importance of click chemistry, CuO hollow NPs, CuO hollow NPs on acetylene black, water-soluble double-hydrophilic block copolymer (DHBC) nanoreactors and ZnO–CuO hybrid NPs were synthesized. Non-conventional energy sources such as microwaves and ultrasound were also applied to these click reactions, and good catalytic activity with high regioselectivity was observed. CuO hollow NPs on acetylene black can be recycled nine times without any loss of activity, and water-soluble DHBC nanoreactors have been developed for an environmentally friendly process.

In a trayed bubble column, the structure of the partitioning plate plays an important role on the bubble behavior. This study examined the effect of the opening ratio and pore size of the plate on the bubble break-up frequency and bubble size distribution. The sieve tray was used as the partitioning plate. The opening ratio was closely related to gas cap development. The stagnation of bubble flow and a gas cap were observed with an opening ratio less than 48.5%. The gas cap increased with decreasing opening ratio and increasing superficial gas velocity. The main effect of the sieve tray could be categorized into the additional drag force and bubble break-up depending on the sieve pore size. When the sieve pore size was smaller than the Sauter diameter of the bubble swarm, the movement of rising bubbles was interrupted by the drag force applied by the surrounding mesh lines. On the other hand, when the sieve pore size was larger than the Sauter diameter, the bubbles were affected by the additional bubble break-up. After the bubbles penetrated the sieve tray, the bubble size distribution shifted to a smaller one and the Sauter diameter decreased.

철 촉매를 이용한 Fischer-Tropsch 합성 반응과 수성 가스 전환 반응에 대한 반응 메커니즘과 반응 속도식을 5 채널 고정층 반응기를 이용하여 조사하였다. 실험 조건은, 반응물 합성가스 $H_2$ /CO 비 0.5~2, 반응물 공급 유량 60~80 ml/min, 반응 온도 $255{\sim}275^{\circ}C$ 로서 반응 압력은 1.5 MPa을 유지하였다. F-T 합성 반응의 반응 속도식( $r_{FT}$ )은 반응 속도 결정 단계로서 분자로 흡착된 CO와 기상의 수소 분자와의 반응을 바탕으로 하는 Eley-Rideal 반응 메카니즘을 통해 계산되었고, WGS 반응의 반응 속도식( $r_{WGS}$ )은 formate 중간체 생성 반응을 반응 속도 결정 단계로 가정하여 결정되었다. 실험 결과, F-T 합성 반응의 반응 속도식과 WGS 반응의 반응 속도식은 각각 탄화수소 생성과 $CO_2$ 생성에 대한 반응 속도 실험값을 잘 모사하였고, 또한 power law에 근거한 CO 전환 반응에 대한 반응 속도식도 실험값과 잘 일치하였다. 이처럼, 각각의 반응 메카니즘을 바탕으로 도출된 반응 속도식( $r_{FT}$ , $r_{WGS}$ , $-r_{CO}$ )은 실험값과 여러 가지 기존 문헌에서 보고된 반응 속도식 모델과 잘 일치하였다. 【The kinetics of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and water gas shift reactions over a precipitated iron catalyst were studied in a 5 channel fixed-bed reactor. Experimental conditions were changed as follows: synthesis gas $H_2$ /CO feed ratios of 0.5~2, reactants flow rate of 60~80 ml/min, and reaction temperature of $255{\sim}275^{\circ}C$ at a constant pressure of 1.5 MPa. The reaction rate of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was calculated from Eley-Rideal mechanism in which the rate-determining step was the formation of the monomer species (methylene) by hydrogenation of associatively adsorbed CO. Whereas water gas shift reaction rate was determined by the formation of a formate intermediate species as the rate-determining step. As a result, the reaction rates of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for the hydrocarbon formation and water gas shift for the $CO_2$ production were in good agreement with the experimental values, respectively. Therefore, the reaction rates ( $r_{FT}$ , $r_{WGS}$ , $-r_{CO}$ ) derived from the reaction mechanisms showed good agreement both with experimental values and with some kinetic models from literature.】

Pd/SiO2 nanobeads containing tiny Pd clusters with a diameter of about 2 nm were prepared via a sol–gel process for SiO2 by using a water-in-oil microemulsion with Pd complexes and subsequent hydrogen reduction by heat treatment. The Pd/SiO2 nanostructures were employed in Suzuki coupling reactions with various substrates, and they served as good catalysts in these reactions.

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis was carried out over precipitated iron-based catalysts with different amounts of CO2 in the feed stream while maintaining both total reaction pressure (1.5 MPa) and partial pressure of H2 + CO (0.75 MPa) using an inert balance gas, N2. The CO2 in the feed stream decreased the rate of hydrocarbon formation, but it had no significant influence on the carbon number distribution of hydrocarbons. The CO2 in the feed stream also suppressed CO2 formation, decreasing both CO conversion and CO2 selectivity. We attribute the decreased reaction rate to the partial competition in the adsorption behavior between CO and CO2 as revealed in the temperature-programmed desorption.

Purpose We tested whether a decision aid explaining how to discuss the approach of death with a family member with cancer would help family caregivers decide to discuss a terminal prognosis. Patients and Methods We randomly assigned caregivers of terminally ill patients with cancer to a group that received a video and a companion workbook that showed either how they can discuss the prognosis with their patient (experimental arm) or how cancer pain can be controlled (control arm). At baseline and 1 month, we evaluated the decision to discuss terminal prognosis as the primary outcome. At 0, 1, 3, and 6 months, we assessed the caregivers' decisional conflict and satisfaction as secondary outcomes using a Decision Conflict Scale (DCS). Results We found no difference in changes in the decision to discuss terminal prognosis between the two groups. Conflict (P = .003), uncertainty (P = .019), and value clarity (P = .007) subscale scores and total DCS score (P = .008) improved from baseline to 1 month significantly more in the experimental arm than in the control arm. Over 6 months, the significant between-group differences continued for the conflict (P = .031), uncertainty (P = .014), and value clarity (P = .039) subscale scores and total DCS score (P = .040). Conclusion Decision aids can help caregivers, with the aid of trained professionals, to communicate with patients about their terminal illness.

The pre-reforming of higher hydrocarbon, propane, was performed to generate hydrogen from LPG without carbon deposition on the catalysts. A Ru/Ni/MgAl2O4 metallic monolith catalyst was employed to minimize the pressure drop over the catalyst bed. The propane pre-reforming reaction conditions for the complete conversion of propane with no carbon formation were identified to be the following: space velocities over 2400 h−1 and temperatures between 400 and 450 °C with a H2O/C1 ratio of 3. The combined pre-reformer and the main reformer system with the Ru/Ni/MgAl2O4 metallic monolith catalyst was employed to test the conversion propane to syngas where the reaction heat was provided by catalytic combustors. Propane was converted in the pre-reformer to 52.5% H2, 27.0% CH4, 17.5% CO, and 3.0% CO2 with a 331 °C inlet temperature and a 482 °C catalyst outlet temperature. The main steam reforming reactor converted the methane from the pre-reformer with a conversion of higher than 99.0% with a 366 °C inlet temperature and an 824 °C catalyst outlet temperature. With a total of 912 cc of the Ru/Ni/MgAl2O4 metallic monolith catalyst in the main reformer, the H2 production from the propane reached an average of 3.25 Nm3h−1 when the propane was fed at 0.4 Nm3h−1.

The clinical significance of ADAMTS13 activity for response to treatment, mortality rate, recurrence, and prognosis is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of severe ADAMTS13 deficiency and evaluated its prognostic features in Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). The Korean TTP Registry includes 66 patients from 13 teaching hospitals in Korea who received the diagnosis of TTP from January 2005 to December 2008. Blood samples obtained upon admission were sent for ADAMTS13 analysis (multimer analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis) to a central laboratory along with patient clinical information. Patients with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency had lower serum creatinine levels (P = 0.001) than patients with non-severe ADAMTS13 deficiency. Although severe ADAMTS13 deficiency was associated with better response rate (75 vs. 53%, P = 0.145), remission rate (81 vs. 61%, P = 0.209), and mortality rate (19 vs. 31%, P = 0.508) than non-severe ADAMTS13 deficiency, treatment outcomes did not differ significantly between groups. After adjusting for clinical and laboratory features, multivariate analysis did not reveal any independent risk factors for TTP-associated mortality. Patients with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency had lower serum creatinine levels at presentation, but severe ADAMTS13 activity deficiency at TTP diagnosis does not appear to have prognostic significance.

tion is not particularly effective in the samples that have small metal cores. These difficulties have hindered the large scale synthesis of yolk-shell-type catalyst structures. Herein, we demonstrated that a Co@SiO2 yolk-shell nanostructure was an excellent target for large scale synthesis by a simple treatment. As shown in Scheme 1, we fabricated CoO@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles at first and converted them Co@SiO2 yolk-shell nanostructures were fabricated on a gram scale by simple hydrogen reduction of CoO@SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles without using an etching step. The cobalt core diameters were reduced by the lattice volume contraction of CoO to Co, forming vacancy between the cores and the silica shells. The Co@SiO2 yolk-shell nanocatalysts were employed for the phenoxycarbonylation of iodobenzene, and exhibited high activity and reusability. The magnetic property of the cobalt cores enabled the facile separation of catalysts from the products.

Recent developments in nanochemistry offer precise morphology control of nanomaterials, which has significant impacts in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Rational design of bifunctional catalysts can influence various aspects of catalytic properties. In this review, a new class of bifunctional catalysts with a metal@silica yolk-shell nanostructure is introduced. This structure has many advantages as a heterogeneous catalyst since it ensures a homogeneous environment around each metal core, and particle sintering is effectively eliminated during high temperature reactions. The catalysts exhibit high activity and recyclability in gas- and solution-phase reactions. It is anticipated that appropriate selection of bifunctional components and optimal structural control will significantly further enhance the catalytic properties, and enable target reaction-oriented development of new catalysts.

CuO hollow nanospheres on acetylene black (CuO/AB) have been used for the catalytic [3 + 2] cycloaddition of azides with terminal alkynes without solvent, and within 1 min under microwave irradiation. The CuO/AB was readily separated by centrifugation, and could be reused five times under the present reaction conditions without any loss of catalytic activity.

In the present work, we report the synthesis of Ni@SiO2 yolk−shell nanocatalysts that bear tiny nickel cores with an average diameter of 3 nm. The nickel nanoparticles were coated with silica through the microemulsion method, and the resulting Ni@SiO2 core−shell nanoparticles were partially etched by acid treatment. The calcination of the particles yielded yolk−shell nanocatalysts with a uniform structure. The catalysts were employed for heterogeneous hydrogen-transfer reactions of acetophenone. The optimized reaction condition used 0.03 mol % of the catalysts in the presence of 20 mol % of base at 423 K for 30 min. Under this condition, the conversion reached 90%, and the TOF was calculated to be 6000 h−1, which is at least 60 times higher than the previous results using nickel catalysts. The catalysts were highly stable and more than six times recyclable without any loss of catalytic activity. This rational yolk−shell design of the nanocatalysts can be employed for various organic reactions with the adv...

Nickel-based catalysts have been good candidates for steam reforming of methane, but their stability has been restricted due to the agglomeration among particles at high temperature. In the present work, a new type of Ni@SiO2 yolk-shell nanoreactor framework comprising Ni cores inside hollow silica shells has been prepared through direct silica coating and subsequent selective etching of the metal cores. This nanoreactor framework is remarkably stable at high temperatures up to 973 K, because the silica hollow shells around the nickel cores essentially block particle sintering. The Ni@SiO2 nanoreactor structure is employed as a model catalyst for the steam methane reforming reaction. The catalysts exhibit a continuous conversion rate of methane and hydrogen, and significantly enhanced stability at high temperatures, leading to high recyclability without loss of catalytic activity. These reaction properties are superior to Ni/MCF catalysts, and comparable with state-of-the-art commercial catalysts. This catalyst design can be generalized for other bifunctional systems, such as Co@SiO2 and Fe@SiO2.

Thermal and air-stable uniform Cu2O nanocubes were employed in the development of a gram-scale, one-pot polyol synthesis. Herein is reported an efficient cross-coupling reaction of aryl halides and phenols with a catalytic amount (0.1 mol-%) of Cu2O nanocubes as recyclable catalyst and Cs2CO3 as the base in THF at 150 °C. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)

Nano RD program Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) Korean Government (MOST)

Nanoreactor frameworks have many advantages over bulk catalyst structures in terms of providing a regular reaction environment and conformational stability. In this work, Au@SiO2 nanoreactor frameworks were chemically modified to improve the catalytic efficiency of o-nitroaniline reduction. The porosity of silica shells was readily controlled by introducing C18TMS as a porogen with heat treatment. The diffusion rate of the silica layers was tuned from 5.9 × 10−19 to 2.1 × 10−18 m2 s−1, which directly altered the turnover frequency and rate constant of the reaction. Carboxylate functionality was introduced on the gold cores of Au@SiO2 nanoreactors by 3-MPA addition. The reaction rate was enhanced by a maximum of 2.4 times compared to unfunctionalized catalysts through a strong interaction between carboxylate anions and o-nitroaniline. Totally, the rate constant of Au@SiO2 yolk−shell nanoreactors exhibits a 13-fold enhancement by diffusion and surface functionality control. These results indicate that the r...

Accordingly,the interactions between metal nanoparticles and supportsshould be precisely manipulated in order to maximize theirsynergetic effects. Metal particles should be dispersed evenlyon the supports in order to prevent aggregation betweenparticles in close proximity, and to maintain metal–supportcontact areas. Numerous processes have been developed foreffective dispersion of metal nanoparticles in bifunctionalcatalysts.

Reported cases of gastrosplenic fistulas are extremely rare in the literature. Malignancy is the primary cause in 50% of patients, followed by perforated peptic ulcer (40%). Fistulas can cause spleen rupture and potential bleeding that threaten the life of the patient. Lymphoma is the most common cause of malignancy complicated with gastrosplenic fistula. Most gastrosplenic fistulae caused by lymphoma eventually close following chemotherapy, although splenectomy should be performed to avoid further complications. We experienced a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma complicated with gastrosplenic fistula in a 21 year-old man. He was admitted to our hospital because of LUQ mass. On the abdominal CT, a splenic mass with central necrosis and gas was discovered. The biopsy specimen of the stomach and spleen displayed diffuse, large B cell type non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. After one cycle of CHOP chemotherapy, the LUQ mass was markedly regressed although the gastrosplenic fistula was still present on the follow-up CT. The fistula was treated by splenectomy and a partial resection of gastric fundus. Follow-up chemotherapy was continued after surgery.

Background. In a previous pilot study, adrenal suppression was found to be common after antiemetic dexamethasone therapy in cancer patients. The objective of this large prospective multicenter study was to confirm the incidence and factors associated with secondary adrenal suppression related to antiemetic dexamethasone therapy in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods. Chemotherapy-naïve patients who were scheduled to receive at least three cycles of highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy with dexamethasone as an antiemetic were enrolled. Patients with a suppressed adrenal response before chemotherapy or those administered corticosteroids within 6 months of enrollment in the study were excluded. Results. Between October 2010 and August 2014, 481 patients receiving chemotherapy underwent the rapid adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test to assess eligibility; 350 of these patients were included in the final analysis. Fifty-six patients (16.0%) showed a suppressed adrenal response in the rapid ACTH stimulation test at 3 or 6 months after the start of the first chemotherapy. The incidence of adrenal suppression was affected by age, performance status, stage, and use of megestrol acetate in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that secondary adrenal suppression associated with antiemetic dexamethasone therapy was significantly associated with megestrol acetate treatment (odds ratio: 3.06; 95% confidence interval: 1.60 to 5.86; p < .001). Conclusion. This large prospective study indicates that approximately 15% of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with a normal adrenal response show suppressed adrenal responses after antiemetic dexamethasone therapy. This result was particularly significant for patients cotreated with megestrol acetate.

The development of easier, cheaper and more ecofriendly synthetic methods for mesoporous materials remains a challenging topic to commercialize them and the transformation of waste glycerol, as a biodiesel byproduct, into something useful and salable is one of the pending issues to be resolved. Here we first report that mesoporous silica (KIE-6) and carbon (KIE-7) can be simultaneously synthesized by using cheap and ecofriendly crude-waste-glycerol of biodiesel with or without glycerol purification and we demonstrated the excellent performance of the mesoporous material as a catalyst support for formic acid decomposition. As a result, Pd-MnOx catalysts supported on NH2-functionalized KIE-6 showed the highest catalytic activity (TOF: 540.6 h−1) ever reported for room-temperature formic acid decomposition without additives. Moreover, we conducted life-cycle assessment (LCA) from biomass cultivation through biodiesel production to KIE-6 and KIE-7 preparation and it was confirmed that CO2 emission during synthesis of KIE-6 and KIE-7 could be reduced by 87.1% and 85.7%, respectively. We believe that our study suggested more ecofriendly and industry-friendly approaches for preparation of mesoporous materials and utilization of waste glycerol.