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Understanding the effect of H2O adsorption on reactant activation is of great importance in heterogeneous catalysis, which remains a grand challenge particularly in oxide catalyst systems with structural complexity. Herein, the effect of D2O adsorption on D2 activation over MgO nanocatalysts at different temperatures has been investigated by transmission Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Two sets of hydride and hydroxyl species produced from D2 dissociation at more active and less active Mg-O pairs can be observed by FT-IR, which all desorb via the product of D2 as confirmed by TPD experiments. We find that the physically adsorbed D2O overlayer does not affect the dissociation of D2 since D2 may pass through the molecular layer and access the surface-active sites. When D2O is partially dissociated on the MgO surface, D2 can only dissociate at the remaining active sites until that dissociated −ODw groups from D2O occupy all active sites. These findings provide a fundamental understanding of the effect of water adsorption on D2 activation on oxide catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Cutting path Planning System for wafer images without Mark points in different imaging states. Use the interlayer in the chip region as an auxiliary location to determine the cutting path. The determined cutting path is located in the middle of the streets, away from the chip region. Microscopic imaging is easily affected by the strength of illumination, and the chip surface qualities of different wafers are different. Therefore, wafer images have defects such as uneven brightness distribution, obvious differences in chip region characteristics, etc., which affect the positioning accuracy of the wafer cutting path. For this reason, this thesis proposes an automatic chip-cutting path-planning method in the wafer image of the Glass Passivation Parts (GPPs) process without a mark. First, the wafer image is calibrated for brightness. Then, the template matching algorithm is used to determine the chip region and the center of gravity position of the chip region. We find the position of the geometric feature (interlayer) in the chip region, and the interlayer is used as an auxiliary location to determine the final cutting path. The experiment shows that the image quality can be improved, and chip region features can be highlighted when preprocessing the image with brightness calibration. The results show that the average deviation of the gravity coordinates of the chip region in the x direction is 2.82 pixels. We proceeded by finding the interlayer in the chip region, marking it with discrete points, and using the improved Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm to remove the abnormal discrete points and fit the remaining discrete points. The average fitting error is 0.8 pixels, which is better than the least squares method (LSM). The cutting path location algorithm proposed in this paper can adapt to environmental brightness changes and different qualities of chips, accurately and quickly determine the cutting path, and improve the chip cutting yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E or pyriminobac-methyl (EPM), a pyrimidine benzoic acid esters herbicide, has a high potential as weedicide; nevertheless, its environmental behaviors are still not well understood. In this study, we systematically investigated, for the first time, the adsorption–desorption, degradation, and leaching behaviors of EPM in agricultural soils from five exemplar sites in China (Phaeozems – S1 ; Anthrosol – S2 ; Ferralsol – S3 ; Alisol – S4 ; Plinthosol – S5) through laboratory simulation experiments. Our results show that the EPM adsorption–desorption results were well fitted by the Freundlich model (R2>0.9999). In the analyzed soils, the Freundlich adsorption (i.e., Kf ads) and desorption (i.e., Kf des) coefficients of EPM varied between 0.85 and 32.22 mg 1-1/n L 1/n kg -1 and 0.78–5.02 mg 1-1/n L 1/n kg -1 , respectively. The mobility of EPM in soils S1 – S5 was categorized as immobile, slightly immobile, highly mobile, slightly mobile, and slightly mobile, respectively. Moreover, the degradation of EPM reflected first-order kinetics, where its half-life ranged between 37.46 and 66.00 d, depending on the environmental conditions, and abiotic degradation was predominant in the degradation of this compound. Overall, the high leaching ability and desorption capacity of EPM were accompanied by a low adsorption capacity, and there were no significant relationships between pH and the leaching rate of EPM in the five types of soils. In contrast, the organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and soil clay content were the main components responsible for the observed leaching rates. We found that EPM degrades easily, has a high adsorption affinity, and a low mobility in S1 , which results in a low contamination risk for groundwater systems. On the contrary, this compound degrades slowly in S2 , S3 , S4 , and S5 , due to a low adsorption affinity and moderate mobility, which results in a high contamination risk for groundwater systems. Therefore, our results may serve as a reference for evaluating the risks involved in the increasingly wide application of this compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TBI causes oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in brain tissue, which in turn causes ferroptosis. • DFO can reduce oxidative stress and iron death levels after TBI. • GSNO reduces TBI-induced neurodegeneration and aids in functional recovery. • DFO can reduce NF-kb pathway expression after TBI, which in turn reduces pyroptosis and attenuates neuroinflammation. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important reason of neurological damage and has high morbidity and mortality rates. The secondary damage caused by TBI leads to a poor clinical prognosis. According to the literature, TBI leads to ferrous iron aggregation at the site of trauma and may be a key factor in secondary injury. Deferoxamine (DFO), which is an iron chelator, has been shown to inhibit neuron degeneration; however, the role of DFO in TBI is unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore whether DFO can ameliorate TBI by inhibiting ferroptosis and neuroinflammation. Here, our findings suggest that DFO can reduce the accumulation of iron, lipid peroxides, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulate the expression of ferroptosis-related indicators. Moreover, DFO may reduce NLRP3 activation via the ROS/NF-κB pathway, modulate microglial polarization, reduce neutrophil and macrophage infiltration, and inhibit the release of inflammatory factors after TBI. Additionally, DFO may reduce the activation of neurotoxic responsive astrocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that DFO can protect motor memory function, reduce edema and improve peripheral blood perfusion at the site of trauma in mice with TBI, as shown by behavioral experiments such as the Morris water maze test, cortical blood perfusion assessment and animal MRI. In conclusion, DFO ameliorates TBI by reducing iron accumulation to alleviate ferroptosis and neuroinflammation, and these findings provide a new therapeutic perspective for TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two experiments conducted over a 2-year period, oat straw was ensiled with different levels of perennial ryegrass and wet hulless-barley distillers' grains ( WHDG) to improve utilization efficiency of oat straw as ruminants feed. Firstly, oat straw was ensiled with varying proportions of perennial ryegrass (0, 20, 40 or 60% of fresh weight [FW]). The lactic acid ( LA) and lactic/acetic acid ( LA/ AA) were increased (L, Q, P < 0.01) whereas pH value, propionic acid, butyric acid and volatile fatty acids were decreased (L, Q, P < 0.01) with increasing perennial ryegrass levels. From the perspective of maximum use oat straw, it was suggested that 40% perennial ryegrass inclusions was proper for further study. Then, mixtures of oat straw and perennial ryegrass (60/40) were ensiled with WHDG at 0, 100, 200 or 300 g kg-1 FW (defined as WHDG0, WHDG100, WHDG200 and WHDG300, respectively), the fermentation characteristics and in vitro rumen degradability were analyzed. The dry matter ( DM) and pH value declined (L, Q, P < 0.01), while the LA increased (L, Q, P < 0.01) with the increase of WHDG ratios. The inclusion of WHDG significantly decreased ammonia nitrogen concentrations (L, Q, P < 0.01). The crude protein content linearly increased ( P < 0.01), whereas the acid detergent fiber ( ADF) content linearly decreased ( P < 0.01) with increasing levels of WHDG. The WHDG inclusion significantly increased in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability (L, Q, P < 0.01) with the highest value in WHDG200. The in vitro DM and ADF degradability had a Q effect ( P < 0.01) in response to increasing WHDG levels. Overall inclusion of WHDG can improve the fermentation and in vitro degradability of mixed silages of oat straw and perennial ryegrass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]