51. Estimating COVID-19 Prevalence in the United States: A Sample Selection Model Approach
- Author
-
Joshua Lewis, Raphael Godefroy, David Benatia, and Université de Montréal. Faculté des arts et des sciences. Département de sciences économiques
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Population ,Sample (statistics) ,Bivariate analysis ,Asymptomatic ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,law ,0502 economics and business ,Pandemic ,medicine ,Per capita ,030212 general & internal medicine ,050207 economics ,education ,030304 developmental biology ,media_common ,Selection bias ,0303 health sciences ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Public health ,05 social sciences ,3. Good health ,Transmission (mechanics) ,Geography ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Demography - Abstract
SummaryBackgroundPublic health efforts to determine population infection rates from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been hampered by limitations in testing capabilities and the large shares of mild and asymptomatic cases. We developed a methodology that corrects observed positive test rates for non-random sampling to estimate population infection rates across U.S. states from March 31 to April 7.MethodsWe adapted a sample selection model that corrects for non-random testing to estimate population infection rates. The methodology compares how the observed positive case rate vary with changes in the size of the tested population, and applies this gradient to infer total population infection rates. Model identification requires that variation in testing rates be uncorrelated with changes in underlying disease prevalence. To this end, we relied on data on day-to-day changes in completed tests across U.S. states for the period March 31 to April 7, which were primarily influenced by immediate supply-side constraints. We used this methodology to construct predicted infection rates across each state over the sample period. We also assessed the sensitivity of the results to controls for state-specific daily trends in infection rates.ResultsThe median population infection rate over the period March 31 to April 7 was 0.9% (IQR 0.64 1.77). The three states with the highest prevalence over the sample period were New York (8.5%), New Jersey (7.6%), and Louisiana (6.7%). Estimates from mod-els that control for state-specific daily trends in infection rates were virtually identical to the baseline findings. The estimates imply a nationwide average of 12 population infections per diagnosed case. We found a negative bivariate relationship (corr. = -0.51) between total per capita state testing and the ratio of population infections per diagnosed case.InterpretationThe effectiveness of the public health response to the coronavirus pandemic will depend on timely information on infection rates across different regions. With increasingly available high frequency data on COVID-19 testing, our methodology could be used to estimate population infection rates for a range of countries and subnational districts. In the United States, we found widespread undiagnosed COVID-19 infection. Expansion of rapid diagnostic and serological testing will be critical in preventing recurrent unobserved community transmission and identifying the large numbers individuals who may have some level of viral immunity.FundingSocial Sciences and Humanities Research Council.
- Published
- 2020