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A new ichnospecies, Caupokeras badalloi, is here erected from the Emsian (Lower Devonian) Aguion Formation of Asturias, NW Spain. It is a bioclaustration structure produced by the host-specific sym...

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar em que medida a governança da bacia Sul Atlântica leva à construção de uma comunidade transatlântica no Hemisfério Sul com foco na economia e política marítima, bem como conceitos jurisdicionais da governança no Atlântico Sul. Também visa compreender como a configuração de estruturas institucionais interferem nesse sistema e se configuram como frágeis laços político-culturais e econômicos transatlânticos. Embora no Atlântico Sul – diferentemente da Bacia do Norte – não tenha sido construída uma poderosa rede de interesses comuns, a expansão jurisdicional exige que Estados Costeiros adotem políticas marítimas proporcionais à magnitude da responsabilidade territorial adquirida, a qual a sub-bacia americana (especificamente Brasil e Argentina) propugna por uma posição de dominância ao sul do paralelo zero.

This paper explores how geography shapes human uses of the maritime space along the Atlantic archipelagic territories of Macaronesia, a biogeographical region that includes the archipelagos of the Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary Islands and Cape Verde. The way specific geographic characteristics of these islands influence and even determine maritime uses and activities is analyzed in a three-layers approach in the following order: socio-economic analysis, sectorial analysis and uses and activities analysis. The biophysical and geographical characteristics of each archipelago will be considered throughout the analysis, highlighting the common aspects and peculiarities between each region. After a comprehensive overview of the main economic activities, the discussion suggests that certain specificities need to be taken into account in maritime spatial planning processes when planning and managing human uses at sea, to promote the sustainable development of local communities, particularly in archipelagic regions.

A new rugose coral-cystoporate bryozoan association is here described from the Devonian of NW Spain. This is the first evidence of intergrowths between Devonian rugose corals and bryozoans. In this case bryozoans provided a suitable substrate for the settlement of corals, which were subsequently encrusted by the bryozoans. The hypothesis of intergrowth between living organisms is supported by the absence of encrustation of the rugose coral calices by the cystoporates. We suggest that the association was specific and developed through chemical mediation. This symbiosis was facultative for the bryozoans but likely not for the corals. The association provided the bryozoan host with additional substrate for encrustation as well as protection from various predators, and it allowed the rugose corals to grow in a muddy environment and benefit from the feeding currents of the bryozoans.

The implementation of maritime/marine spatial planning (MSP) strategies and management actions is often sought out by means of holistic, sustainability seeking processes, recognizing the connectivity and interdependences of all ecosystem elements, including humans. In this context, overall sustainability is reached when social, environmental and economic sustainability are equally considered. However, the integration of social aspects and views, alongside other, non-political, elements of the social dimension, has been found to lack well-rounded consideration in processes supporting decision-making. One identified problem is the absence of an existing framework that defines social variables and dimension components in ocean management approaches. This paper assesses the social context important to build such a definition within MSP. Based on existing literature and social sciences research it provides an outline for the concept of a social dimension in MSP and suggests definitions to further discussion and aid in the development of socially integrative guidelines. Recommendations are provided to support necessary future research and enhance social justice and inclusion within existing planning processes. This is important to avoid and mitigate negative implications at social levels and to motivate the development of a new approach to ocean sustainability and integration of all planning dimensions.

Humanity is facing formidable environmental and social changes and challenges related to climate change, food security, loss of territories, loss of biodiversity, etc. In this context, it is necessary to create necessary governance tools to facilitate the management of resources, enhance international scientific cooperation, and achieve, all together, a sustainable and healthy ecosystem. In the Alboran Sea, the borders of four countries with different cultures, the United Kingdom, Spain, Morocco, and Algeria converge, and as already explained in other chapters in this book, it is an important region of connection for international maritime traffic, and its coasts support a high population density.

The chapter introduces the different dimensions of this regional space which merge the North and South worlds, creating a geopolitical region where marine resources and maritime activities should be managed from national and international perspectives. This objective implies the building of scientific cooperation between both shores of the Alboran Sea.

El Dr. Andrej Ernst, del Institut für Geowissenschaften (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel) es actualmente uno de los investigadores más activos en todo el mundo en el estudio de los briozoos paleozoicos. En los últimos años ha centrado su atención en las faunas devónicas, habiendo producido ya numerosos artículos de carácter eminentemente sistemático y paleobiogeográfico en este campo. El Dr. Peter Köningshof, del Senckenberg Forschunginstitut und Naturmusem (Frankfurt am Main) viene desarrollando diversas líneas de investigación, entre las que se encuentra la sedimentología y paleoecología de ambientes arrecifales devónicos, y ha analizado recientemente las formaciones arrecifales del Devónico del Sáhara desde el punto de vista paleoecológico y de puesta en valor como patrimonio paleontológico. Ambos autores han vuelto a coordinar sus esfuerzos para llevar a cabo un estudio de la fauna de briozoos presente en Sabkhat Lafayrina, un complejo arrecifal del Devónico Medio en la Cuenca del Tindouf, en el Sáhara Occidental (Marruecos), así como la distribución de estos organismos en los diferentes depósitos que integran dicho complejo.

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar las aparentes incoherencias cronológicas y gramaticales que surgen de la lectura del principio del capítulo tercero de El Buscón. Tras la famosa descripción del Licenciado, el narrador establece que los jóvenes llegaron por la noche a la casa de Cabra. En el mismo párrafo, y sin aclaraciones ni marcadores temporales que indiquen una ruptura en el ciclo narrado, se anuncia que Pablos y su amo se pusieron a hacer las tareas encomendadas por el Licenciado y que estuvieron ocupados en eso hasta la hora de comer. El problema surge al recordar que es «todavía» por la noche de acuerdo con el comienzo del párrafo. ¿Se trata de un error del autor? El artículo examina varias hipótesis para intentar explicar el texto tal y como está, pero llega a la conclusión de que lo más probable es que se trate de un error o de que se haya perdido una parte del texto original. Por eso, la recomendación final es que en futuras ediciones se incluya un marcador temporal y una explicación que haga legible tanto esta sección como el capítulo entero.

Se realiza por primera vez para el Devónico de la Zona Cantábrica un estudio sistemático de los briozoos Fenestrados, centrado en el miembro superior de la Formación Moniello (Emsiense superior-Eifeliense inferior).En el presente trabajo se describen los representantes de la familia Fenestellidae; los demas taxones seran tratados en una próxima publicación. Esta familia parece ser la más ampliarnente representada, con cuatro especies pertenecientes a tres géneros: Cyclopelra winteri, Cyclopelta sp. A, Semicoscinium cf. discretum y Hemitrypa sp. A. Existen adernás otras especies asignadas a estos géneros que estan siendo estudiadas, así como varias forrnas relacionadas con el género Fenesrella que aun no han sido analizadas. El estudio sistemático se ha realizado siguiendo la metodologia propuesta por Snyder (1991 a, b).

Se completa el primer estudio sistemático de los briozoos Fenestrados de la Formación Moniello (Emsiense superior-Eifeliense inferior, Asturias) llevado a cabo por el autor, y cuyos resultados ya han sido expuestos parcialmente en un trabajo anterior (Suarez Andres, 1998). El presente trabajo se centra en las familias Septoporidae, Polyporidae y Acanthocladiidae. Se han analizado cinco especies correspondientes a cuatro géneros: Septopora sp. A, Polypora aff. inusitata, Polypora cf. laevinodata, Ptilopora aff. bohemica y Filites sp. A. Se ha detectado además la presencia de Polyporella y Penniretepora, que no han sido analizados aún debido a la escasez de ejemplares hallados. La asociación de taxones indica afinidades claras con faunas de otras localidades del Dominio del Viejo Mundo. La composición de la fauna en general y la presencia del género Filites coinciden especialmente bien con el Devónico Inferior de la Cuenca de Praga, en Bohemia. Otros taxones, coma Polypora cf. laevinodata y el criptostomado ptilodictyino lntrapora son comunes con el Dominio del E de Norte América.

The main goal of this paper is the description of the erect articulated growth habit for the first time within the Palaeozoic Order Fenestrata, and the interpretation of its occurrence within the evolutionary history of colonial morphology in fenestrates. The present paper is based on a single specimen composed of fifteen disarticulated internodes. The specimen was extracted from the outcrop as two minute slabs, one of which was embedded in a two-component epoxy resin for preparation of acetate peels and the other one preserved without subsequent preparation for observation of exterior features. A new Devonian fenestrate bryozoan genus, Arnaopora, and its type species, A. sotoi, are described from the Emsian-Eifelian Moniello Formation (Asturias, NW Spain). Zooecial characters as well as the development of articulated colonies support the definition of this new genus, which is the first reported representative with an articulated growth habit in the Order Fenestrata, almost exclusively composed of rigidly erect unilaminar forms. The occurrence of Arnaopora in the early Eifelian coincides with a peak of disparity in fenestrate bryozoan growth forms during the transition between the Early and Middle Devonian. While all previously known morphological variations of growth forms in Palaeozoic fenestrates derive from the basic reticulate habit, articulation evolved from a rigidly branching phylloporinid ancestor. Arnaopora is extremely rare within the abundant and diverse bryozoan fauna of shallow platform facies where it occurs, which is in contrast with the relatively common presence of cellariform colonies in assemblages from modern shallow environments.

Los siglos XVIII y XIX asisten en Europa a una importante renovaciónde la cocina y al desarrollo de una autonomía del discurso sobre la comidacon respecto a la medicina y a la religión. España no es ajena a esos cambios, en los que está presente la influencia francesa y, en menor medida, la italiana. No obstante, aun estando en la órbita de esos cambios, España está por debajo del nivel europeo, tanto en el número y entidad de los recetarios como en el confort y prestaciones de los establecimientos hoteleros, objeto estos últimos de frecuentesquejas de los escritores, tanto españoles como extranjeros. La cocina de la realeza española era refinada pero hipercalórica; la popular, tan simple y elemental como puede serlo ahora. Los recetarios españoles de la época obedecen a un patrón de cocina popular y modesta, y nacieron en su mayoría al calor de los conventos. Emplean ya algunos de los productos venidos de América, como chocolate, tomate y pimiento. No así la patata ni el maíz, aunque tenemos constancia que ya se cultivaban y consumían en España.PALABRAS CLAVE: Gastronomía. Recetarios. Léxico. Viajes.

The Colombian peace agreement, signed in 2016 between the government and the Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC), claimed to put the victims in the center by building a comprehensive system of transitional justice, a Comprehensive System of Truth, Justice, Reparation and Non-repetition. To evaluate the declared centrality of victims, we aim to understand the language around them used during the negotiations that took place from 2012 to 2016, by analyzing all documents published in Havana using combined natural language processing techniques and a close reading of some key documents. Our argument is that, in order for language to become an ameliorating factor of the transitional justice process, language around victims included in the peace agreement needs to pass the language test that guarantees its effectiveness even beyond the end of the conflict. However, in the case of Colombia, results show a small statistical presence of victims in the conversations that contrast with the expressed statement about making them the focus of the agreement and the attempt to expand its description including the diversity of identities underneath this condition. We recommend that peace processes use data analysis techniques to ensure that the discourse really reflects the intention of the parties. This would avoid any gap between goals and semantics, facilitating the deployment of the post-agreement legislation in a fashion that closely reflects the parties’ intentions and the victims’ rights.

The publication of reports on geo-political risks in the world sponsored by intelligence agencies, university institutes and think tanks are valuable instruments in societies that are being increasingly exposed to the effects of globalisation. Although all express mention of geo-political risks of a maritime nature is absent from these documents, it is an interesting exercise to determine: i) Which geo-political risks or threats have a maritime dimension or imply derivations whose occurrence may be linked to maritime space? ii) Which processes or tendencies in the use, occupation and governance of maritime space can fall into the category of geo-political risk? The basic aim is to address the forms that instability and geo-political risks take in the ocean world. If the risks stated in the chosen literature are examined from the maritime perspective, it is possible to perceive ‘secondary’ risks whose size and reach can become major contingencies for international stability. They therefore should not be ignored in the prognosis and evaluation of geo-political risks. In as much as societies' political organisation continues to rest on the nation-State, the dominance of the maritime component in the territorial basis is a permanent source of tensions and conflicts. In parallel with this, the displacement of economic expectations and the supply of traditional and new resources to the marine environment broadens the spectrum of risks and threats.

The fenestrate bryozoan genus Cyclopelta is common and locally abundant in Devonian rocks of central and western Europe. Cyclopelta is a junior homonym and is here renamed Bigeyina. The Bohemian genus Pseudoisotrypa, very closely related with Bigeyina and formerly interpreted as a junior synonym of the latter, is restored herein as a valid taxon. Revised diagnoses of both genera and their type species are provided. Also, an extremely rare variation on the conical growth habit is reported in Bigeyina and implies higher plasticity in this genus than usual in fenestrates. The presence of abundant Bigeyina zoaria with this rare growth habit in the well known outcrop of Arnao (Spain), emphasizes the need for the preservation of its paleontological heritage.

Eating habits provide valuable input to the high-cuisine industry seeking to develop effective strategies to attract new clientele to its restaurants. It is noticeable that many professional chefs working in high-end restaurants have adopted elBulli’s innovation (ideas, practices, cooking style); however, this innovation trend is not so clear among amateur cooks, whose recipes could give us a more accurate idea of people’s food preferences. In this paper, we aim to check whether or not amateur cooks in online recipe communities are also adopting elBulli’s innovation, and if so, at what rate. In particular, we focused on the use of ingredients and cooking techniques. Our methodology is based on machine learning and statistical analysis: firstly, we developed several classifiers that learned the characteristics of creativity in elBulli’s cuisine; secondly, we applied the classifiers to two sets of recipes from Allrecipes and Epicurious, respectively; and lastly, we ran hypothesis tests and compared the results in order to reach an agreement on the rate of adoption of elBulli’s innovation on both platforms with statistical significance. Our key findings are that the recipes on these communities are comparable to the most creative recipes of elBulli in the time spans studied (for which self-presentation may play an important role) but the rate of adoption over time is very slow (we conjecture that it can be due to the lack of rush for innovation on these communities where competitivity is not a real need). We finally propose an extension of the study with the inclusion of demographic data that might be more influential than time on the rate of innovation adoption.

The ichnogenus Caupokeras is the only reported case of bioclaustration in which a symbiont is enveloped by fenestrate bryozoans. In this paper, type and additional material of Caupokeras from Belgium, Germany and Spain is revised and the number of bryozoan genera on which it occurs is expanded; a possible case from the Carboniferous of the USA is discussed and an expanded description of the ichnogenus and a palaeobiological interpretation are provided. The association between the fenestrate bryozoans and the sclerobionts that gave rise to this trace seems to have been more advantageous for the latter

Although stakeholder participation is transversal to other steps of the Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) process, its recognition and adoption is context dependent. Considering that MSP plans need to be periodically evaluated, not only in relation to their outputs and outcomes, but also through an analysis of the processes used to achieve the results, criteria to evaluate participation throughout the whole process are needed. However, a robust and comprehensive assessment framework focused specifically on participation is not available up to date. Therefore, this study proposed an assessment for such operational analysis in order to support assessment of consequences related to the participatory strategy chosen (e.g., increased social acceptance). A Stakeholder Participation Assessment Framework (SPAF) was developed and divided in two phases: Phase I based on key theoretical aspects ‘why, who, when and how to engage stakeholders’, as well as on criteria for costs (these five criteria were divided in 15 sub-criteria, and instructions based on social science knowledge to analyse each one were given); and Phase II in which a list of questions about participatory consequences can be addressed based on specific criteria of the first phase and stakeholders' feedback. SPAF can be used not only to evaluate MSP planning cycles but also to plan meaningful participatory processes; therefore, contributing to strengthen MSP processes and to promote more horizontal and integrated ocean governance approaches.

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) has experienced vigorous growth on the international scale in recent years, and several practices has emerged from different countries. The demand for specific training in the preparation and implementation of marine planning has therefore already shown itself to be quite relevant on a global scale. Educational initiatives related to MSP have to respond to the increased complexity of MSP, which integrates environmental and economic perspectives on marine resources and maritime sectors, considering governance framework as well as maritime affairs and legislation. This paper aims at addressing the educational and training needs for the development of both academic education and professional training in MSP. Learning skills, contents and methods of an ‘ideal’ MSP course are depicted from widely accepted operative guides on MSP and from the EU Framework Directive on MSP (2014/89/EU). They are considered for the analysis of the current educational offer around MSP, performed in a sample of countries that have already undergone a process of implementation of MSP by Law. As result, beside the great variety of courses, it emerges that MSP education seems to be often regarded from an environmental perspective – in continuity with Integrated Coastal Management education – while planning theory and experiences in MSP are the least represented contents. Results are discussed in relation to three major challenges: i) how educational offer reflects on transdisciplinarity, ii) the role of theory in MSP courses, and iii) the enforceability of Plans as major concern in MSP.

The Palaeozoic bryozoan Order Fenestrata is represented almost exclusively by erect unilaminate forms, most of which consist of a fan-shaped, conical or spiral reticulate meshwork. Fewer taxa developed pinnate or branching growth habits, and encrusting or bifoliate colonies occurred only exceptionally. Fenestrate disparity apparently peaked and then declined within the Devonian with the appearance of singular encrusting, bifoliate and large branching-conical morphologies in the Emsian and their decline in diversity in the Eifelian, together with the proliferation and morphological diversification of superstructures lying above the meshwork. In contrast, conventional reticulate and pinnate growth habits show a wider stratigraphical range and geographical distribution. Colony shapes are interpreted in terms of zooid-generated feeding currents; the most common morphologies are inferred to have developed more effective unidirectional feeding currents. The ephemeral Devonian encrusting, bifoliate and branching-conical fenestrates, all of them with superstructures, have features that hindered or prevented unidirectional water flow. Except for the subcolonies of Ernstipora , there is no evidence of chimneys or maculae in fenestrates such as those commonly present in other bryozoan groups with these habits, so it can be concluded that these fenestrate forms did not develop bidirectional currents that would have enhanced the efficiency of feeding activity. Unidirectional feeding currents were universal in Palaeozoic fenestrates; optimization of colony shape for colony-wide currents was a major factor limiting the morphological disparity within this group of bryozoans.

To what extent does networked scholarship in the humanities parallel established models in the sciences? The present study examines the connections of a 7-year interdisciplinary, dispersed, collaborative network composed of 33 humanities scholars investigating the Hispanic Baroque. Our findings suggest that project membership leads to greater network density and integration, without necessarily increasing the level of in-depth collaboration typically found in the sciences. Hence, collaborative models in the humanities, while increasingly important, are distinct from their counterparts in the sciences. The study provides a more nuanced view of networked scholarship because it demonstrates that large-scale collaborative projects can yield a high level of integration of the overall network, while at the same time allowing for strong thematic clustering. This dual structural process is relevant because not all network members can form dense relations with one another. Furthermore, we identified that principal investigators showed different networking strategies.

The European Union׳s Integrated Maritime Policy (EU IMP) is being developed in the framework of a process that is reshaping maritime geographical scenarios and world geopolitics. This process is characterised by a change in States׳ territoriality resulting from their jurisdictional expansion. Over 60% of coastal States in the world possess territory with a more extensive maritime component than the terrestrial component which helps to reaffirm the fragmentation of maritime space and stresses the national vision of the oceans. Unlike the process of ocean space fragmentation that results from its nationalisation the EU Integrated Maritime Policy has a global and cooperative vision, which is particularly evident in the Atlantic Strategy. In this context, this article aims to: (i) provide a first estimate of the size and extent of the territorial changes resulting from jurisdictional claims available to date and their mapping; (ii) consider the case of the European Union as one of special significance with its express policy of maritime spatial projection. The conclusions point to a redefinition of the large territorial pieces of the global geopolitics puzzle and the emergence of a new Atlanticism associated with the EU׳s maritime policy.

The delimitation of the outer edge of the continental margin beyond 200 nautical miles is paving the way for areas where States exercise rights of sovereignty to be extended when their geographical locations with respect to the continental margin allows it. Sixty-one submissions and forty-five preliminary reports, involving a total of ninety-one States (submitted to 31.07.2001), enable some of the geopolitical consequences to be outlined. Amongst those that can be highlighted are sometimes substantial changes in States' territorial bases and economic potential, and the global balance between national and international jurisdictions. This article uses regional and global scale maps based on national reports deposited with the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to present the main geographical and geopolitical findings. The geographical analysis similarly enables a quantitative estimation to be made of the effects of jurisdictional expansion on the “global commons”, of insularity and of the territorial gains made by the States concerned.

There is broad agreement that marine spatial planning (MSP) should incorporate transboundary considerations, reflecting the cross-border nature of marine and coastal ecosystem dynamics and maritime resources and activities. This is recognised in the European Union's recent legislation on MSP, and experience in transboundary approaches is developing through official processes and pilot studies. However, differences between institutional systems, priorities and practices may not easily be overcome in transboundary initiatives. This requires a stronger focus on understanding the governance frameworks within which MSP operates and fostering interlinkages between them. This article discusses a European funded project in which emphasis was placed on joint-working in every aspect, based on principles of equity and mutual trust. This led to the development of inter-relations, not just of the geographies and maritime resources and activities of the marine areas concerned, but also of the systems of data management, governance and policy-making and of the participants involved as officials or stakeholders, including their means and cultures of exchange. It is suggested that transboundary initiatives in MSP would benefit by complementing current resource management-focused understandings with governance and policy-related perspectives, drawing on experience in other fields of territorial cooperation. Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The coming into effect of the Directive 2008/56/EC (Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)) will induce European Union member States to create mechanisms for managing maritime space in order to comply with the goals set out in this binding legislation. This leads one to think that marine spatial planning in various countries in the EU will be directed at complying with the Directive's environmental goals, as is the case in Spain, rather than undertaking proactive planning for developing the maritime sectors. To put the case of Spain into perspective, a review is conducted of the initiatives taken, especially in Europe and the European Union, exploring the correlations between the main focuses of the maritime sectors and the planning systems. The analysis of the Spanish initiative demonstrates how the maritime economy model and geopolitical factors explain the planning options for the marine environment. In other respects, with the coming into effect of the MSFD, a dual institutional course for marine spatial planning seems to be opening up in the EU: Integrated Maritime Policy vs. the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.

Owing to their style and economic impact, Brazil, Russia, India and China (the BRIC countries) are destined to become relevant actors in the new ocean governance. The following working hypothesis is sustained: the BRIC countries, due to the potential of their maritime territories, can be considered to be emerging maritime powers capable of displacing some of the historical maritime powers. This would also entail a shift of strategic maritime space towards the southern hemisphere. Other emerging maritime scenarios associated with the BRIC countries include the Russian Arctic, and the Indo-Pacific ocean belt, or “string of pearls”, as it is known. Factors such as competitiveness, maritime leadership and ocean governance are thus placed in a new economic and political context where they might be redefined and adapted to the circumstances of the BRIC block and other emerging countries, the majority of which are subject to demographic pressure and a high degree of poverty. The most relevant conclusions point to the emergence of a new type of neo-navalism, on the one hand—a BRIC version of traditional sea power and, on the other, a possible threat to the EU's Integrated Maritime Policy under pressure from strong competitiveness in a highly internationalised environment, forcing changes in its original approach with its distinct social profiles and commitment to latest generation rights.

This article sets out to explore the extent to which the maritime policies that have been formulated in recent years are public policies on a par with other State-level policies, or whether the geographical domain where they are applied makes them exceptional. Maritime policy and territorial structure are very closely related, and it can be seen that maritime policies are beginning to shift towards the domain of State internal affairs, necessitating the rethinking of the way powers are distributed between territorial bodies that have the legal power to be involved in the formulation of these policies and some instruments, such as marine spatial planning.

During the process by which the number of actors was increased manifold as a result of the development of civil society, the fisher community has lost prominence and importance, fading into the wide spectrum of interests with which it is competing to make its voice heard in decision-making bodies and in the media. This results in what could be termed the participation paradox—the greater the number of actors, the smaller the role each plays, and the lesser the importance of traditional sectors. Participation and devolution do not bear a linear relationship; greater devolution does not necessarily result in greater participation, a claim that has contributed to the processes of devolution being overvalued. Governance, as interaction between State, civil society and the market, paradoxically might not strengthen the most traditional of the interest groups.