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The impact of anthropogenic activity of mattresses washing on the quality of two lotic water bodies of Cuddalore SIPCOT industries outlet water bodies two different stations were analysed. The industrial waste water currents battered along the Freshwater ecosystem near SIPCOT industries. Hence an attempt was made to record outlet water bodies two different stations were analysed. The water samples were collected during summer (April-June, 2021) and winter seasons (Oct-Dec 2021) and analysed for various physicochemical parameters. Decrease in dissolved oxygen concentrations along with tremendous increase in electrical conductivity in both the water bodies, was observed due to mattresses washing by using detergents. Heavy metals like lead, cadmium and nickel were absent throughout. The values of iron was increased while manganese was traced out after this activity. This proved that water quality was found to be hampered in both the stations. A total of 65 species of phytoplankton belonging to different taxonimic groups were identified. Among these, 25 species belong to Bacillariophyceae, 20 species to Chlorophyceae, 15 species to Cyanophyceae and 5 species to Euglenophyceae. The numerical superiority of phytoplankton reveals that Nitzschia sps. (6.66 x 103 units/1) is dominant in SIPCOT industries water outlet. The maximum value of Simpson index (SR) or species richness (0.55) was recorded in Cuddalore SIPCOT industry. The high value of species evenness index (J) was also recorded (0.69) in Cuddalore SIPCOT industry. The maximum value of Shannon’s overall index (H¢) of species diversity (1.38) was recorded in industrial outlet. Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Merismopedia, Aphanizomenon, Chlorella, Cosmarium, Scenedesmus, Closteridium, Navicula and Nitzschia were observed in two stations. These are pollution indicator species used for monitoring the environment.

In the present study, extracts of two spices namely cumin and fenugreek solvents were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The antibacterial activity was measured by agar well diffusion method and antifungal activity by poisoned food technique. All the extracts showed antibacterial activity against all the test bacterial isolates. Aqueous extracts of cumin did not exhibit antibacterial activity against B. subtilis. In aqueous extract, cumin and fenugreek showed good inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus with zone of inhibition 20 to 25 mm and 22 to 24 mm respectively. In ethanol extract, cumin extract showed antibacterial activity against all test bacteria with zone of inhibition ranged between 10mm and 18mm, while fenugreek showed activity with zone of inhibition ranged between 10mm and 21mm. In methanol extract, the diameter of zone of inhibition ranged between 9mm and 23mm in cumin and 13mm and 22mm in fenugreek. In case of antifungal activity, only fenugreek ethanol extract showed activity only against Rhizopus stolonifer and Mucor sp. The percent mycelial growth inhibition ranged between 20 to 25%. Based on this finding, these extracts is an alternate to chemical preservatives and can be used as a natural antimicrobial preservative to increase the shelf-life of food.

The fish diversity of different estuarine habitats of the Gowthami-Godavari River was studied from 2014 to 2017. We recorded 231 species of finfishes belonging to 27 orders, 81 families, and 167 genera. Perciformes was the most speciose order, followed by Carangiformes and Clupeiformes. Of the 231 species, one is an Endangered species (Silonia childreni), three are Vulnerable (Tenualosa toli, Cirrhinus cirrhosis, and Wallago attu), three are Near Threatened, and 11 are Data Deficient species. We also recorded five exotic species from the study area, of which Oreochromis mossambicus was the most dominant. The major threats, including potential impacts of river regulation and climate change on the estuarine habitats of Gowthami-Godavari, are also discussed.

In the presence of an external magnetic field Cooper pairs in noncentrosymmetric superconductors can acquire finite momentum. Recent theory predicts that such finite-momentum pairing can lead to an asymmetric critical current, where a dissipationless supercurrent can flow along one direction but not the opposite. However, to date this has not been observed. Here we report the discovery of a giant Josephson diode effect (JDE) in Josephson junctions formed from a type II Dirac semimetal, NiTe2. A distinguishing feature is that the asymmetry in the critical current depends sensitively on the magnitude and direction of an applied magnetic field and achieves its maximum value of ~60% when the magnetic field is perpendicular to the current and is of the order of just 10 mT. Moreover the asymmetry changes sign several times with increasing field. These characteristic features are accounted for in a theoretical model based on finite-momentum Cooper pairing derived from spin-helical topological surface states, in an otherwise centrosymmetric system. The finite pairing momentum is further established, and its value determined, from the evolution of the interference pattern under an in-plane magnetic field. The observed giant magnitude of the asymmetry in critical current and the clear exposition of its underlying mechanism paves the way to building novel superconducting computing devices using the Josephson diode effect., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures

Fresh water bodies, particularly rivers are getting polluted, thus decreasing the potability of water. A primaryreason for this is that all three major sources of pollution viz., industry, agriculture and domestic, which areconcentrated along the rivers. A study conducted to assess the physico-chemical properties of the Bhavaniriver water at three locations viz., Avalanche, Mettupalayam and Kooduthurai revealed that two parametersviz., dissolved oxygen and chemical oxygen demand at Mettupalayam and five parameters viz., EC, totaldissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand atKooduthurai were beyond desirable limit. In these locations, water has to be treated with treatments suchas distillation, reverse osmosis and deionization to make it potable. The river is highly polluted due todischarge of domestic and industrial waste particularly dyeing, textile industries through several drains.

Background: Knowledge about the exact pathophysiology of the right ventricle in response to pulmonary hypertension classified by the World Health Organisation (WHO), including cellular and molecular mechanisms will help in the future development of disease-modifying interventions.Objectives: To study the morphological changes and assess the right ventricle's systolic and diastolic function using Echocardiography (ECG) in patients with pulmonary hypertension.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on the patients treated in the hospital setting who was diagnosed with Pulmonary hypertension.Results: The mean dimensions of the right ventricle increased with the increasing MAP 66.0% of the patients had systolic dysfunction. 91.7% had diastolic dysfunction in Grade 1 Pulmonary hypertension.Conclusion: The severity of pulmonary hypertension correlates with the patient’s functional status. Assessment of right ventricular function was one of the most important aspects in the management of pulmonary hypertension.

After defining the problem, we'll examine the various techniques (pre-and post-dynamic) for managing installment card fraud recognition, as well as collect all the data from various elements of card-based monetary fraud (regions, fraudulent activity, etc.). When all of the information has been gathered, it's time to put it into practice. It is best to avoid using data that has been gleaned from several sources because it has little practical use until it can be combined. For this collaboration, we're looking into novel data-combination approaches that can help us find the location of financial fraud. The Fraud Prevention and Detection systems were developed utilizing a variety of data mining techniques, including rule learning, rule generation, and rule selection.

Neem has also been called “Heal all”, “Divine Tree”, “Village Pharmacy” and even “Nature’s drugstore”. The ancient Indian found many therapeutic uses for the tree and also observed that the tree could survive in very dry and arid conditions. In due course of time, the name and fame of neem spread, not only in the remote areas of the Indian subcontinent but also in the adjoining countries in Asia, now known as Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. Since ancient times, India has had cultural and commercial relations with the people of these countries. Whereas in folklore mainly the leaves and to some extent the oil was used in Ayurveda (the Indian system of medicine), Siddha (the system of medicine practiced in some parts of south India) and Unani Tibb (the Greco-Persian system of medicine), polyherbal preparations containing one, two or all five parts of the plant, i.e. leaves, bark, flower, fruit and root, called panchang in Ayurveda, were used. In the traditional systems of medicine, some of the preparations were for internal administration, while others such as nasal drops, medicated oils or fats were for external application.

The genetic quality of the nursery stock used in windbreaks has been a concern of many people responsible for windbreak planting for about as long as other people have been concerned about the genetic quality of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). In 1923 Johnson (1923) cautioned tree planters in the Great Plains of North America to use only tree species proven to be hardy in their area. He also described within-species variation in Siberian elm ( Ulmus pumila L. ) noting that "strains" coming from different localities in China were quite variable in hardiness when grown in the northern Great Plains. Progress in improving trees and shrubs for windbreaks has not been as dramatic as the gains have been with timber species. The benefits of windbreaks are substantial, but they are often indirect and long-term. There has been little pressure on government and university research administrators to devote more of their resources to the genetic improvement of windbreak species. Private industry has not become involved in producing genetically-improved seed of windbreak species because of the limited market for such seed.

The purpose of this study was to see how feeding cotton gin trash (CGT) as an alternative meal affected the growth performance, carcass features, and meat quality of Mecheri ram lambs. A growth performance trial was conducted with thirty-two weaned Mecheri ram lambs from four months to nine months (180 days) of marketing age and assigned into four groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) of eight animals in each group. The lambs were fed with CGT at 0 (T1), 25 (T2), 50 (T3) and 75 (T4) per cent inclusion levels in the roughage portion at 60:40 roughage: concentrate ratio. All the group of animals were fed on dry matter requirement basis at four per cent of their body weight. The lambs fed with 75 (T4) and 50 (T3) per cent inclusion level of CGT showed signifi-cantly (P0.05), however the lambs in T4 demonstrated higher feed efficiency (7.4) than the T1 (9.3) group. The slaughter studies revealed that the lambs in T4 followed by T3 group registered significantly (P0.05) difference in the weights of edible and inedible offals. Meanwhile, there were no significant variations (P>0.05) in pH, water holding capacity, shear force value, sensory charac-teristics, or proximate composition of meat across treatment groups. In accordance to the find-ings, CGT can be added up to 75% of the roughage component in sheep feed as an effective un-conventional supplementation, as it improves body weight, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics in Mecheri ram lambs.

An experiment was conducted during month of February 2022 at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to identify the effect of different agroforestry systems on soil quality parameters. Soil samples were collected from nine different agroforestry systems from three major agroforestry sites such as agrisilviculture, silvihorticulture and silvipasture systems. Soil was analysed for soil quality parameters viz., pH, EC, bulk density, porosity, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and available micronutrients. Different agroforestry systems show their effect as variations in soil physical and chemical properties. Results from the study reveals that the agroforestry system Acacia leucophloea + Guinea grass shows higher fertility status than other agroforestry systems. This system was noticed to have higher amount of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and available micronutrients compared to other agroforestry systems taken into account for research. Casuarina equisetifolia + Sorghum agroforestry system was observed to have low available P, available K and available micronutrients than other systems. Further studies are needed to define an agroforestry system for proper land use management and improving fertility status of the soil by including other soil quality parameters viz., biological and microbial parameters.

Finding a suitable biomass sample for the pyrolysis process with proper physicochemical properties is a challenging one as it has several criteria and attributes. Multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) represents a systematic approach for helping decision makers in diversified field. In this study, the application of the digraph and matrix approach is described for the selection of the most appropriate biomass material for yielding more liquid oil via thermochemical conversion. A biomass material selection index (BMSI) is proposed that evaluates and ranks the selected materials. The index is derived from a material selection attributes function and acquired from a material selection attributes digraph. The digraph is developed making an allowance for material selection attributes and its relative importance related to pyrolysis. A sequential procedure to assess the biomass material selection index is recommended in this study. Among the selected materials, this study demonstrated a sunflower shell with a higher index. At the end of the study, the prediction is also validated by conducting the experimental research.

The historical shoreline changes from 1980 to 2020 along the Manamelkudi coast is studied using toposheet, satellite time-series Landsat data, and observed data. An attempt is made to recognise possible factors which are responsible for shoreline changes and spit growth at south Manamelkudi coast (Palk Strait), Eastern part of Pudukkottai district, Tamilnadu. During 1980–2020, the regions showed distinct spatio-temporal variability, which is discussed in relation to spit evolution and shoreline changes. The study also generated a long-term (1980-2020) shoreline change statistics (EPR, LRR, SCE and NSM, WLR) using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) at every 150 m interval for the Manamelkudi coast covering 42 km, identified the erosion and accretion and divide the shoreline into different classes of erosion and accretion. Identified lengths of shoreline with high erosion, low erosion, stable, low accretion and high accretion are, respectively, based on LRR. The results indicate that spit evolution is predominant along the Manamelkudi coast, with the highest percentage of erosion and accretion.

Coconut, an important perennial tree largely grown in Tamil Nadu to the extent of 4.61 lakh hectares. Inthis study, attempt has been made to create a spatial data base on spatial changes of coconut acreage inCoimbatore and Tiruppur districts of Tamil Nadu. The methodology involves digital classification of satelliteimage and identifying coconut plantations and creation of spatial database of coconut area in Coimbatoreand Tiruppur districts for the period 2019 and compare the same with 2013 data. Total area of coconutunder Coimbatore and Tiruppur was found to be 80,065 and 58,357 ha respectively. A comparison betweenarea obtained from this study and the area statistics released by Coconut Development Board data wasdone using paired t-test and the p-value was 0.005, which showed that there was no significant differencebetween the two data and the RMSE value was also found to be low, which indicated that this methodologycan be adopted for mapping the coconut area. Change detection analysis showed that the area decreased in Coimbatore to the tune of 5.4 per cent, whereas there was not much change in Tiruppur district and reduction in area was only 0.2 per cent. The accuracy was worked out by comparing the assessment based on the Remote sensing data and the government estimates which showed a difference of 9.54 per cent indicating the accuracy of 90.46 per cent.

The superconducting analogue to the semiconducting diode, the Josephson diode, has long been sought with multiple avenues to realization being proposed by theorists1–3. Showing magnetic-field-free, single-directional superconductivity with Josephson coupling, it would serve as the building block for next-generation superconducting circuit technology. Here we realized the Josephson diode by fabricating an inversion symmetry breaking van der Waals heterostructure of NbSe2/Nb3Br8/NbSe2. We demonstrate that even without a magnetic field, the junction can be superconducting with a positive current while being resistive with a negative current. The ΔIc behaviour (the difference between positive and negative critical currents) with magnetic field is symmetric and Josephson coupling is proved through the Fraunhofer pattern. Also, stable half-wave rectification of a square-wave excitation was achieved with a very low switching current density, high rectification ratio and high robustness. This non-reciprocal behaviour strongly violates the known Josephson relations and opens the door to discover new mechanisms and physical phenomena through integration of quantum materials with Josephson junctions, and provides new avenues for superconducting quantum devices.

Effluent Treatment Plant Sludge (ETPS) from pulp and paper mill is produced in larger quantities and its disposal has the major problem faced by the industries. The conversion of paper mill sludge into hydrochar through the process of Hydro Thermal Carbonization (HTC) has wider opportunities in agriculture. This study explored the optimization processes which influence the preparation of hydrochar from ETPS through the approaches of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimized temperature and time were 220 °C and 4 hours, respectively for hydrochar production based on higher carbon and nitrogen content. The hydrochar and ETPS was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) for its structural morphology. Based on the optimized parameters, the hydrochar was produced and used in the pot culture experiment to study the impact of the hydrochar on bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus) crop growth. Different concentrations of hydrochar were applied as basal in the pot. The treatment with 4% hydrochar germinated first show the good shoot and root length and 11% increase in germination percentage and 22% increase in vigour index when compared with control due to its higher nutritives which is on par with the results of 5% hydrochar.

Drought is one of the recurring features of Indian agriculture, especially in the rain fed areas. It affects not only the national food security but also causes miseries to human life and live stock. The study area, i.e., Ramanathapuram district of Tamilnadu, India (Latitude 9°40′and Longitude 78°70′) has been affected consecutively for the last three years from 2015 to 2018 by drought, due to the failure of rainfall of northeast and southwest monsoons. So, the economic status of the area has declined due to the drought and the people from this district have migrated to other districts to improve their socio-economic status. This district has seven taluks, eleven blocks and four hundred villages. Major physiography units of the district are vast coastal plain, adjacent alluvial plain and a small area of buried pediments. The predominant geological formations are recent alluvium, and laterite followed by mio-pliocene Cuddalore Sandstone, upper cretaceous calcareous sandstone and proterozoic basement rocks. The total thickness of sedimentary rocks may be upto 3000 metre. The shallow aquifer in the district is severely affected by sea water intrusion and the inland salinity of marine sedimentary formations. Since the shallow aquifer is saline, paddy cultivation practices are generally being done through rain fed lake irrigation. According to the Central Ground Water Board report, the deeper groundwater aquifer in this district would give a continuous supply of freshwater. In order to develop agriculture activities and avoid drought management, the following steps are to be undertaken immediately. 1. River linking scheme of westerly debouching, i.e., Western Ghat Rivers in the Arabian Sea with the ephemeral rivers of the study area such as Vaigai, Gundar and Kottakkarai Rivers to improve the recharge of groundwater and prevent sea water intrusion. 2. Delineation of the depth of deeper fresh water in Tertiary and Cretaceous aquifer by sub-surface mapping study through 2D resistivity imaging depth profile study and borehole data. 3. Augmentation of engineering structures in the coastal area will prevent sea water intrusion in the shallow aquifer. 4. To improve the socio-economic status of the farmer and for drought management, a crop insurance scheme should be implemented for farmers. 5. Providing long term loans with subsidy facilities should be implemented for the construction of bore holes to improve crop production by getting fresh water from a deeper aquifer. 6. The study area is located nearer to the sea, so the large scale desalination plant system should be implemented by government organisation to get fresh water for improving agriculture practices.

In this study, Housing and Spindle failed at Friction weld (FRW) interface and sample submitted was from a Passenger vehicle after covering 18410 Kms was considered to address the repeated weld failures reported in Rear Axle Casing. The Metallurgical examinations revealed, chemical composition and hardness found satisfactory whereas Microstructure reveals presence of MnS (Manganese Sulphide) Inclusions at the friction weld interface resulting in insufficient friction weld fusion.SEM and Metallographic examinations confirmed the Orientation of MnS (Manganese sulphide) along the surface of the Spindle that was subjected to Friction welding (FRW) resulting in insufficient weld fusion. Microstructure observation of Spindle shows inclusions of Type A - Thick 2 against the allowable limits in Raw Material Type A - Thick 1. Also, the elongated MnS inclusions at the Friction weld (FRW) Interface act as initiation sites, "Stress raiser "that is more vulnerable to failure due to comparatively less tensile and impact strength than base metal similar to the effect of flake graphite’s in cast iron. Due to the anisotropy and orientation of the sulfide inclusions there is reduction in transverse ductility in reduced area and not much significant effect in longitudinal direction. Inclusion control by calcium treatment or Electro slag re-melting in spindle raw material will significantly improve the ductility and toughness of friction weldments. This paper aims to study the effect of Sulfide inclusions on weldability, mechanical properties of weld Interface and role as fracture initiation site.

The dye-containing effluent from the textile, paper, and food sectors is brightly coloured and has extremely negative impacts on living creatures. Dye degradation into a non-toxic state is useful for reducing water pollution. A variety of treatment strategies have been used to maximize dye deterioration process. Furthermore, because of its small size and high reactive nature, nanocomposites have attracted a lot of interest in the elimination of harmful dye pollution. In this present research work Methylene blue dye was selected for photocatalytic degradation using synthesized photocatalysts. In the presence of synthetic photocatalysts, we irradiated an aqueous solution of methylene blue dye with sunlight and UV radiation. This study compares photocatalytic methylene blue degradation in the presence of Poly (aniline-Co-Oaminophenol)/ ZnO nanocomposite and Polyazomethine/ZnO nanocomposites. The outcomes showed that Poly (aniline-Co-O-aminophenol)/ZnO nanocomposite has a higher photocatalytic productivity than Polyazomethine/ZnO nanocomposites.

Purpose Access-based services (ABSs) provide short-term access to goods, physical facilities, space or labor in exchange for access fees without transferring legal ownership (e.g. bike-sharing). This study aims to investigate what service providers can do to minimize financial losses when customers misbehave with the service providers’ assets in ABSs. The study also examines the effects of product misuse on subsequent customers and what factors may mitigate it. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a scenario-based experiment to test the conceptual model. Findings Injunctive norms reduce the mediating effect of descriptive norms on misbehavior contagion. As generally accepted and approved (injunctive) norms become salient, they override the impact of prevailing (descriptive) norms, thereby breaking the vicious cycle of misbehavior contagion. Customer-company identification (CCI) and reduced interpersonal anonymity mitigate the effects of previous misbehavior on misbehavior contagion. Practical implications ABS firms should strive to mitigate the financial and reputational losses they suffer from customer misbehavior. Such mitigation would be a win-win for the ABS firm (reduced misbehavior) and the customers (improved user experience). Originality/value The research complements prior research highlighting the role of social norms in misbehavior contagion. The study demonstrates the role of boundary conditions by investigating the interactive effects of descriptive and injunctive norms. In addition, it shows the positive impact of CCI and reduced interpersonal anonymity on containing misbehavior contagion.

Charybdis (Archias) hongkongensis Shen, 1934 was collected from the Indian coast of the Bay of Bengal and this is the first record from Indian waters. The distinct key characters of this species are: a relatively more produced last antero-lateral tooth, strongly convergent postero-lateral margins, and a smooth, rounded, reduced apex of the male first gonopod. This is the ninth member of Charybdis (Archias) Alcock, 1899 from Indian waters. The species is diagnosed and figured herein.

The sources of toxic trace elements from the rivers to be debouched into the sea through estuaries are either weathered naturally from the soils and rocks or introduced anthropogenicaly from point or non-point sources, in labile form or in particulate form. The chemistry and ecology of an estuarine system are entirely different from the fluvial as well as the marine system. To gain a better understanding of the geochemical behavior of physico-chemical parameters, major ions and trace elements and to examine variations in associated chemical fluxes, 20 water samples were collected throughout the Manakudy estuary and analyzed during pre and post monsoon season. The major ion sequence of abundance is followed as Na > Mg > K > Ca > NO3 > SiO4 > P > NO2 with respect to the mean values during both monsoons. Among the trace metals, the mean concentration of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Pb are 4128, 42, 36, & 5.18 μg/l in premonsoon and 2064, 31,37, 25, & 6.17 μg/l in postmonsoon is found as high when compared to Cu, Cr, Cd and Co. To precisely identify the toxicity level of trace metals in water, the contamination factor (CF) and potential ecological risk index (PERI) were computed. Cu recorded as highly contaminating metal in estuarine water followed Zn based on CF values. The PERI values show moderate to high risk in premonsoon and moderate to significantly high risk in postmonsoon water. The physico-chemical parameters, major ions and trace elements are interrelated components of water quality properties which controls the estuarine water ecosystem. So that the enrichment and overloading of these components are by the geogenic and anthropogenic processes that adversely affects the species diversity, metabolism and the population of habitats. It is recommended for strategic management plans must be implemented to control the overloading of pollutants in Manakudy estuarine water.

The purpose of the study is the determination of the factors of organizational leadership alignment affecting the work effectiveness in the context of the employees of hybrid agile software organizations. The participants of the study are the employees of a hybrid software development organizations in the context of American software organizations. The number of respondents of the study is 100 and the method used to analyze the data of the study is regression. The findings of the study showed that the organizational alignment affected the work effectiveness of the employees in the hybrid agile software organization, to a great extent.

Prof. Na. Subbu Reddiar is a renowned Tamil scholar who had contributed many books to the Tamil world. One of the books he wrote was 'Navukkarasar'. Navukkarasar was one of the four Shaiva poets who did charity through physical labour (Cariyai) in the temples. His other names are Marulnikiyar, Darumasenar, Thandaka Vendhar, Thirunavukkarasar and Appar Peruman. Thirunavukkarasar and Upper Peruman are also his names. The songs sung by him are featured in Thevaram in four, five and six of the twelve seasons. In the book, Navukkarasar, the life of the Appar Peruman, his journey with Almighty Lord Shiva and the benefits of his songs are explained to the people in a very clear manner. Thirunavukkarasar is credited with rescuing the Shiva temple from fasting in Palaiyar and receiving the best gold coin at Thiruveezhimalai. Also, in Thirumaraikattu, Thirugnanasambandar's songs praise Thiruvaimur Lord Shiva with his companion Thirugnanasambandar and went to Madurai carrying the Thirugnanasambandar's pallaku which had returned after defeating the Jains are noteworthy. According to Thirunavukkarasar's biography, the concept of 'Oodum Ponnum Samam' was generally sung by the Chekizhar. These are emphasized by Professor N. Subbu Reddiar in this book. His history is told based on “Periyapuranam” songs. “Thevaram” is said to be the historical evidence about him. Wherever there are differences of opinion in his history, relevant opinions are established with relevant sources by Subbu Reddiar. From the recordings on Thirunavukkarasar, it can be seen that Professor Subbu Reddiar has highlighted the songs. The readers of this book will have a complete understanding of the Appar Peruman. It creates the desire to learn fully about Appar from the writings of Professor Subbu Reddiar.