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Various compounds of the flavonoid group have been reported to possess therapeutic effects towards cancer [1]. Thus there is a large potential in identifying, purifying and quantifying flavonoids from different natural sources in order to screen the pharmaceutical values of these. The flavonoids are normally present in much smaller quantities than other solutes such as sugars and organic acids. This may state a problem in analysis as some of the flavonoids are present in very minute amounts and concentration is limited by the major solutes. This study seeks to separate the sugars and organic acids from the flavonoids in order to facilitate better analysis. In the current study, the major solutes in black currant juice are fructose (32 ± 3 g/l), glucose (22 ± 3 g/l), sucrose (1.6 ± 0.2 g/l) and organic acids (28.9 ± 0.1 g/l). The flavonoids in black currant juice are mainly (97%) comprised by the glucosides and rutinosides of cyanidin and delphinidin [2]. The content of these flavonoids in black currant juice is measured to (1.5 ± 0.1 g/l). The separation process consists of nanodiafiltration on flat sheet membranes with a nominal molecular weight cut off of 1,000 Da. The separation process was monitored by comparing concentrations of the four flavonoids and the sugars and acids in permeate and retentate. The flavonoids in the juice have a molecular weight between 449 and 611 Da and should be able to pass the pores of the membrane. However this study shows that the flavonoids is mainly kept in the retentate where as fructose (180 Da), glucose (180 Da) and sucrose (342 Da) are gradually flushed out into the permeate. By diafiltration, it was possible to remove almost all glucose and fructose from the juice. The weight percentage of the flavonoids on dry weight basis increased from 1% to 44 % during the separation process. [1] F. Teillet, A. Boumendjel, J. Boutonnat, X. Ronot, Flavonoids as RTK Inhibitors and Potential Anticancer Agents, Medicinal Research Reviews, 2008, 28(5), 715-745[2] M.J. Anttonen, R.O. Karjalainen, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.) Fruit Phenolics Grown either Conventionally or Organically, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006, 54, 7530-7538

Background Bovine renal lipofuscinosis (BRL) is an incidental finding in cattle at slaughter. Condemnation of the kidneys as unfit for human consumption was until recently considered the only implication of BRL. Recent studies have indicated a negative influence on the health of affected animals. The present study investigated the prevalence, genetics and effect of BRL on milk yield and weight at slaughter. Methods BRL status of slaughter cattle was recorded at four abattoirs during a 2-year-period. Data regarding breed, age, genetic descent, milk yield and weight at slaughter were extracted from the Danish Cattle Database. The prevalence of BRL was estimated stratified by breed and age-group. Furthermore, total milk yield, milk yield in last full lactation and weight at slaughter were compared for BRL-affected and non-affected Danish Holsteins and Danish Red cattle. Results 433,759 bovines were slaughtered and 787 of these had BRL. BRL was mainly diagnosed in Danish Red, Danish Holstein and crossbreds. The age of BRL affected animals varied from 11 months to 13 years, but BRL was rarely diagnosed in cattle less than 2 years of age. The total lifelong energy corrected milk (ECM) yields were 3,136 and 4,083 kg higher for BRL affected Danish Red and Danish Holsteins, respectively. However, the median life span of affected animals was 4.9 months longer, and age-corrected total milk yield was 1,284 kg lower for BRL affected Danish Red cows. These cows produced 318 kg ECM less in their last full lactation. Weight at slaughter was not affected by BRL status. The cases occurred in patterns consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance and several family clusters of BRL were found. Analysis of segregation ratios demonstrated the expected ratio for Danish Red cattle, but not for Danish Holsteins. Conclusion The study confirmed that BRL is a common finding in Danish Holsteins and Danish Red cattle at slaughter. The disorder is associated with increased total milk yield due to a longer production life. However, a reduced milk yield was detected in the end of the production life in Danish Red. The study supports that BRL is inherited autosomal recessively in the Danish Red breed and Danish Holsteins, but with incomplete penetrance of the genotype in Danish Holsteins.

The study was designed to elucidate the basic pharmacological and biochemical effects of the disulfiram dose (Antabus) provoking disulfiram-alcohol reaction (DAR) in 52 human volunteers after ethanol challenge. Disulfiram was given daily in increasing doses (1, 100, 200, and 300 mg) in successive 14 day periods, with ethanol challenge at the end of each period, until a DAR was achieved. Irrespective of dose (except the 1 mg dose), the DAR was always accompanied by almost complete inactivation (about 97%) of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity in erythrocytes, plasma concentrations of diethyldithiocarbamic acid methyl ester (Me-DDC) in the range of 8-472 nmol/l and accumulated plasma concentrations of acetaldehyde in the range of 7-197 mumol/l. In four of the volunteers, the cardiovascular effects of the DAR were recorded as a decrease in diastolic blood pressure (14-47 mmHg) and an increase in pulse rate (9-40 beats/min.), accompanied by a two- to fourfold increase in the plasma concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline. The enzyme kinetics of ALDH in erythrocytes were regularly analysed in eight volunteers during DSF intake. In addition to the expected decrease in oxidizing capacity, the Km values were also impaired, which suggests that the inhibitor is implicated in an active site directed reaction.

Until 1985, one of the wastewater treatment plants in Odense, Denmark, was a traditional trickling filter plant designed for approx. 275,000 PE. To meet rigorous standards for N and P removal, the plant was extended in 1986-1988, and the extended plant was put into operation in April, 1989. Now, standards have been changed again and are : N < 8 mg/l and P < 0.5 mg/l. These standards must be complied, with before 1992. The establishing of design criteria based on statistical methods is presented. On the basis thereof, one of various extension alternatives was chosen. This involved keeping the existing primary settling tanks and performing partial nitrification in the existing trickling filters succeeded by a new structure for N and P removal according to the BIO-DENIPHO method. The future extension for contact filtration is mentioned. Basic civil engineering data are described together with design and operating economy. Furthermore, mention is made of the commissioning procedure and the first results.

Natural birch sap contains around 1% of sugars, mainly glucose and fructose and a relatively high concentration of amino acids. The sap has been used in Russia and the Baltics for centuries as a food additive and in resent years has experienced a renaissance as an additive in high quality beers and as sweetener in ice cream (Skarø Is). It has been claimed to have a flavour enhancing effect when combined with fresh fruit thereby reducing the need for sugar additionto sorbets and other fruit containing ice creams. One of the main problems when using birch sap in industrial productions is storage. Birch sap can only be drawn during the period from spring thaw to the birch come into leaf, roughly from March to late April. Ice cream production on the other hand peak from late May through August. As birch sap besides a perfect blend of sugars and amino acids also contains micronutrients it is a perfect medium for many microorganisms like different strains of lactobacillus and can thus only be stored in frozen condition. This adds to the cost of using birch sap in industry. Two possible solutions to reduce storage costs seem viable if addition of preservatives is tobe avoided. One is to reduce the birch sap volume by concentrating the sap with reverse osmosis (RO) to around 15%.thus reducing the frozen storage volume. The other is to increase the sugar concentration to around 60-70% making thesap self-preserving as done with birch syrup. Concentration of birch sap to birch syrup is traditionally carried out asevaporation at around 106 ºC giving an undesirable dark brown syrup due to Maillard reactions [4]. This is notacceptable in an additive for ice cream production both because of the colour but also because of the change in flavour.The aim of the work presented here was to produce a 60% birch sap concentrate using low temperature direct contactmembrane distillation (DCMD) combined with microfiltration (MF) and reverse osmosis (RO)

In connection with a contribution of various genera of Maloideae (Rosaceae) to “Flora Nordica” lectotypes are designated for Crataegus sanguinea, C. punctata, Pyrus japonica (‵Chaenomeles japonica), Crataegus pyrifolia (‵Photinia pyrifolia), and Pyrus floribunda (‵Photinia floribunda). A lectotype and an epitype is selected for Mespilus flabellata (‵Crataegus flabellata).— Flora Nordica note no. 23.

A randomized study of injecting drug users in a Danish prison comparing vaccination at 0, 1 and 3 weeks with the 0, 1 and 6 months schedule (20microg Engerix B i.m.) was conducted. Due to a low participation rate, a second nonrandomized study was conducted in Estonia where all prisoners were vaccinated with the short schedule. In the randomized study, the compliance with three doses was 63% (12/19) in the 3-week schedule compared to 20% (3/15) in the 6-month schedule (P = 0.017). In the nonrandomized study, the compliance was 81% (457/566) and the seroprotection rate at month 7 was 67% (97/145), resulting in protection of 54% of the population at risk. This was significantly higher than the estimated 34-42% protection that would have been achieved with the 6-month schedule.

WOS: 000241515500008, Iris celikii occurring in NE Turkey is described as a species new to science and illustrated. Its ecology, distribution and taxonomic relationships are discussed.

A karyotype for the guinea pig (Cavio cambayo) is proposed based on an R-banding pattern. R-bands were obtained by BrdU incorporation into the cells followed by a combined DAPI and propidium iodide staining of the fixed metaphase spreads. In situ hybridization was performed with two biotinylated 18-mer PNA (peptide nucleic acid) probes complementary to sequences within the 5S rRNA gene. The 5S rRNA gene repeats map to chromosomes 7q2, 20q2 and 30q2, respectively.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between Antabus® dosage and the disulfiram-alcohol reaction (DAR) after ethanol challenge. Fifty-two healthy volunteers, 29 men and 23 women, aged 20-61 years, were treated with increasing doses of Antabuse (1, 100, 200, 300 mg) for 14 days each. At the end of each 14 days the volunteers were challenged with 0.15 g ethanol/kg body weight. Blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration rate, and symptoms such as flushing, heat sensation, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, breathlessness, and headache were monitored for the next 50 min. The volunteers left the study when they had experienced a valid DAR. A valid DAR, which was principally defined on the basis of the patients' feeling of discomfort, but for safety reasons also on the basis of unacceptable circulatory changes, was reached in 21 out of 52 volunteers after 100 mg Antabuse, in 27 after 200 mg, and in 4 after 300 mg. Most of them left the study after flushing and circulatory changes, but did not feel ill enough to be convinced that they should abstain from drinking. Ten volunteers with weak subjective symptoms, but with a valid DAR, were therefore rechallenged after the next increased dose and experienced a somewhat stronger reaction. We conclude that a daily dose of 200 mg Antabuse brings about a substantial reaction in volunteers in the presence of alcohol. The possible need for a 300 mg dose of Antabuse to prevent a patient from drinking was discussed.

Portugal. In much of this area it has been introduced by cul tivation and subsequently naturalized. It is not present, nei ther wild nor even today cultivated, in the areas visited by Linnaeus during his Lapland journey ('ad ripas Norlandiae'). From the protologue in Species plantarum (Sp. PL: 1017. 1753) it is obvious that Linnaeus's initial concept oiS.fragilis, from Flora lapponica (Fl. Lapp.: 282. 1737), was completely different from the present one and coincided with S. pentandra L. It should be mentioned that S. pentandra (in fact with that phrase name) was also recorded by Linnaeus during the Lapland journey (I.e., 1737: 295), but he was apparently unaware of having described the same species under two names. At least since the 1920's (Floderus in Holmberg, Skand. Fl. lb(l): 155. 1931) what has generally been cov ered by the name Salixfragilis includes both the aforemen tioned species and its hybrid with S. alba L. According to Skvortsov (Willows USSR: 111. 1968; and Probl. Bio geocenol., Geobot. PL Geogr.: 263-279. 1973 (both in Russian)) the species has a rather restricted distribution in Europe, while almost all clones, at least in West, Central and North Europe, are of hybrid origin. The hybrid is dis tinguished by having more or less sericeous young twigs and leaves, more regularly serrate leaves, less pale young leaves and longer buds with a compressed apex. The species has at most a few patent hairs on the unfolding leaves and is otherwise totally glabrous. In Norden the hybrid constitutes nearly all of what has been referred to Salixfragilis, both cultivated and escaped plants (Berg & Christensen, Fl. N?rdica 1: 131-133. 2000), including all the widely naturalized clones. It is variable and tentatively subdivided into five entities with different ranges of distribution. The species is very rare as an escaped (and even more rarely established) or cultivated plant in Norden, except in parts of Denmark and Norway (Berg & Christensen, I.e.: 124). In British surveys S.fragilis is divid ed into four (Meikle, Willows & Poplars Gr. Brit. IreL: 27. 1984) or five (Walters & al, Europ. Gard. Fl. 3: 26. 1989) varieties, three of which include hybrids, while two, S.frag ilis var. decipiens sensu Meikle (I.e.) and var. sphaerica Hryn. (= 'Bullata' in Berg & Christensen, I.e.), belong to the species. The situation in the rest of Europe cannot be stated in detail, but the range of the species may be considerably smaller than that indicated in Atlas Florae Europaeae (Jalas & Suominen, Atlas Fl. Europ. 3:14.1976) as noted by those authors themselves. The recognition that Salix fragilis in its traditional sense covers two taxa has led some authors to use that name

Chantier qualité spécifique "Auteurs Externes" département de Génétique animale : uniquement liaison auteur au référentiel HR-Access; International audience

A chromosome study was performed on the offspring of an American Brown Swiss bull, which was carrier of a complex chromosome translocation. A total of 10 phenotypically normal calves were examined and a similar complex translocation was detected in five calves. The translocation involved identifiable parts of chromosome number one and eight. Furthermore, the terminal band of chromosome one had been translocated to an unidentified chromosome. One of the calves also carried a 1/29 centric fusion chromosome. Pedigree and chromosome analysis showed that the centric fusion originated from another American Brown Swiss bull. A linkage study was performed and an indication of linkage between the Z blood group system and the complex translocation was found. The fertility of the bull was studied, and it was found to have a severely reduced fertility mainly due to an increased rate of early embryonic mortality.

Morphological evidence of hybridization and introgression between Crataegus orien–talis Pallas ex M.–Bieb. and C. pycnoloba Boiss. & Heldr. in Boiss. was observed where the two species meet in the montane–subalpine zone of Mt Chelmos, Pelo–ponnisos. C. pycnoloba var. parnassica Diap. is a variant of C. orientalis. Greek and Yugoslavian material of C. monogyna Jacq., C. curvisepala Lindm. and their hybrid is compared with Danish material of the three taxa using the multivariate techniques of discriminant analysis and Wells' distance coefficient. The infraspecific variation of C. monogyna and the correct binary names for C. monogyna x orientalis (C. x albanica Pojark. versus C. x polyacantha Jan) and C. curvisepala x monogyna (C. x kyrtostyla Fingerh.) are discussed.

Crataegus curvisepala Lindm., C. laevigata (Poiret) DC. and C. monogyna Jacq. (Rosaceae) form hybrid complexes in Denmark due to introgression. C. palmstruchii Lindm. seems to be variously introgressed individuals of C. laevigata. C. eremitagensis Raunk., C. raavadensis Raunk. and C. schumacheri Raunk. apparently belong to C. curvisepala x laevigata. The delimitation between C. curvisepala x laevigata and C. laevigata x monogyna is discussed.

The Pinus mugo complex is revised, and a new infraspecific classification of the species is proposed. The species is divided into two subspecies and an intermediate nothossp., viz. ssp. mugo, ssp. uncinata and nothossp. rotundata. P. mugo ssp. mugo is divided into f. mugo and f. applanata comb, et stat. nov. (P. pumilio) and P. mugo nothossp. rotundata into f. rotundata and f, mughioides comb. nov. The putative hybrid P. mugo × sylvestris found in mixed stands of the parents is named P. × rhaetica. A description of P. sylvestris and a key to P. mugo, P. sylvestris and P. × rhaetica is given.

Peripheral plasma insulin and C-peptide concentrations during oral glucose tolerance tests were measured in 7 severely obese and 12 normal weight nondiabetic subjects. The insulin and C-peptide levels as well as incremental areas under the plasma curves were 2--5 times higher in the obese subjects (P less than 0.05). The C-peptide to insulin molar ratios as well as the relation between incremental areas under the plasma curves of the two peptides were used as relative measures of the hepatic insulin extraction. They were both reduced in the obese subjects, which suggests that decreased insulin removal may contribute to the hyperinsulinemia of obesity. Sixty minutes after the oral glucose load, all of the obese patients had higher peripheral venous insulin concentrations compared with those found in normal subjects with similar C-peptide levels. This suggests that the reduced insulin extraction is not entirely explained by increased beta-cell secretory activity, but is also a specific consequence of obesity.

Summary Plasma transferrin (Tf) types in dogs were studied by a method of horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a 10 % separation gel and a discontinuous buffer system (Tris-citrate-borate, pH 9.0). Samples were analysed from 1127 dogs belonging to 60 different breeds. TfB and Tfc alleles, each in considerably high frequency, were observed in most of the breeds. TfA with relatively lower frequency was observed in Beagle, Cocker Spaniel, Doberman Pinscher, German Shepherd, German Shorthaired Pointer, Old Danish Pointer and Poodle. Two rare Tf alleles, TfD and the other designated as TfE, were observed only in Cocker Spaniel and in Poodle respectively. Basenji (44 samples) and Small Munsterlander (17 samples) showed the highest frequency (0.97) for TfC allele while Carelian Bear Dog (19 samples) showed the highest frequency (0.97) for TfB allele. In the total material, the frequencies of Tf alleles A, B, C, D and E were found to be 0.0182, 0.5075, 0.4716, 0.0009 and 0.0018 respectively. By using the observed and expected numbers of Tf heterozygotes, the average inbreeding coefficient (F) within breeds was estimated to be 0.14. Six samples of wolf (Canis lupus L.) studied seemed to be of Tf B type. The present study, along with earlier reports, showed that some of the plasma proteins and enzymes (albumin, transferrin, eserine resistant esterase) exhibit considerably more polymorphism than that reported for hemoglobin and some of the red cell and tissue enzymes in the domestic dog.

Background A pig phenotype characterized by juvenile hairlessness, thin skin and age dependent lung emphysema has been discovered in a Danish pig herd. The trait shows autosomal co-dominant inheritance with all three genotypes distinguishable. Since the phenotype shows resemblance to the integrin β6 -/- knockout phenotype seen in mice, the two genes encoding the two subunits of integrin αvβ6, i.e. ITGB6 and ITGAV, were considered candidate genes for this trait. Results The mutated pig phenotype is characterized by hairlessness until puberty, thin skin with few hair follicles and absence of musculi arrectores pili, and at puberty or later localized areas of emphysema are seen in the lungs. Comparative mapping predicted that the porcine ITGB6 andITGAV orthologs map to SSC15. In an experimental family (n = 113), showing segregation of the trait, the candidate region was confirmed by linkage analysis with four microsatellite markers. Mapping of the porcine ITGB6 and ITGAV in the IMpRH radiation hybrid panel confirmed the comparative mapping information. Sequencing of the ITGB6 and ITGAV coding sequences from affected and normal pigs revealed no evidence of a causative mutation, but alternative splicing of the ITGB6 pre-mRNA was detected. For both ITGB6 and ITGAV quantitative PCR revealed no significant difference in the expression levels in normal and affected animals. In a western blot, ITGB6 was detected in lung protein samples of all three genotypes. This result was supported by flow cytometric analyses which showed comparable reactions of kidney cells from affected and normal pigs with an integrin αvβ6 monoclonal antibody. Also, immunohistochemical staining of lung tissue with an integrin β6 antibody showed immunoreaction in both normal and affected pigs. Conclusion A phenotype resembling the integrin β6 -/- knockout phenotype seen in mice has been characterized in the pig. The candidate region on SSC15 has been confirmed by linkage analysis but molecular and functional analyses have excluded that the mutated phenotype is caused by structural mutations in or ablation of any of the two candidate genes.

The main obstacle impeding implementation of membrane contactors for therecovery and concentration of ammonia from swine manure is the phenomena ofmembrane fouling. Fouling is defined as the accumulation of suspended or dissolved substances on the membrane surface and/or within its pores. Due to the different types of fouling which can occur in a membrane system, characterization of fouling is a complex problem. Fouling intensity, morphology and composition of fouling layers has been determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometry and Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectrometry. Based on the analysis of fouled membranes, it is concluded that membrane fouling is dominated by organic fouling in combination with biofouling mainly due to adsorption and deposition of undegraded organic matter. The average fouling layer thickness was estimated to 127.4 μm after a week of running the contactor without cleaning. Thisindicates that fouling could be a severe problem. The intensity of fouling can bereduced by feed pretreatment and by optimizing the operating conditions of themembrane contactor. This will also facilitate removal of ammonia.

Membrane technology is a promising candidate for producing mineral fertilizers from animal slurry. This paper presents a combination of membrane technologies for processing digested slurry, lists retentions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and evaluates the economic and technological potential of the processes presented. To increase the content of plant nutrients in mineral concentrates substantially, improved RO (reverse osmosis) or additional technology is required.

Udgivelsesdato: 1. Marts