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Beekeeping practice started a long time ago in Nepal, and nowadays it is gaining momentum as a highly valued and income-generating activity for the local people of the Himalayan region. Five specie...

Five isostructural 1D porous coordination polymers (PCPs) with a general formula of {[M(L)(DMF)(H2O)]·1.5H2O}n [M = TbIII (1), EuIII (2), YbIII (3), NdIII (4) and ErIII (5)] have been synthesized using a flexible tripodal organic linker (L) and characterized. TbIII (1) and EuIII (2) PCPs exhibit metal-based green and red emission, respectively, whereas YbIII (3), NdIII (4) and ErIII (5) PCPs show near-infrared (NIR) emission. Doping EuIII in 1 in a precisely controlled stoichiometric amount leads to different mixed lanthanide PCPs, {[Tb1−xEux(L)(DMF)(H2O)]·1.5H2O}n (1a–1f) that show tunable emission including that of bright white light. The PCPs decorated with Lewis basic –O– binding sites make them potential candidates for the binding and selective sensing of traces of CuII ions, and this is illustrated for PCP 2 (limit of detection = 0.69 ± 0.02 ppm). The photoluminescence of 2 can be recovered by the introduction of a chelating ligand ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) without any structural disintegration, indicating the potential of the lanthanide PCPs for future sensing applications.

Great Poet Laxmi Prasad Devkota (1909-1959) transcends the quotidian sphere of social life to reach beyond the domain of the protest through his poetry in his perpetual quest for order. The core of social structures comprises of a body of rules derived from human imagination through which the underlying base in human society is regulated in the process of interaction of human agency and social mores. Since rational ways of society lead to justice and social welfare in general, the configuration of social structures depends on rational choices. However, certain lapses emerge as errors in the underlying principles of society, for the rational choices also give way to particular fissures in each age. Consequently, people aspire to obtain novel social structures through the invention and use of such structures in that errors in projection of public welfare result out of inability of the concerned people to project beyond the solid limitations of the time and space. However, after the passage of time, the value systems encounter with various challenges, whereby letting innovative perceptions emerge within the existing order of social imagination. As guides of society, the most sensitive minds including poets, philosophers, and visionaries spot blank spots in form of errors, lapses, and loopholes in unified, coherent vision of inner core of society. This paper argues that Devkota exploits the systemic errors in the underlying core of social system as the creative resource for his poetry. This paper new historically reads Devkota’s “The Lunatic” and “The Swallow and Devkota” to explore social and historical forces in the formation of particular mindset. The paper centers on the poet’s political vision for a just society.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and first detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019 and spread across China and abroad. On 11th March 2020, WHO officially declared pandemic on for COVID-19. This review presents transmission mode of the COVID-19 in terms of case, death, and analysis of active cases in top ten worst affected countries. The data presented in the paper is taken from Worldometer which collects its statistical data from various reliable sources including United Nations (UN), World Health Organization (WHO) and others. Furthermore, the review presents the data analysis of recovery cases in the top 10 worst affected countries as of 24th May 2020. Such simple analysis of recovery case from COVID-19 will be helpful for the government to make its plan and policy.

Increasing population, industrialization, and economic growth cause several adverse impacts on the existing environment and living being. Therefore, rising pollutants load and their mitigation strategies, as well as achieving energy requirements while reducing reliance on fossil fuels are the key areas, which needs significant consideration for sustainable environment. Since India has considerable biomass resources, bioenergy is a significant part of the country's energy policy. However, the selection of feedstock is a crucial step in bioenergy production that could produce raw material without compromising food reserve along with the sustainable environment. Higher growth capacity of bamboo species makes them a suitable lignocellulosic substrate for the production of high-value greener products such as fuels, chemicals, and biomaterials as well as an appropriate candidate for eco-restoration of degraded land. In that context, the current review discusses the multidimensional applications of bamboo species in India. The bioenergy potency of bamboo and probability of aligning its production, cultivation, and operation with economic and social development agendas are also addressed, making it an exceptional crop in India. Additionally, its fast growth, perennial root systems, and capability to restore degraded land make it an essential part of ecological restoration. Furthermore, this review explores additional benefits of bamboo plantation on the environment, economy, and society along with future research prospects.

The great importance of the fractional kinetic equations (FKEs) can be seen in the very recent research work of proposing such new equations and finding their solutions by different analytical and numerical methods. The paramount purpose of the present work is to proffer and study new FKEs involving the composition of the generalized Galúe Struve function of first kind and k-Mittag–Leffler function and apply a very influential effective analytical approach based on Laplace transform to find their analytical solutions. The obtained solutions have been presented with some real values and the simulation done via MATLAB. Furthermore, the numerical and graphical interpretations are also mentioned to illustrate the main results. Some special cases are to be taken under consideration to get the results in simpler form.

Glioblastoma is the most lethal primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Simplified two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and neurospheres in vitro models fail to recapitulate the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, limiting its ability to predict therapeutic response. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffold-based models have emerged as a promising alternative for addressing these concerns. One such 3D system is gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels, and we aimed to understand the suitability of using this system to mimic treatment-resistant glioblastoma cells that reside in specific niches. We characterized the phenotype of patient-derived glioma cells cultured in GelMA hydrogels (3D-GMH) for their tumorigenic properties using invasion and chemoresponse assays. In addition, we used integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptome analysis to compare cells cultured in 3D-GMH to neoplastic cells in vivo. Finally, we assessed tumor-immune cell interactions with a macrophage infiltration assay and a cytokine array. We show that the 3D-GMH system enriches treatment-resistant mesenchymal cells that are not represented in neurosphere cultures. Cells cultured in 3D-GMH resemble a mesenchymal-like cellular phenotype found in perivascular and hypoxic regions and recruit macrophages by secreting cytokines, a hallmark of the mesenchymal phenotype. Our 3D-GMH model effectively mimics the phenotype of glioma cells that are found in the perivascular and hypoxic niches of the glioblastoma core in situ, in contrast to the neurosphere cultures that enrich cells of the infiltrative edge of the tumor. This contrast highlights the need for due diligence in selecting an appropriate model when designing a study‘s objectives.

This paper intends to study the beginning stages of technology adoption during distance learning in early childhood education (ECE) and focus on digital tools and equipment used during this period. We circulated a questionnaire to a representative group of teachers, seeking to find out more about teacher and school preparedness, strategies to provide distance education, and teachers' experiences while making this transition. Findings from survey results and interviews from forty-three teachers indicate that technological factors are strongly linked to school readiness. Teachers do not have pedagogical techniques for the current distance education learning environment. The pedagogical implications of these specialised tools were discussed. Four different pedagogical practices are central for distance education in a crisis and several difficulties encountered during the process. Although being prepared to ensure the continuity of education was challenging, schools and teachers found ways to overcome the obstacles. Results build on previously reported findings regarding school closure during virus outbreaks, and they may serve as guidance for teachers and school leaders as they move into technology adoption in ECE education. This research can also help create emergency response educational plans for kindergartens and provide an excellent historical record.

Sulfurated hydrogen commonly called hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a clear, colorless, extremely toxic gas that has a rotten egg smell at low concentration. The human nose can detect H2 S at concentrations below 100 parts per billion (ppb). It is found least amount in cigarette smoke that has been the subject of analysis for many analytical chemists. This gases is soluble in alkaline medium and gives free sulfide (S-2 ) ions. Sulfide ion concentration in cigarette smoke solution is found in the range of detection limit of lab made Silver- silver sulfide (Ag/Ag2 S) ion selective electrode (ISE).This project has designed to investigate the amount hydrogen sulfide as a free sulfide (S--)ion in cigarette smoke solution. Silver-silver sulfide ion selective electrode (Ag/ Ag2 S ISE) and Silver–silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode are prepared in the lab for determination. Detail protocol of standard addition method with modified Grant’s plot is applied for estimation. Different brand of cigarette samples were collected from different area of Pokhara valley and analyzed. The average amount of H2 S per stick of cigarette smoke is found to vary from 0.0453 mg to 0.0573 mg in different brands. Among them sample no SA-5 shows 0.0453mg per stick of cigarette. This result is minimum in compare to other brands. Similarly, sample no SA- 7 have found 0.0573mg per stick which is higher in compare to other brands. Key words: Cigarette smoke, hydrogen sulfide, ion selective electrode, standard addition method, Grant’s plot method

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a broadly studied bioceramic for biomedical implant and bone tissue regeneration. Despite this, it is a good adsorbent of heavy metal ions. Its chemical formula is Ca10 (PO4)6(OH) 2. It was extracted by the calcination process from Ostrich bone. The obtained HAp was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and was used for removal of lead (II) ion from aqueous solutions. A series of experiments were conducted in order to determine the effects of pH, contact time and sorbent dosage in a optimize condition for maximum adsorption. The results showed that the removal efficiency of Pb (II) ions reached 99.04% with an initial concentration of 50 mgL1 , pH range; 3 to7 and 1 hour contact time. The adsorption rate of Pb (II) ions onto the HAp was found incredibly fast and equilibrium was reached within 5 minute. Within this time 72.32% of lead (II) ions were removed. The equilibrium removal process of Pb (II) ions at pH range 4.5-5.5 were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 430.7 mg/g. Key words: Ostrich bone, hydroxyapatite, calcinations, adsorption, Pb (II) ion, pH.

A solvent responsive, dynamic, three-dimensional supramolecular porous host has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The structural flexibility is realized by the guest responsive structural transformation and also by the different gas and solvent vapor adsorption studies. Noncovalent encapsulation of fluorescein dye into the framework resulted in dual emission through host-to-guest partial energy transfer which is utilized for solvent sensing. Diffusion of solvents modulates the structural arrangement and energy transfer.

Background: Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors cause renal phosphate wasting leading to hypophosphatemia manifesting as bone pain and fractures. About 95% of these tumors involve the extremities and the appendicular skeleton, with spinal tumors being exceedingly rare. We describe a case of non-compressive quadriparesis, caused by a thoracic vertebral body phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT). Case Description: A 34-year-old gentleman presented with a 3-year history of gradually progressive quadriparesis, predominantly involving proximal muscles. Magnetic resonance imaging neither showed evidence of compressive lesions nor myelopathy. On routine biochemistry, he was found to have hypophosphatemia and phosphaturia, with serum phosphorus levels of 1.84 mg/dl, and fractional excretion of phosphorus >5%. A DOTATOC positron emission tomography scan suggested the possibility of a PMT in the D10 vertebral body with a corresponding hyperdense/sclerotic focus on non-contrast computed tomography. After instituting phosphate replacement therapy and complete surgical excision of the hyperdense focus, he made a full neurological recovery. His phosphate levels normalized without the need for supplements. Histopathological examination showed spindle cells with positive staining for Vimentin, a mesenchymal cell marker. At 5 years of follow-up, the patient continues to be asymptomatic with a full return to normal function and no residual weakness. Conclusion: PMTs involving the spine are a rare reversible cause of non-compressive quadriparesis. Early diagnosis and excision of the lesion correct the hypophosphatemia and result in complete neurological recovery.

Background: The vast majority of common bile duct (CBD) stones was secondary, formed within the gall bladder (GB) and migrates down the cystic duct into CBD or rarely due to primary stones formed in CBD. Intra-operative bile culture prevents development of infectious complications and guide selection of future appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis. Hence, this study focussed on investigation of microbiological profile of routine bile cultures in endo-biliary stenting patients undergoing cholecystectomy.Methods: In this study, 50 patients with CBD stone(s) were undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) followed by stenting and then cholecystectomy (either laparoscopically or open). GB extraction was done in a sterile bag and after opening sterile bag; bile was collected and sent for microbiological culture and sensitivity for analysis.Results: Most of the cases had cholelithiasis with choledocholithiasis (38.0%) which were significantly higher than other diagnosis (Z=2.51; p

Glioblastoma is the most lethal primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Simplified two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and neurospheres in vitro models fail to recapitulate the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, limiting its ability to predict therapeutic response. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffold-based models have emerged as a promising alternative for addressing these concerns. One such 3D system is gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels, which can be used for modeling the glioblastoma microenvironment. We characterized the phenotype of patient-derived glioma cells cultured in GelMA hydrogels (3D-GMH) for their tumorigenic properties using invasion and chemoresponse assays. In addition, we used integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptome analysis to compare cells cultured in 3D-GMH to cells in vivo. Finally, we assessed tumor-immune cell interactions with a macrophage infiltration assay and a cytokine array. We show that cells cultured in 3D-GMH develop a mesenchymal-like cellular phenotype found in perivascular and hypoxic regions present in the core of the tumor, and recruit macrophages by secreting cytokines in contrast to the cells grown as neurospheres that match the phenotype of cells of the infiltrative edge of the tumor.

Gliomas are heavily infiltrated with immune cells of myeloid origin. Past studies have shown that high-grade gliomas have a higher proportion of alternatively activated and suppressive myeloid cells when compared to low-grade gliomas, which correlate with poor prognosis. However, the differences in immune cell phenotypes within high-grade gliomas (between grade 3 and grade 4 or GBM) are relatively less explored, and a correlation of phenotypic characteristics between immune cells in the blood and high-grade tumors has not been performed. Additionally, myeloid cells of granulocytic origin present in gliomas remain poorly characterized. Herein, we address these questions through phenotypic characterizations of monocytes and neutrophils present in blood and tumors of individuals with glioblastoma (GBM, IDH-wild type) or grade 3 IDH-mutant gliomas. We observe that neutrophils are highly heterogeneous among individuals with glioma, and are different from healthy controls. We also show that CD163 expressing M2 monocytes are present in greater proportions in GBM tissue when compared to grade 3 IDH-mutant glioma tissue, and a larger proportion of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells are present in grade 3 IDH-mutant gliomas when compared to GBM. Finally, we demonstrate that the expression levels of CD86 and CD63 showed a high correlation between blood and tumor and suggest that these may be used as possible markers for prognosis.

Gliomas are heavily infiltrated with immune cells of myeloid origin. Past studies have shown that high-grade gliomas have a higher proportion of alternatively activated and suppressive myeloid cells when compared to low-grade gliomas, which correlate with poor prognosis. However, the differences in immune cell phenotypes within high-grade gliomas (between grade III and IV) are relatively less explored, and a correlation of phenotypic characteristics between immune cells in the blood and high grade tumors has not been performed. Additionally, myeloid cells of granulocytic origin present in gliomas remain poorly characterized. Herein, we address these questions through phenotypic characterizations of monocytes and neutrophils present in blood and tumors of individuals with glioblastoma (GBM, grade IV) or grade III gliomas. Our data show that CD163 expressing M2 monocytes are present in greater proportions in GBM tissue when compared to grade III glioma tissue. In addition, we observe that neutrophils are highly heterogeneous among individuals with glioma, and a greater proportion of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells are present in grade III gliomas when compared to GBM. Finally, we show that the expression levels of CD86 and CD63 showed a high correlation between blood and tumor, and suggest that these may be used as possible markers for prognosis.

A novel natural hydroxyapatite (HAp) bioceramic was extracted from the ostrich cortical bone by the thermal decomposition method. HAp was characterized by different analytical tools such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Removal of organic impurities from the bone powder was confirmed by TGA analysis. FTIR spectra of HAp confirmed the presence of the major functional groups such as phosphate (PO43−), hydroxyl (OH−), and carbonate (CO32−) in the bioceramic. The XRD data revealed that the HAp was the crystalline phase obtained by calcination of the bone powder at 950°C, and the SEM analyses confirmed the typical plate-like texture of the nanosized HAp crystals.

Craniofacial resection is the technique of choice for tumors of the oral cavity or paranasal sinus extending close to the skull base of middle cranial fossa. Here we would like to describe a new technique of approaching these tumors through the facial incision itself. All patients treated with this technique at our institute were included in this retrospectively analyzed case series. The pathological clearance margins, complications and outcomes were studied. A total of nine patients underwent resection of tumor with the subcranial approach. There were seven males and two female patients. Mean age was 50.66 years (22–72 years). The diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma in five patients, adenoid cystic carcinoma in three patients and alveolar soft part sarcoma in one patient. A lip split incision and mandibulotomy/mandibulectomy was done in seven patients; a Weber–Fergusson incision was used in one patient and details were not available in one other patient. Reconstruction was done with anterolateral thigh flaps with or without titanium mesh for all the patients. One patient developed thalamic infarct and was managed conservatively. None of the other patients had complications related to the craniotomy. The infratemporal fossa margin was close/involved in two patients (22.22%). Eight patients received adjuvant therapy without delay. One patient, who had received radiation previously, did not receive adjuvant radiation. This technique aims to reduce morbidity without compromising on the oncological outcomes for tumors extending short of or up to the skull base.

Splice variants are known to be important in the pathophysiology of tumors, including the brain cancers. We applied a proteogenomics pipeline to identify splice variants in glioblastoma (GBM, grade IV glioma), a highly malignant brain tumor, using in-house generated mass spectrometric proteomic data and public domain RNASeq dataset. Our analysis led to the identification of a novel exon that maps to the long isoform of Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1), expressed on the surface of glial cells and neurons, important for cell adhesion and cell signaling. The presence of the novel exon is supported with the identification of five peptides spanning it. Additional peptides were also detected in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel separated proteins from GBM patient tissue, underscoring the presence of the novel peptides in the intact brain protein. The novel exon was detected in the RNASeq dataset in 18 of 25 GBM samples and separately validated in additional 10 GBM tumor tissues using quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Both transcriptomic and proteomic data indicate downregulation of NCAM1, including the novel variant, in GBM. Domain analysis of the novel NCAM1 sequence indicates that the insertion of the novel exon contributes extra low-complexity region in the protein that may be important for protein-protein interactions and hence for cell signaling associated with tumor development. Taken together, the novel NCAM1 variant reported in this study exemplifies the importance of future multiomics research and systems biology applications in GBM.

A highly luminescent tetrameric zinc(II) complex, {[Zn4(adc)3(bpz)6(HCOO)2]·2H2O} (1; adc = 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylate and bpz = bipyridophenazine), was synthesized by a solvothermal technique and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The linear tetrameric units extend into three dimensions via π stacking of adc/bpz and bpz/bpz and multiple CH-π interactions. The compound shows strong red emission at 597 nm (λex = 480 nm), which is attributed to charge-transfer (CT) emission within an adc/bpz donor-acceptor pair. This is also supported by density functional theory computations. Interestingly, the CT emission is amplified by energy transfer from another adc linker that is not involved in the CT interaction.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an empirically validated scale to measure the students’ perception of service quality in management education. Design/methodology/approach In this study, a three-stage systematic procedure of scale development has been adopted. Initially, extant literature review delineated the construct. Exploratory study techniques like focus group study and expert opinion helped in purifying the scale. In the second stage, principal component analysis with varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization (exploratory factor analysis) was used to refine the scale. Finally, multi-trait-multimethod matrix analysis was done to test the reliability and validity of the scale. Findings A 25-item multi-dimensional construct with six factors (academic aspect, professional assurance, behavioral responses and supports, industry institute interaction, non-academic aspects and physical support) was derived scientifically for measuring service quality in management education. Psychometrically, the scale exhibits internal consistency and remains consistent across the samples. The scale passes the requisite reliability and validity tests (construct, convergent, discriminant, nomological, predictive) with all values within limits. Practical implications Scientific and structured multi-dimensional construct for service quality in management education will help academicians, administrators and regulators in designing a process-oriented system for enhanced student satisfaction and performance. Originality/value This study is an incremental attempt to develop an empirically validated scale for measuring the service quality level and resultant satisfaction in management education.

In this paper we explain the product life-cycle models that studies a set of strategic choices facing manufacturers as they design the product/service bundle which may require maintenance and repair support after its sale. Traditional market analysis relies on purely macroeconomic and political factors and fails to account for an emerging market's dynamism and future potential. The objective of this paper is to present all composed product life cycle (PLC) specific to the assessment of emerging markets at domestic and international expansion opportunities. Based on the literature pointing out the product life cycle in domestic and international markets with graphic presentation and models the need for a specialized composite and comprehensive approach, additional criteria are introduced to assess emerging market potential. Emerging markets provided the rationale for the product life cycle in dealing with common product life cycle (FMCG), retail PLC, industrial products PLC, services PLC, engineering PLC and international PLC criteria. Marketing with PLC philosophy gives insights to practicing managers to follow the options and make visionary decisions for products they are dealing with. Composite PLC has been overlooked in literature and this paper will fill the gaps by collective study on five market conditions. Keywords: product life-cycle, marketing DOI : 10.7176/JMCR/63-06 Publication date: December 31 st 2019

The use of oncolytic viruses (OV) as therapeutic agents for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an emerging clinical focus. OV have the potential to reinvigorate the immune contexture in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, current pre-clinical models are insufficient to study the immune effects of OV. Here, we describe an imaging approach using a human ex-vivo platform to study the effects of OV on tumor-associated immune cells in GBM. Using the rQNestin34.5v.1 herpes simplex virus (rQNestin) we treated human GBM ex-vivo, incorporating autologous patient-derived peripheral-blood mononucleated cells and whole tissue fragments. We treated GBM (n=10) with rQNestin, capable of expressing GFP, and profiled GFP expression as a proxy for replication. We analyzed serial sections of H&E, HSV-1, and multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) to investigate the impact of rQNestin on the spatial context of the immune compartment. Cell Signaling Technology antibodies, CD3e (D7A6E™,ID:85061), CD68 (D4B9C,ID:76437), CD11c (D3V1E,49420), MHC-Class II ((HLA-DRB)LGII-612.14,NA) and Pan-keratin (C11,4545) were optimized for identifying intratumoral T-cells (CD3e+), macrophages (CD68) and dendritic cells (CD11c+MHCII+) in relation to the surrounding tissue architecture (pan cytokeratin). Using the serial-section imaging approach, we overlaid infiltration and replication of rQNestin. Additionally, strategic sectioning identified dynamic spatial alterations in the immune compartment, via visualization of the tumor-immune interface with indications of infiltration and replication. Quantitative pathology showed dynamic re-arrangement of immune cells - in spatial orientation, quantity and localization, relative to the tumor, under rQnestin pressure, ex-vivo. Here, we report that our ex-vivo human tumor model can be used to evaluate the effects of OV in the TME – not only viral replication but also the direct effect on the immune compartment. In particular, we can assess changes in immune subsets post-OV treatment in a 3-D manner, therefore providing greater insight into their spatial arrangement and distribution. These findings could develop our understanding of anti-tumor OV mechanisms.