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Résumé : Cette contribution traite de la question du matériel didactique et pédagogique dans les formations qualifiantes de l’Agence Emploi Jeune (AEJ). Il s’agit d’un état des lieux sur la disponibilité et l’adaptation de ce matériel. À partir d’une enquête de terrain (observation de classe et entretien), nous avons pu constater, dans certains cas, un déficit de matériel et dans d’autres, la vétusté du matériel utilisé pour assurer les formations qualifiantes. Les apprentissages sont menés dans des cadres qui ne bénéficient pas toujours de l’équipement nécessaire pour une formation optimale. Les enquêtes menées révèlent que les acteurs de la formation sont conscients de ces réalités. Ainsi, pour des formations à caractère qualifiante ou pratique, la question de la disponibilité et de la qualité du matériel didactique et pédagogique devrait être une priorité si l’on souhaite former des ressources humaines compétentes pour le marché du travail ivoirien. Mots-clés : Acquisition de compétences, Enseignement technique et professionnel, Formations qualifiantes, Matériel didactique et pédagogique.

This study was to determine the hydrogeological and geoelectrical parameters affecting the productivity of water boreholes in the Daloa commune. Using the Schlumberger configuration, we carried out 15 parallel and perpendicular electrical profiling and 40 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES). We also performed Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) with a pole-dipole configuration at one site. The data processing allowed the identification of the different layers of the subsurface and their geoelectric properties that influence the productivity of the boreholes in the study area. These geoelectric data have shown that the productivity of the boreholes is more related to the conductive anomalies (W and U) than to the vertical electrical sounding. The processing of the hydrogeological data has shown that borehole productivity in the study area using Self-Organising Map (SOM) is a function of the hydraulic conductivity but also the thickness and density of the fracturing. Sixteen new boreholes on the main campus of Jean Lorougnon Guede University, Daloa, validate these results. The yield of these productive boreholes varies between 7.5 and 22 m3/h, with an average of 15.2 m3/h, four times higher than the values usually obtained in the study area. The success rate of these boreholes is about 70 %. This study has shown how effectively integrating hydrogeological and geoelectrical parameters provides information on the lithology and structural conditions in the subsurface necessary for productive drilling.

Résumé : Anciennement langage argotique crypté, le nouchi est aujourd’hui un moyen d’affirmation de soi. Ainsi, les jeunes ivoiriens se reconnaissent dans ce parler, ce qui lui confère une fonction identitaire. Pour préserver cette identité, il apparaît nécessaire d’assurer sa survie. Alors, ils la nourrissent au quotidien en y ajoutant de mots nouveaux. La richesse de son lexique justifie donc son dynamisme. Au demeurant, c’est cet élan d’enrichissement lexical qui a donné naissance à une nouvelle forme de ce parler qui ne fait que gagner du terrain : le nouchi brodé. Mots-clés : Dynamisme langagier, nouchi, nouchi brodé, création lexicale, innovation lexicale.

Pott's disease or tuberculous spondylodiscitis is the disco-vertebral localization of Koch's bacillus. It causes progressive spinal lesions, with abscesses forming in the perivertebral soft tissues and epidural spaces. Medical imaging plays an indisputable role in the diagnosis and management of Pott's disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables early positive diagnosis and assessment of spinal damage. Computed tomography (CT) is currently the best interventional imaging method for the drainage of soft tissue abscesses and disco-vertebral biopsies for bacteriological and histological purposes. We report a case of accidental discovery of Pott's disease with abscesses of the psoas simulating an appendicular syndrome and describe its epidemiological, clinical, and radiological aspects through a review of the literature.

The purpose of this paper is to measure whether the investor operating on the Brussels Stock Exchange exhibits overconfidence behaviour, and to examine, under this hypothesis, the role of overconfidence in explaining fluctuations in the value of the BEL20 benchmark index over a 22-year period from 03 January 2000 to 21 October 2022. By exploiting econometric techniques in terms of causality and modelling conditional volatility, the results of this research show the presence of the excess confidence feature and its positive effect on the conditional volatility of the daily return of the BEL20 index.

Abstract The encroachment of agricultural expansion into protected areas has led to severe biodiversity loss. To promote sustainable agriculture practices and reverse the anthropogenic pressure, several initiatives such as the Cocoa and Forests Initiative (CFI) and the National Strategy for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), have been undertaken. This study examines the adoption of cocoa agroforestry by smallholder farmers in the vicinity of the Taï National Park (TNP) in Southwestern Côte d’Ivoire. A structured questionnaire was administered to 323 cocoa farmers to understand their practices and perceptions of cocoa agroforestry. Results showed that most farmers (95%) grow unimproved cocoa varieties with an average yield of 376 ± 36 kg ha−1 year−1. The majority of farmers (86%) use agroforestry practices in their farming systems, with pruning techniques being used by 82% and fertilizers applied by 27%. Additionally, 54% of farmers are adopting improved agroforestry practices or planting more trees in their cocoa plantations. Factors influencing cocoa agroforestry adoption include gender, the length of residency, the number of cultivated cash crops and the incidence of black pod attacks. These findings highlight the potential to leverage community knowledge in promoting sustainable agricultural practices and generate positive impacts. These results have important implications for future initiatives aiming to promote sustainable agriculture practices and biodiversity conservation in the region. By capitalizing on the adoption of agroforestry and leveraging socioeconomic factors, it is possible to enhance the conservation of the TNP and promote sustainable cocoa farming practices.

Abstract Introduction The HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) epidemics are interconnected with shared routes of transmission and specific antiviral drugs that are effective against both viruses. Nearly, 300 million people around the world live with chronic HBV, many of whom are from priority populations who could benefit from HIV prevention services. Oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV has implications in the prevention and treatment of HBV infection, but many people at increased risk of HIV acquisition may instead prefer long‐acting formulations of PrEP, which are currently not active against HBV. Discussion People at increased risk for HIV acquisition may also be at risk for or already be living with HBV infection. Oral PrEP with tenofovir is effective in preventing both HIV and HBV, and tenofovir is also the recommended treatment for chronic HBV infection. Although implementation of oral PrEP has been challenging in sub‐Saharan Africa, investments in its scale‐up could secondarily reduce the clinical impact of HBV. Long‐acting PrEP, including injectable medicines and implantable rings, may overcome some of the implementation challenges associated with oral PrEP, such as daily pill burden, adherence challenges and stigma; however, current formulations of long‐acting PrEP do not have activity against HBV replication. Ideally, PrEP programmes would offer both oral and long‐acting formulations with HBV screening to optimize HIV prevention services and HBV prevention and care, when appropriate. People who are not immune to HBV would benefit from being vaccinated against HBV before initiating long‐acting PrEP. People who remain non‐immune to HBV despite vaccination may benefit from being offered oral, tenofovir‐based PrEP given its potential for HBV PrEP. People using PrEP and living with HBV who are not linked to dedicated HBV care would also benefit from laboratory monitoring at PrEP sites to ensure safety when using and after stopping tenofovir. PrEP programmes are ideal venues to offer HBV screening, HBV vaccination for people who are non‐immune and treatment with tenofovir‐based PrEP for people with indications for HBV therapy. Conclusions Long‐acting PrEP holds promise for reducing HIV incidence, but its implications for the HBV epidemic, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa, should not be overlooked.

Résumé : L’activité potière occupe une place de choix dans l’autonomisation financière des femmes des forgerons du Denguélé. De l’extraction de l’argile jusqu’à la production finale, ces femmes sont présentes à tous les niveaux avec leur savoir-faire. Ce présent article se propose de mettre en lumière les techniques de travail de l’argile par ces braves femmes. La démarche de l’étude s’appuie sur une approche qualitative à travers l’administration d’un guide d’entretien auprès des personnes ressources de la poterie dans les localités investiguées et une approche descriptive appliquée sur le mécanisme de transformation de l’argile. Il ressort que le processus de fabrication observé est presqu’identique dans tout le District de Denguélé. Mais, on observe une intense activité et une variété de produits potiers beaucoup plus grands dans la localité d’Odienné par rapport aux autres localités du district. Mots-clés : Argile ; Denguélé ; Potière ; Technique ; Travail.

Abstract: The historical objective of feminist movements, whatever their trends, has been the end of gender inequality and patriarchy. Despite the efforts of feminists, the traditional model of gender remains the norm in American society today. At least, this is what is pictured in Ann Allen Shockley’s Loving Her, the fiction on which our work is focused. While the Terry-Renay couple rebels against the social construction of gender and patriarchy in order to enjoy their sexual life, the reader discovers many signs of these forces on their relationship. In this work, carried out through the prism of feminist theory as well as queer theory, our objective is to show that the lesbian couple in which Terry plays the role of the Butch (masculine lesbian) while Renay represents the Femme (feminine lesbian) is nothing but the reproduction of the traditional couple in the patriarchal system. Keywords: butch/femme, gender equality, patriarchy, queer theory, feminism.

The Congo Basin tropical forests are home to many endemic and endangered species, and a global hotspot for forest fragmentation and loss. Yet, little has been done to document the region's rapid deforestation, assess its effects and consequences, or project future forest cover loss to aid in effective planning. Here we applied the Random Forest (RF) supervised classification algorithm in Google Earth Engine (GEE) to map and quantify decadal changes in forest cover and land use (LCLU) in the Congo Basin between 1990 and 2020. We cross-validated our LCLU maps with existing global land cover products, and projected our validated results to 2050 under three climate change scenarios, using the Multiperceptron Artificial Neural Network and Markov chain algorithms of the Idrissi Land Change modeller from TerrSet. We found that, over 5.2% (215,938 km2), 1.2% (50,046 km2), and a 2.1% (86,658 km2) of dense forest cover were lost in the Congo Basin between 1990-2000, 2000-2010, and 2010-2020, totaling approximately 8.5% (352,642 km2) loss estimated between 1990-2020. For the period 2020-2050, we estimated a projected 3.7-4.0% (174,860-204,161 km2) loss in dense forest cover under all three climate change scenarios (i.e., 174,860 km2 loss projected for SSP1-2.6, 199,608 km2 for SSP2-4.5, and 204,161 km2 for SSP5-8.5), suggesting that approximately 12.3-12.6% (527,502 km2-556,803 km2) of dense forest cover could be lost over a 60-year period (1990-2050). Our study represents a novel application of spatial modeling tools and Machine Learning algorithms for assessing long-term deforestation and forest degradation within the Congo Basin, under human population growth and IPCC climate change scenarios. We provide spatial and quantitative results required for supporting long-term deforestation and forest degradation monitoring within Congo Basin countries, especially under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) REDD+ (Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) program.

BackgroundWhooping cough due to Bordetella pertussis (BP) and/or B. parapertussis (BPP) is a highly contagious infection sometimes fatal for infants. Africa accounts for the largest share of cases and deaths worldwide. To evaluate pertussis circulation, we conducted a hospital-based prospective study (PS) including household contact-cases investigation (CCS) and a sero-epidemiological cross-sectional study (SECS).MethodsThe PS, in which Bordetella diagnostics (qPCR) were performed, included infants aged ≤6 months presenting with ≥5 days of cough associated with one pertussis-like symptom. CCS was performed using qPCR and serology regardless of clinical signs. In the SECS, serology was performed in children aged 3-15 years with primary pertussis immunization.ResultsStudy took place in Abidjan between April 2019 and July 2021. In the PS, 187 infants with median age of 2.8 months were enrolled. A total of 42 (22.5%) were confirmed as positive, including 29 (15.5%), 4 (2.1%) and 9 (4.8%) of BP, BPP and BP/BPP coinfections respectively. Age ConclusionOur study highlighted high circulation of pertussis. Barriers to accessing boosters recommended by WHO need to be overcome. Laboratory capacities are key at individual level and to build an effective surveillance system.

Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its severe complications contribute significantly to disability and, hence, burden of disease. Poor mental health, a frequent DM consequence, may hinder successful diabetes control in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Evidence suggests social support as a cost-effective tool to improve diabetes self-management, behaviour and mental health. However, its real-world application in LMICs has rarely been tested. We aim to investigate the effect of a social support intervention on disease control, mental health and health-related quality of life in people with diabetes from Côte d’Ivoire (SoDDiCo) through a randomised controlled trial.Methods and analysis The trial will take place in the Centre Antidiabétique d’Abidjan, Institut National de Santé Publique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. We will prospectively randomise up to 1500 people with newly diagnosed diabetes into two parallel arms: intervention (routine care+family supporter accompanying clinical management) and control (routine care), using gender-stratified blocked randomisation with random block sizes of 10, 16, 20 and 24. Participants will undergo baseline, 3-month and 12-month postrandomisation assessments. The primary study outcome will be glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondary outcomes will include glycaemic control (HbA1c

Objectives Detailed simulation models are needed to assess strategies for prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the world’s leading cause of liver disease. We sought to develop and validate a simulation model of chronic HBV that incorporates virological, serological and clinical outcomes.Methods We developed a novel Monte Carlo simulation model (the HEPA-B Model) detailing the natural history of chronic HBV. We parameterised the model with epidemiological data from the Western Pacific and sub-Saharan Africa. We simulated the evolution of HBV DNA, ‘e’ antigen (HBeAg) and surface antigen (HBsAg). We projected incidence of HBeAg loss, HBsAg loss, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death over 10-year and lifetime horizons. We stratified outcomes by five HBV DNA categories at the time of HBeAg loss, ranging from HBV DNA106 copies/mL. We tested goodness of fit using intraclass coefficients (ICC).Results Model-projected incidence of HBeAg loss was 5.18% per year over lifetime (ICC, 0.969 (95% CI: 0.728 to 0.990)). For people in HBeAg-negative phases of infection, model-projected HBsAg loss ranged from 0.78% to 3.34% per year depending on HBV DNA level (ICC, 0.889 (95% CI: 0.542 to 0.959)). Model-projected incidence of cirrhosis was 0.29–2.09% per year (ICC, 0.965 (95% CI: 0.942 to 0.979)) and HCC incidence was 0.06–1.65% per year (ICC, 0.977 (95% CI: 0.962 to 0.986)). Over a lifetime simulation of HBV disease, mortality rates were higher for people with older age, higher HBV DNA level and liver-related complications, consistent with observational studies.Conclusions We simulated HBV DNA-stratified clinical outcomes with the novel HEPA-B Model and validated them to observational data. This model can be used to examine strategies of HBV prevention and management.

Objectif : Cet article vise à étudier l'effet de la gestion du risque opérationnel sur les performances des banques dans la zone UEMOA. Méthodologie : Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons eu recours à l’estimateur PMG appliqués à un panel des banques de l’UEMOA. Quatre banques par pays ont été retenues à l’exception de la Guinée-Bissau du fait du manque de données sur la période d’étude. Résultats : Les résultats montrent que les variables liées aux risques ont un effet différent selon le type de performance. Les réserves et le taux d'endettement ont un effet négatif sur le rendement des capitaux propres (ROE) mais un effet positif sur la rentabilité de l'exploitation courante (EBE). Les dotations aux amortissements accroissent le rendement des capitaux propres mais diminue la rentabilité de l'exploitation courante. Originalité : Cette étude contribue à la compréhension de l'effet de la gestion du risque opérationnel suivant le type de performances des banques dans la zone UEMOA. Ce qui peut aider les décideurs à prendre des mesures appropriées pour améliorer la performance des banques.

The cacao swollen shoot disease (CSSD) caused by a complex of badnavirus species presents a major challenge for cacao production in West Africa, especially Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. In this study, CSSD species detection efficiency, diversity, and geographic distribution patterns in cacao plantations in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire were investigated through field surveillance, PCR detection assays, sequencing of positive amplicons, and phylogeographic clustering. Cumulatively, the detection efficiency of the tested CSSD primer sets that were targeting the movement protein domain of the virus ranged from 0.15% (CSSD-3 primer) to 66.91% (CSSD-1 primer) on all the symptomatic cacao leaf samples assessed. The identified CSSD species differed phylogenetically and overlapped in distribution, with the cacao swollen shoot Togo B virus (CSSTBV) (n = 588 sequences) being the most prevalent and widely distributed compared to the other CSSD species that were encountered in both countries. Geographically, the cacao swollen shoot CE virus (CSSCEV) species (n = 124 sequences) that was identified was largely restricted to the bordering regions of Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. These results provide updated knowledge of the geographic distribution of the key CSSD species and their diagnostic efficiency and, thus, provide guidance in identifying locations for structured testing of cacao germplasm and optimal diagnostics for the predominant CSSD species in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire.

Introduction : Le secteur de l’approvisionnement et la distribution pharmaceutiques, indispensable à la prise en charge sanitaire des populations, a connu des mutations historiques en Côte d’Ivoire. L’objectif de notre étude était de faire l’état des lieux des travaux scientifiques portant sur l’approvisionnement et la distribution pharmaceutiques en Côte d’Ivoire. Méthodologie : L’étude réalisée était du type transversal à visée descriptive. Le matériel était constitué de travaux de thèses et mémoires soutenus, réceptionnés et enregistrés de 1960 à avril 2023 dans les bibliothèques de l’UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, de l’UFR Biosciences et de l’UFR Sociologie de l’Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny de Cocody. Résultats : Nous avons collecté 70 travaux dont 32 (45,71%) portaient à la fois sur l’approvisionnement et la distribution pharmaceutiques, 19 (27,14%) sur l’approvisionnement pharmaceutique et 19 (27,14%) sur la distribution pharmaceutique. Les difficultés relevées étaient relatives aux ruptures de stocks de produits pharmaceutiques (31,43%), au prix élevé de ces produits (28,57%), à la non-conformité de la livraison (12,86%), aux mauvaises pratiques de distribution (10%), à la faible part de distribution (8,57%), à la dépendance vis-à-vis de l’extérieur (5,71%) et la formation du personnel (2,86%). Les recommandations évoquées par les travaux ont porté en majorité sur la mise en place d’une protection sociale (31,43%) et l’augmentation du stock des produits (25,71%). Conclusion : L’amélioration du secteur de l’approvisionnement et de la distribution pharmaceutiques passe le respect des bonnes pratiques de distribution, par le déploiement de la couverture maladie universelle et le développement de l’industrie pharmaceutique locale.

Résumé :La Théorie des Opérations Prédicatives et Enonciatives (TOPE) décrit le principe qui fonde l’énonciation. Selon Antoine Culioli, il s’agit d’un système de repérage intersubjectif et spatio-temporel qui sont perçus comme des facteurs externes à la langue qui est elle-même par substance un ensemble d’unités phoniques et morphologiques. Avant Culioli, Ferdinand De Saussure avançait déjà l’idée selon laquelle la langue nous sert à définir les choses et non les mots. L’idée qui sous-tend cette constance argumentative dans la pensée linguistique est celle qui conçoit toute mise en œuvre de la langue comme scénarisation. Aussi sommes-nous intéressés à l’étude d’une continuité dialoguée qui de notre point de vue est le modèle de textes qui permet de montrer la pertinence des arguments théoriques qui fondent l’acte énonciatif. Mots clés : repérage énonciatif, ajustement, spatio-temporel, scénarisation

Attiéké, the most widely consumed cassava product in Côte d'Ivoire, has a short shelf life. This is largely due to microbial contamination. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the antioxidant activity and effectiveness of Garcinia kola seed oil against pathogenic and spoilage strains of attiéké. This was possible through an extraction of Garcinia kola oil by maceration in hexane. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was assessed using an agar diffusion method. The antioxidant activity of Garcinia kola oil was assessed using the DiPhenyl Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging test and the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) test. Garcinia kola oil showed significant antioxidant potential. A high percentage of DPPH radical inhibition was observed, with an IC50 of 2.57 mg/mL. Iron-reducing power was highest when the oil was used at a concentration of 100 %. Garcinia kola oil was able to inhibit the bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli at a concentration of 100, 50 and 25 % respectively from 22 ± 0.05 to 16 ± 0.00 mm and 20 ± 0.05 to 14 ± 0.08 mm and Salmonella typhimurium (12 ± 00 mm) at a concentration of 100 %. Candida albicans (20 ± 0.07 to 18 ± 0.01 mm), Aspergillus flavus (28 ± 1.41 to 16 ± 0.00 mm) and Aspergillus niger (21 ± 1.01 to 15 ± 0.02) were inhibited at concentrations ranging from 100 to 12.5 %. Bacillus cereus, on the other hand, was resistant to Garcinia kola oil. Based on the findings of this study, Garcinia kola seed oil could be used to extend the shelf life of attiéké.

The introduction of the invasive tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Côte d'Ivoire has led to a change in the population of ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus (Boophilus). Thus, this study aims to characterize morphologically the tick species of the genus Rhipicephalus (B.) by geometric morphometry. It consisted of collecting all ticks from cattle in 74 farms in the Savanes District. The collected ticks were identified in the laboratory and, after identification, only non-gorged adult ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus (B.) were retained for morphometric characterisation. A total of 394 ticks were examined under a digital microscope, images were digitised using the online program XYOM and the data were analysed. This study revealed that males of each species have a smaller average size than females. It also showed a variation in mean size in all species except for the females of Rhipicephalus (B.) decoloratus and Rhipicephalus (B.) geigyi whose mean sizes did not differ. Geometric morphometry allowed the separation of Rhipicephalus (B.) annulatus males from other males. In females, Rhipicephalus (B.) geigyi and Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus were distinguished from each other and from other females.

Since 2008, the quantity and size of silky shark, Carcharhinus falciformis decrease drastically in catches of artisanal driftnet fishery operating in the coastal waters off Côte d’Ivoire. The objective of this study was to describe the reproductive biology of this species, based on 336 specimens (162 males and 174 females). The total length (TL) of males and female ranged from 81–242 and 79–254 cm respectively. The sex ratio was 0.89:1 (M:F) and 0.93:1 (M:F) in embryos and adults respectively. Males of >180 cm had calcified clasper (17–35 cm) whereas females of >190 cm had oviduct gland length of 18–47 mm. The estimated length at first maturity was 182.8 cm for males and 195.2 cm for females. The range in litter size of three gravid females was 7–9, with an average of 8 embryos of 52–54.5 cm TL were collected in August and December. However, the absence of neonates and scars on females' body, as well as ovulating and differentiating females in catches does not allow a clear determination of its reproductive period in Ivorian waters and therefore, additional research including histological analysis is necessary to better understand the process of spawning of silky shark.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but few studies are available on CKD in Cote d'Ivoire. We aimed to assess the prevalence of CKD and identify its associated factors in the general population in Abidjan in 2016 in a cross-sectional study that included 1418 subjects. We did not receive laboratory data for 38 subjects, including serum creatinine data. Of the 1380 remaining subjects, 138 cases of CKD were included in the study (10% prevalence). We observed a female predominance (sex ratio = 0.81), and the mean age was 43.7 ± 14.5 years. Histories of hypertension (HTN) (29.7%) and diabetes (10.1%) were reported. The main clinical signs were high blood pressure (51.4%), obesity (21%), proteinuria (37.9%), and hematuria (37.4%). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 55 years (P = 0.02), a history of HTN (P = 0.001), hypercholesterolemia (P = 0.010), and hyperlipidemia (P = 0.009) were associated with the risk of CKD. The prevalence of CKD was high in our study. The CG equation should not be used to estimate the GFR in the general population. Prevention involves managing modifiable risk factors.

The essential oils of Oricia suaveolens and Guibourtia ehie from Southern Côte d’Ivoire were extracted by hydrodistillation then analyzed by gas chromatography in combination with retention indices [GC(RI)], gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance of carbone-13 (13C NMR) And described here for the first time. A total of 42 compounds were identified in the essential oils of the leaves of G. ehie while 55, 40 and 23 components were identified in the leaves, stem bark and root bark oils of O. suaveolens, respectively. Essential oils samples were dominated by sesquiterpenes and (E)-β-caryophyllene was the major compound common to all samples: G. ehie leaf oil contained (E)-β-caryophyllene (26.9–40.8%), α-humulene (syn. α-caryophyllene) (6.7–9.7%), β-elemene (5.5–9.5%) and germacrene D (5.6–8.1%); O. suaveolens, leaf oil contained (E)-β-caryophyllene (33.5–39.3%), (E)-β-farnesene (5.9–9,3%), caryophyllene oxide (2.1–7.7%) and α-humulene (4.0–4.6%); stem bark oil contained α-humulene (38.3–45.8%) and (E)-β-caryophyllene (34.7–41.6%); root bark oil contained α-humulene (36.1–47.9%) and (E)-β-caryophyllene (34.3–43.3%). This study highlighted the abundant presence of (E)-β-caryophyllene, a phytocannabinoïd sesquiterpene with countless biological properties, in two plant species: Guibourtia ehie and Oricia suaveolens.

Abstract Background Entomological surveillance provides critical information on vectors for appropriate malaria vector control and strategic decision-making. The widely documented insecticide resistance of malaria vectors in Côte d’Ivoire requires that any vector control intervention deployment be driven by entomological data to optimize its effectiveness and appropriate resource allocations. To achieve this goal, this study documents the results of monthly vector surveillance and insecticide susceptibility tests conducted in 2019 and a review of all previous entomological monitoring data used to guide vector control decision making. Furthermore, susceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl and clothianidin was assessed in addition to chlorfenapyr and pyrethroids (intensity and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergism) tests previously reported. Vector bionomic data were conducted monthly in four sites (Sakassou, Béoumi, Dabakala and Nassian) that were selected based on their reported high malaria incidence. Adult mosquitoes were collected using human landing catches (HLCs), pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs), and human-baited CDC light traps to assess vector density, behaviour, species composition and sporozoite infectivity. Results Pirimiphos-methyl and clothianidin susceptibility was observed in 8 and 10 sites, respectively, while previous data reported chlorfenapyr (200 µg/bottle) susceptibility in 13 of the sites, high pyrethroid resistance intensity and increased mortality with PBO pre-exposure at all 17 tested sites. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was the predominant malaria vector collected in all four bionomic sites. Vector density was relatively higher in Sakassou throughout the year with mean biting rates of 278.2 bites per person per night (b/p/n) compared to Béoumi, Dabakala and Nassian (mean of 48.5, 81.4 and 26.6 b/p/n, respectively). The mean entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was 4.44 infective bites per person per night (ib/p/n) in Sakassou, 0.34 ib/p/n in Beoumi, 1.17 ib/p/n in Dabakala and 1.02 ib/p/n in Nassian. The highest EIRs were recorded in October in Béoumi (1.71 ib/p/n) and Nassian (3.22 ib/p/n), in July in Dabakala (4.46 ib/p/n) and in May in Sakassou (15.6 ib/p/n). Conclusion Based on all results and data review, the National Malaria Control Programme developed and implemented a stratified insecticide-treated net (ITN) mass distribution in 2021 considering new generation ITNs. These results also supported the selection of clothianidin-based products and an optimal spraying time for the first indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaign in Sakassou and Nassian in 2020.

Abstract Background Insecticides play a key role in rural farming; however, their over- or misuse has been linked with a negative impact on malaria vector control policies. This study was conducted amongst agricultural communities in Southern Côte d’Ivoire to identify which insecticides are used by local farmers and how it relates to the perception of farmers on malaria. Understanding the use of insecticides may help in designing awareness programme on mosquito control and pesticides management. Methods A questionnaire was administered to 1399 farming households across ten villages. Farmers were interviewed on their education, farming practices (e.g. crops cultivated, insecticides use), perception of malaria, and the different domestic strategies of mosquito control they use. Based on some pre-defined household assets, the socioeconomic status (SES) of each household was estimated. Statistical associations were calculated between different variables, showing significant risk factors. Results The educational level of farmers was significantly associated with their SES (p

Côte d'Ivoire, the world's largest cocoa producer, faces numerous challenges because the yield of orchards is low due to several factors including the non-use of improved plant materials. This work is part of ICRAF's Vision for Change (V4C) project, which aimed at contributing to the regeneration of cocoa farms by making effective plant materials available to small cocoa producers. It essentially consisted in evaluating the effect of the age of the rootstock on the success of grafting to obtain a satisfactory quantity of improved plants in the nursery. The study was carried out in Adiopodoumé at the National Agronomic Research Center (CNRA). Ten elite cocoa clones from the “Vision for Change” project were used as scions. Top grafting was performed on seedlings of 2, 3- and 4-months used as rootstocks. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Data collection was focused on the grafting success rate and morphological parameters. The results showed that the grafting success rate is proportional to the rootstock age. Two months after grafting, the success rate was low. This indicates that grafting should eventually start at 3 months. This period could therefore represent a good stage to successfully graft and replant cocoa seedlings.

Introduction: Bladder exstrophy is a major malformation in paediatric urology. The treatment results are not still completely satisfactory, and their management is an enormous problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. While outlining our challenges, we report our management experience to improve our results. Subjects and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients undergoing surgical repair of classic bladder exstrophy at our department between January 2010 and December 2019 (10 years). Epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and evolution data were analysed. Results: Twenty-five children with classic bladder exstrophy were treated. Our series included 16 boys and 9 girls with a sex ratio of 1.7. Age ranged from 0 day to 6 years. Twenty-five bladder closures were performed, associated to pelvic osteotomy in 11 cases. Epispadias repair was performed on nine boys. Eight cases of bladder neck reconstruction and three cases of bladder enlargement were performed. We observed six bladder fistulas, four wound dehiscence, of which three partial, two parietal suppurations and six cases of urinary tract infection. Eight children had a continence of 1–2 h. Conclusion: The treatment of bladder exstrophy in our context is still limited because of financial difficulties encountered by the population and the insufficient technical platform in our country.