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Background: Intraosseous rhabdomyosarcoma (I-RMS) with unique unique TFCP2 mutation is a recently described entity with an aggressive clinical course. The present review aimed to summarize and analyse the available data on head and neck I-RMS with TFCP2 mutation to update the current cognizance about the pathology for nobler diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Methodology: Electronic databases were searched, and data were extracted for age, gender, location, histopathology of primary lesion, tumor cell type, necrosis and mitosis, immunohistochemical markers, mutation, follow-up and overall survival. Results: 27 cases were included and showed a mean age of 28.1±16.84 years (median- 22.5 years; Range 11-74 years). There was no definitive gender preponderance. Undisputedly, mandible was the most common affected site. Histologically, I-RMS show predominantly spindle and epithelioid morphology with rare rhabdoid differentiation. CK, desmin, MyoD1 and ALK are useful immunohistochemical markers. The fusion partner does not seem to affect the survival in I-RMS Conclusion: I-RMS is rare malignancy with limited information available in literature. Molecular characterization should be done for all cases with adequate follow-up. TPCP2 could also be an attractive target for therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingival diseases are commonly observed in children and young adults. However, Giant Cell Fibroma (GCF) is a rare occurrence in children, accounting for only 2.2-7.3% of oral fibrous tumour cases. Clinically, these lesions often resemble squamous papillomas, and a definitive diagnosis can only be confirmed through histopathological {Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)} examination. Hereby, the authors present a rare case of gingival GCF in a three-year-old boy who presented with a pebbly growth on the mandibular gingiva. Initially, the lesion was clinically diagnosed as a papilloma and subsequently excised. The final diagnosis of GCF was established through histological examination. It is crucial for paediatric dentists to consider GCF as a differential diagnosis for lesions, particularly those with a papillary surface. Additionally, submitting all excised specimens for histopathological examination is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor (DGCT) is a rare tumor of odontogenic origin. A locally invasive lesion can be described by the presence of ameloblast-like epithelial islands, ghost cells, and dentinoid material. It is one of the few lesions with a predilection for the Asian population. The available literature has revealed that only 131 cases to date have been reported and published from 1968 to 2022. The following is a case report of a 25-year-old male with a tumor in the left lower back teeth region for the past 1 month. Orthopantomogram (OPG) reveals a well-defined unilocular radiolucency extending anteroposteriorly and crossing the midline. Histopathology revealed basal ameloblast-like cells and central stellate reticulum-like cells with the characteristic presence of ghost cells. The diagnosis was made based on the clinical, radiographical, and histopathological correlation and was confirmed using immunohistochemical analysis as a DGCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder of the oral cavity. The malignant transformation rate of OSMF is 7.6%, with a mean transformation rate of 4.7 years. It is characterized by epithelial atrophy and progressive accumulation of collagen fibers in lamina propria and submucosa of the oral mucosa. Increased collagen synthesis and decreased collagen breakdown play a major role in OSMF pathogenesis. In such fibrotic disorders, mediators such as growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and lymphokines primarily affect the production of extracellular matrix and collagen. PDGF-BB plays a major role in stimulating the replication, survival, and migration of myofibroblasts during the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. Aim: The main objective of this study is to assess the correlation between clinicopathological parameters and serum expression of PDGF-BB in OSMF and healthy controls. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study, including fifteen patients with OSMF and fifteen healthy controls, was conducted. All cases had complete clinical and histopathological investigations. The PDGF-BB serum was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results and discussion: The mean serum PDGF-BB expression values for stages I, II, and III are 1238.3±165.3 pg/ml, 1437.7±134.6 pg/ ml, and 1739.2±143.3 pg/ml, respectively. There was a correlation between the mean difference between the OSMF and control, and the clinical staging subgroups. (p-value<0.05) The mean serum expression of PDGF-BB in subgroups of histopathological grade I, II, and III was 1654.42±187.3 pg/ml, 1873.7±276.3 pg/ml,1739.2±143.3 pg/ml, with an insignificant p-value>0.05. Conclusions: The mean serum PDGF-BB level was significantly elevated in OSMF patients. There was a positive correlation between the clinical stages, compared to the control groups. Therefore, evaluation of PDGF-BB can be used as an adjunctive serological biomarker in monitoring and predicting OSMF progression as, by inhibiting it, this protein PDGF BB could provide a unique therapeutic approach to combat fibrosis, and may also aid in an effective treatment of this precancerous condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is a rare entity with only 105 cases reported so far. Labial and buccal mucosa are the commonly affected sites. These sites are coincidently subjected to continuous minor trauma, which led the researchers to opine that IPEH could have a traumatic etiology with a further role of fibroblast growth factors. Clinical Presentation: We report a case of IPEH of right buccal mucosa in a 35 years old South Indian male who clinically presented as mucocele. Histopathologically, multiple lesions were found. Immunohistochemical and histochemical findings have also been presented. Discussion: The case is supported by a plausible mechanism involved in the pathogenesis. Thus, IPEH must be included in the clinical differential diagnosis of oral mucoceles and hemangioma. Take-away Lessons: Being a reactive lesion, it does not require extensive treatment. Clinicians and histopathologists must be aware of this uncommon yet benign condition for appropriate therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraductal carcinoma (IDC) of salivary gland is an extremely rare malignancy affecting mainly the parotid glands. Intraoral occurrence is seen mainly on the palate where the tumour arises from the minor salivary glands. No previous case has been described in parapharyngeal space. We report a case of low-grade IDC of the anterior compartment of the right parapharyngeal space that clinically resembled a lesion of vascular origin. Due to the extreme rarity of intraductal carcinoma, it may not be considered by dentists and dental specialists in clinical differential diagnoses, leading to delay in treatment. Intraductal carcinoma must be differentiated from its close histological but high-grade mimickers to avoid unnecessary overtreatment and better patient outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent fungal pathogen reported to cause diseases such as aspergilloma or aspergillosis in humans. Aspergillomas are commonly seen in a poorly drained and avascular cavitary space. Paranasal sinuses are most commonly involved, especially maxillary sinus. In the past two decades, the incidence of aspergillosis has increased substantially. Aims: To evaluate cases reported as aspergilloma of the maxillary sinus and to determine the percentage of cases involving aspergilloma of the maxillary sinus in healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: After the final full-text review, 16 articles were included in this systematic review. Data extracted from these full-text articles was reviewed. Results: 83 % of cases had a history of dental procedures, with 42 % of those being due to infection from previous extraction sockets and 41 % due to root canal therapy (RCT). About 43% of the patients were immunocompromised, while 56% were healthy without any predisposing conditions. Conclusion: Aspergillus fungal infections of the paranasal sinuses are common and can occur in apparently healthy as well as immunocompromised individuals. Aspergilloma is the most common fungal infection involving the maxillary sinus with iatrogenic-dentogenic factors being predominant for initiation and progression of the infection. About 43% of the patients in this review were immunocompromised patients whereas 56% of the patients were healthy without any known predisposing conditions. The progression and prognosis of this disease depends on the location and immunologic status of the patient. So, it is very important for dentists to be cautious while performing any dental procedures so as not to initiate any iatrogenic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune blistering disease with an increased potential for mortality. The epithelium is key in understanding the pathobiology as it is specialized to perform functions like mechanical protection, immunological defense, and proprioception. In order to perform these array of functions, epithelial integrity is important. This integrity is maintained by a host of molecules which orchestrate the ability of the keratinocytes to function as a single unit. Desmoglein 3 antibodies formed in genetically susceptible individuals are known to cause the disruption of the intact oral mucosa leading to the formation of blisters in pemphigus vulgaris patients. However, there are underlying complex triggering pathways leading to the clinical disease. The aim of the review is to congregate and critically appraise the various triggering pathways which contribute toward the pathobiology of pemphigus vulgaris. Articles relevant to the pathobiology of pemphigus vulgaris were identified from various search databases till the year 2020. The pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris is complex, and it involves an in‐depth understanding of the various predisposing factors, provoking factors, and progression mechanisms. Congregation of the various triggering pathways will open our minds to understand pemphigus vulgaris better and in turn develop a reliable treatment in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: COVID-19 patients, especially immunocompromised or severely ill, have a higher probability of suffering from invasive fungal infections. Patient Concerns: A 41-years-old male reported with pain and heaviness in the face for the past 20 days. Patient had tested COVID-19 positive 20 days back and was recently diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. On histopathological examination numerous hyphae resembling mucor and asper fungi were evident. Diagnosis: Chronic invasive aspergillosis with fulminant mucormycosis sparing palate. Treatment: Since the lesion was spreading very rapidly the patient was referred to an isolation facility for further management. Outcomes: We have postulated few hypothesis for the coinfection of aspergillosis and mucormycosis in our patient. Take-away Lessons: It is important for the clinicians to systematically screen post COVID-19 patients for fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised and severely ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]