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The rs10830963 variant of the Melatonin Receptor 1B (MTNR1B) gene is associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We hypothesized that carrying the rs10830963/G risk allele had effect on antenatal insulin therapy (AIT) initiation in GDM in a body mass index (BMI)-dependent manner. Design: In this post hoc analysis the MTNR1B rs10830963 genotype and the clinical data of 211 Caucasian GDM patients were assessed. As a first step, a pre-pregnancy BMI threshold was determined where the effect of MTNR1B rs10830963/G allele carrying on AIT initiation was the most significant using logistic regression. Maternal age adjusted real-life odds ratios (OR) values were calculated. The chi-square test was also used to calculate the p value and 10.000 bootstrap simulations were performed in each case to re-assess the statistical power and the OR. Carrying the MTNR1B rs10830963/G allele increased the odds of AIT initiation (OR = 5.2, p = 0.02 [&chi, 2 test], statistical power = 0.53) in GDM patients with pre-pregnancy BMI &ge, 29 kg/m2. The statistical power reached 0.77, when the pre-pregnancy BMI cutoff of 27 kg/m2 was used and the genetic effect on AIT initiation was still significant, but only using the logistic regression model. Carrying the MTNR1B rs10830963/G risk allele&mdash, in interaction with pre-pregnancy BMI&mdash, is likely be considered as a candidate pharmacogenetic marker of antenatal insulin therapy initiation and should be further assessed in precision medicine trials in GDM.

The rs10830963 variant of the Melatonin Receptor 1B (MTNR1B) gene is associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We hypothesized that carrying the rs10830963/G risk allele had effect on antenatal insulin therapy (AIT) initiation in GDM in a body mass index (BMI)-dependent manner. Design: In this post hoc analysis the MTNR1B rs10830963 genotype and the clinical data of 211 Caucasian GDM patients were assessed. As a first step, a pre-pregnancy BMI threshold was determined where the effect of MTNR1B rs10830963/G allele carrying on AIT initiation was the most significant using logistic regression. Maternal age adjusted real-life odds ratios (OR) values were calculated. The chi-square test was also used to calculate the p value and 10.000 bootstrap simulations were performed in each case to re-assess the statistical power and the OR. Carrying the MTNR1B rs10830963/G allele increased the odds of AIT initiation (OR = 5.2, p = 0.02 [χ2 test], statistical power = 0.53) in GDM patients with pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 29 kg/m2. The statistical power reached 0.77, when the pre-pregnancy BMI cutoff of 27 kg/m2 was used and the genetic effect on AIT initiation was still significant, but only using the logistic regression model. Carrying the MTNR1B rs10830963/G risk allele—in interaction with pre-pregnancy BMI—is likely be considered as a candidate pharmacogenetic marker of antenatal insulin therapy initiation and should be further assessed in precision medicine trials in GDM.

The trinomial transform of a sequence is a generalization of the well-known binomial transform, replacing binomial coefficients with trinomial coefficients. We examine Pascal-like triangles under trinomial transform, focusing on the ternary linear recurrent sequences. We determine the sums and alternating sums of the elements in columns, and we give some examples of the trinomial transform triangle., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables

In this article, we study the structure of the graph implied by a given map on the set $S_p=\{1,2,\dots,p-1\}$, where $p$ is an odd prime. The consecutive applications of the map generate an integer sequence, or in graph theoretical context a walk, that is linked to the discrete logarithm problem., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures

Mortality information of populations is aggregated in life tables that serve as a basis for calculation of life expectancy and various life disparity measures. Conventional life-table methods address right-censoring inadequately by assuming a constant hazard in the last open-ended age group. As a result, life expectancy can be substantially distorted, especially in the case when the last age group in a life table contains a large proportion of the population. Previous research suggests addressing censoring in a gamma-Gompertz-Makeham model setting as this framework incorporates all major features of adult mortality. In this article, we quantify the difference between gamma-Gompertz-Makeham life expectancy values and those published in the largest publicly available high-quality life-table databases for human populations, drawing attention to populations for which life expectancy values should be reconsidered. We also advocate the use of gamma-Gompertz-Makeham life expectancy for three reasons. First, model-based life-expectancy calculation successfully handles the problem of data quality or availability, resulting in severe censoring due to the unification of a substantial number of deaths in the last open-end age group. Second, model-based life expectancies are preferable in the case of data scarcity, i.e. when data contain numerous age groups with zero death counts: here, we provide an example of hunter-gatherer populations. Third, gamma-Gompertz-Makeham-based life expectancy values are almost identical to the ones provided by the major high-quality human mortality databases that use more complicated procedures. Applying a gamma-Gompertz-Makeham model to adult mortality data can be used to revise life-expectancy trends for historical populations that usually serve as input for mortality forecasts.

Background: Patients with minor acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack are at high risk for subsequent stroke, and more potent antiplatelet therapy in the acute setting is needed. However, the potential benefit of more intense antiplatelet therapy must be assessed in relation to the risk for major bleeding. The SOCRATES trial (Acute Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack Treated With Aspirin or Ticagrelor and Patient Outcomes) was the first trial with ticagrelor in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in which the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor were compared with those of aspirin. The main safety objective was assessment of PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes)–defined major bleeds on treatment, with special focus on intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH). Methods: An independent adjudication committee blinded to study treatment classified bleeds according to the PLATO, TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction), and GUSTO (Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries) definitions. The definitions of ICrH and major bleeding excluded cerebral microbleeds and asymptomatic hemorrhagic transformations of cerebral infarctions so that the definitions better discriminated important events in the acute stroke population. Results: A total of 13 130 of 13 199 randomized patients received at least 1 dose of study drug and were included in the safety analysis set. PLATO major bleeds occurred in 31 patients (0.5%) on ticagrelor and 38 patients (0.6%) on aspirin (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–1.34). The most common locations of major bleeds were intracranial and gastrointestinal. ICrH was reported in 12 patients (0.2%) on ticagrelor and 18 patients (0.3%) on aspirin. Thirteen of all 30 ICrHs (4 on ticagrelor and 9 on aspirin) were hemorrhagic strokes, and 4 (2 in each group) were symptomatic hemorrhagic transformations of brain infarctions. The ICrHs were spontaneous in 6 and 13, traumatic in 3 and 3, and procedural in 3 and 2 patients on ticagrelor and aspirin, respectively. In total, 9 fatal bleeds occurred on ticagrelor and 4 on aspirin. The composite of ICrH or fatal bleeding included 15 patients on ticagrelor and 18 on aspirin. Independently of bleeding classification, PLATO, TIMI, or GUSTO, the relative difference between treatments for major/severe bleeds was similar. Nonmajor bleeds were more common on ticagrelor. Conclusions: Antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack showed a bleeding profile similar to that of aspirin for major bleeds. There were few ICrHs. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01994720.

Context Genetic variation in human maternal DNA contributes to the susceptibility for development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Objective We assessed 77 maternal single nucleotide gene polymorphisms (SNPs) for associations with GDM or plasma glucose levels at OGTT in pregnancy. Methods 960 pregnant women (after dropouts 820: case/control: m99’WHO: 303/517, IADPSG: 287/533) were enrolled in two countries into this case-control study. After genomic DNA isolation the 820 samples were collected in a GDM biobank and assessed using KASP (LGC Genomics) genotyping assay. Logistic regression risk models were used to calculate ORs according to IADPSG/m’99WHO criteria based on standard OGTT values. Results The most important risk alleles associated with GDM were rs10830963/G of MTNR1B (OR = 1.84/1.64 [IADPSG/m’99WHO], p = 0.0007/0.006), rs7754840/C (OR = 1.51/NS, p = 0.016) of CDKAL1 and rs1799884/T (OR = 1.4/1.56, p = 0.04/0.006) of GCK. The rs13266634/T (SLC30A8, OR = 0.74/0.71, p = 0.05/0.02) and rs7578326/G (LOC646736/IRS1, OR = 0.62/0.60, p = 0.001/0.006) variants were associated with lower risk to develop GDM. Carrying a minor allele of rs10830963 (MTNR1B); rs7903146 (TCF7L2); rs1799884 (GCK) SNPs were associated with increased plasma glucose levels at routine OGTT. Conclusions We confirmed the robust association of MTNR1B rs10830963/G variant with GDM binary and glycemic traits in this Caucasian case-control study. As novel associations we report the minor, G allele of the rs7578326 SNP in the LOC646736/IRS1 region as a significant and the rs13266634/T SNP (SLC30A8) as a suggestive protective variant against GDM development. Genetic susceptibility appears to be more preponderant in individuals who meet both the modified 99’WHO and the IADPSG GDM diagnostic criteria.

In this article we introduce a new type of Pascal pyramids. A regular squared mosaic in the hyperbolic plane yields an ( h^{2}r)-cube mosaic in space ( H^{2}) xR and the definition of the pyramid is based on this regular mosaic. The levels of the pyramid inherit some properties from the Euclidean and hyperbolic Pascal triangles. We give the growing method from level to level and show some illustrating figures.

Here we summarize some results on a recently introduced new generalization of Pascal’s triangle called hyperbolic Pascal triangles. The name comes from the mathematical background, which goes back to regular mosaics on the hyperbolic plane. A few open questions will also be posed.

The Mental Rotation Test (MRT) is one of the tests to survey the spatial ability. In this article we make an attempt to measure the spatial abilities of the students of wood industrial engineering and industrial design engineering of the Simonyi Károly Faculty of Engineering, Wood Sciences and Applied Arts (SKF for short) of the University of West Hungary and compare the results with the architects students of the Ybl Miklós Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering of the Szent István University. The paper aims to compare the results with respect to the scores and mainly the improvement based on new examination aspects. The article concludes that the small differences in the students’ developments of spatial ability in the two institutions can be caused by the difference in Descriptive Geometry courses

Whereas the vast majority of gastropods possess dextral shell and body organization, members of the Clausiliidae family are almost exclusively sinistral. Within this group a unique feature of the alpine genus Alopia is the comparable representation of sinistral and dextral taxa, and the existence of enantiomorph taxon pairs that appear to differ only in their chirality. We carried out a molecular phylogenetic study, using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences, in order to find out whether chiral inversions are more frequent in this genus than in other genera of land snails. Our results revealed multiple independent inversions in the evolutionary history of Alopia and a close genetic relationship between members of the enantiomorph pairs. The inferred COI phylogeny also provided valuable clues for the taxonomic division and zoogeographical evaluation of Alopia species. The high number of inverse forms indicates unstable fixation of the coiling direction. This deficiency and the availability of enantiomorph pairs may make Alopia species attractive experimental models for genetic studies aimed at elucidating the molecular basis of chiral stability. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London

The human lifespan has traversed a long evolutionary and historical path, from short-lived primate ancestors to contemporary Japan, Sweden, and other longevity frontrunners. Analyzing this trajectory is crucial for understanding biological and sociocultural processes that determine the span of life. Here we reveal a fundamental regularity. Two straight lines describe the joint rise of life expectancy and lifespan equality: one for primates and the second one over the full range of human experience from average lifespans as low as 2 y during mortality crises to more than 87 y for Japanese women today. Across the primate order and across human populations, the lives of females tend to be longer and less variable than the lives of males, suggesting deep evolutionary roots to the male disadvantage. Our findings cast fresh light on primate evolution and human history, opening directions for research on inequality, sociality, and aging. The human lifespan has traversed a long evolutionary and historical path, from short-lived primate ancestors to contemporary Japan, Sweden and other longevity frontrunners. Analyzing this trajectory is crucial for understanding biological and sociocultural processes that determine the span of life. Here we reveal a fundamental regularity. Two straight lines describe the joint rise of life expectancy and lifespan equality: one for primates and the second one over the full range of human experience from average lifespans as low as 2 y during mortality crises to more than 87 y for Japanese women today. Across the primate order and across human populations, the lives of females tend to be longer and less variable than the lives of males, suggesting deep evolutionary roots to the male disadvantage. Our findings cast fresh light on primate evolution and human history, opening directions for research on inequality, sociality, and aging.

In this article we introduce a new geometric object called hyperbolic Pascal simplex. This new object is presented by the regular hypercube mosaic in the 4-dimensional hyperbolic space. The definition of the hyperbolic Pascal simplex, whose hyperfaces are hyperbolic Pascal pyramids and faces are hyperbolic Pascals triangles, is a natural generalization of the definition of the hyperbolic Pascal triangle and pyramid. We describe the growing of the hyperbolic Pascal simplex considering the numbers and the values of the elements. Further figures illustrate the stepping from a level to the next one., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures

International organizations, research institutions, insurance companies, pension funds and health policymakers calculate human mortality measures from life tables. Life-table data, though, are usually right-censored; that is, the last open-end age group does not contain information about the exact ages at death of individuals there, and mortality measures are sensitive to the way censoring is addressed. The standard way of “closing” the life table assumes a constant hazard of death for the last age group. This might lead to erroneous conclusions about mortality measures, especially when the open-end age interval contains a large proportion of the study population. In this article, we propose, instead, fitting a parametric model that well describes human mortality patterns, the gamma-Gompertz-Makeham, accounting for censoring, and constructing model-based equivalents of five mortality measures: life expectancy, the modal age at death, life disparity, entropy and the Gini coefficient. We show that, in comparison to conventional life-table measures, model-based measures are less sensitive to the age at censoring or, equivalently, to the proportion of censored individuals, and can be only slightly distorted even if the age at censoring is low. This study also compares life-table and model-based mortality measures for a non-human population with an underlying Gompertz mortality schedule in which a fixed proportion of the population is censored. Using model-based mortality measures is essential when studying the mortality of populations subjected to substantial censoring; for instance, many life tables for developing countries contain an open-end interval that contains more than 10% of the population. In this study, we show that life expectancy at birth for Brazilian females in 2007, calculated by standard life-table algebra, exceeds by almost 3 years the gamma-Gompertz-Makeham model-based life expectancy. This article might serve as a basis for recalculation of mortality measures for all populations subjected to substantial censoring.

Adult human mortality is well captured by a gamma-Gompertz-Makeham model that accounts for the exponential increase in individual hazards, the existence of age-independent mortality component, and unobserved heterogeneity in the study population. The article studies the impact of neglecting statistically significant extrinsic mortality or frailty on human mortality measures: aggregate indicators like life expectancy, life disparity, entropy, and the Gini coefficient are little affected while the rates of individual and population aging, the modal age at death, and temporary life expectancy can be substantially distorted.

Background: The Gompertz force of mortality (hazard function) is usually expressed in terms of a, the initial level of mortality, and b, the rate at which mortality increases with age. Objective: We express the Gompertz force of mortality in terms of b and the old-age modal age at death M, and present similar relationships for other widely-used mortality models. Our objective is to explain the advantages of using the parameterization in terms of M. Methods: Using relationships among life table functions at the modal age at death, we express the Gompertz force of mortality as a function of the old-age mode. We estimate the correlation between the estimators of old (a and b) and new (M and b) parameters from simulated data. Results: When the Gompertz parameters are statistically estimated from simulated data, the correlation between estimated values of b and M is much less than the correlation between estimated values of a and b. For the populations in the Human Mortality Database, there is a negative association between a and b and a positive association between M and b. Conclusions: Using M, the old-age mode, instead of a, the level of mortality at the starting age, has two major advantages. First, statistical estimation is facilitated by the lower correlation between the estimators of model parameters. Second, estimated values of M are more easily comprehended and interpreted than estimated values of a. Background: The Gompertz force of mortality (hazard function) is usually expressed in terms of a, the initial level of mortality, and b, the rate at which mortality increases with age.Objective: We express the Gompertz force of mortality in terms of b and the old-age modal age at death M, and present similar relationships for other widely-used mortality models. Our objective is to explain the advantages of using the parameterization in terms of M.Methods: Using relationships among life table functions at the modal age at death, we express the Gompertz force of mortality as a function of the old-age mode. We estimate the correlation between the estimators of old (a and b) and new (M and b) parameters from simulated data.Results: When the Gompertz parameters are statistically estimated from simulated data, the correlation between estimated values of b and M is much less than the correlation between estimated values of a and b. For the populations in the Human Mortality Database, there is a negative association between a and b and a positive association between M and b.Conclusions: Using M, the old-age mode, instead of a, the level of mortality at the starting age, has two major advantages. First, statistical estimation is facilitated by the lower correlation between the estimators of model parameters. Second, estimated values of M are more easily comprehended and interpreted than estimated values of a.

In this paper, we introduce a new generalization of Pascal's triangle. The new object is called the hyperbolic Pascal triangle since the mathematical background goes back to regular mosaics on the hyperbolic plane. We describe precisely the procedure of how to obtain a given type of hyperbolic Pascal triangle from a mosaic. Then we study certain quantitative properties such as the number, the sum, and the alternating sum of the elements of a row. Moreover, the pattern of the rows, and the appearence of some binary recurrences in a fixed hyperbolic triangle are investigated., Comment: 18 pages, 15 figures

The aim of this paper is to determine the elements which are in two pairs of sequences linked to the regular mosaics $\{4,5\}$ and $\{p,q\}$ on the hyperbolic plane. The problem leads to the solution of diophantine equations of certain types., Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, Annales Mathematicae et Informaticae 43 (2014)

In this paper we introduce a class of curves derived from a geometrical construction. These planar curves are the generalization of the less-known sectrix of Ceva. We also present three variations of the sectrix curves on the sphere with using the geometrical construction on the sphere, with the stereographic projection and with a so-called ''rolled" transformation., U ovom članku uvodimo klasu krivulja izvedenih geometrijskom konstrukcijom. Takve ravninske krivulje su generalizacija manje poznatih Cevinih sektrisa. Također, prikazujemo tri varijacije sektrisa na sferi, koristeći geometrijsku konstrukciju na sferi, stereografsku projekciju i takozvano ''valjano" preslikavanje.

In the 3-dimensional hyperbolic spaceH3there are four regular mosaics with asymptotic regular pyramids and each is related to a reciprocal regular mosaic of ideal vertices. This paper deals with the connections of the numbers of the elements of the belts surrounding a base point and the limits of their ratios.

Several geometric books introduce the models of the hyperbolic plane, the connections and the isomorphisms between them. This short article presents the connections of the most familiar models of the hyperbolic plane in the same figure. These connections are based on proper projections. Let the Poincare model (G) be defined on the hemisphere x + y + z=1, z > 0. In this model the lines are the half-circle sections whose planes are perpendicular to the xy-plane. (Detailed description in [BJ].) Let the Weierstrass model (W) be on the sheet z > 0 of the hyperboloid x + y− z = 1 ([FR]). The lines of this model are the hyperbola-branch sections whose planes pass through the point O(0, 0, 0). Let the Klein-Poincare circle model (K) be defined on the circle domain x + y < 1 on the plane z = 0, in this model the lines are the diameters and the circular arcs intersecting the base circle perpendicularly. The Cayley–Klein model (C) is defined on the circle domain x + y < 1 on the plane z = 1, where the lines are the chords of the base circle ([BJ], [SZP]).

Fumonisins are a class of mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium species, which is primary fungal contaminant of the maize and maize-derived products around the world. The B-series fumonisins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) are the most abundant and toxic constituent; thus, their levels are regulated generally worldwide. In this study, we developed a reliable method for the measurement of fumonisin FB1, FB2 and FB3 mycotoxins from maize samples without the time-consuming derivatization step using a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with corona charged aerosol detector. The detection and quantitation limit of the whole method were 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg for each fumonisins, respectively. The detection linearity was tested in the calibration range of 2 orders of magnitude and the recoveries from the spiked samples were determined. The developed method proved to be sufficient to measure the maximum residue levels of fumonisins, which are specified in European Union and United States in maize and maize-based products.

Serrulina (Pamphylica) n. subgen (type species: multidentifera Neubert), Cristataria intersita n. sp. and Euxina recedens n. sp. are proposed as taxa new to the Turkish Clausiliidae fauna. Based on anatomical structures, the systematic position of the previously little-known Chavchetia difficilis Retowski and Kazancia lindholmi Lindholm (formerly assigned to Strumosa and Strigileuxina, respectively) are re-assessed.

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a risk factor for the development of certain types of dementia. Mild cognitive impairment is a stage of predementia condition, because the symptoms are similar but not as severe as the symptoms in patients with dementia. Vinpocetine, due to its complex mechanism of action, has an important role in the improvement of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.The aim of our study was to determine the severity of the cognitive decline and to investigate the efficacy and safety of per os 18 months vinpocetine treatment in patients with mild cognitive impairment.We used psychometrical tests (MMSE, ADAS-Cog) to assess the cognitive functions. CGIC-PGIC was used to evaluate the overall change in the disease status. ADL was used to assess the patient's daily activity and the Hamilton Depression Scale to evaluate the patient's mood. The assessments were performed at six visits during the 18 months treatment period.At the beginning of the treatment, the stage of our patients' mild cognitive impairment was moderately severe. Significant improvement was detected in the psychometrical tests after the 18 months treatment period. The overall status of the disease improved significantly according both to the patient and the investigator. Also significant improvement was detected in daily activity. The complex improvement of the clinical symptoms affected the patients' mood positively. Moreover, vinpocetine was safe and had a good tolerability during the whole study period.Vinpocetine, due its complex mechanism of action, improved significantly the cognitive functions, overall disease status and quality of life in patients with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. As a result, vinpocetine treatment can be recommended for patients with mild cognitive impairment.

It is well known that the vibrating tools used by the miners can cause hand-arm vibration syndrome. However no detailed reports on this field could be found in the Hungarian literature.The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical features of the hand-arm vibration syndrome of the miners.The circulation, the peripheral nerves and the osteoarticular system of the upper extremities of 152 miners were examined by means of cold provocation test, Allen-test, measurement of systolic blood pressure performed by Doppler flowmeter, clinical neurological and neurographic examination and X-ray investigation of the bones and joints.Hand-arm vibration syndrome was diagnosed in 87 patients (57.2%). The most common symptom was the lesion of the circulation which occurred in 78 patients (89.6%). The peripheral nerves were affected in 44 cases (50.5%). Radiological alteration of the bones and joints of the upper extremities was observed in 32 patients (36.8%). Out of 78 damaged cases the frequency of the vascular diseases was as follows: angiopathy (diminished systolic blood pressure in the fingers): 66 patient (84.6%), occlusion of the hand arteries (positive Allen-test) and arterial form of the thoracic outlet syndrome (positive elevation-test) respectively: 28 and 28 cases (35.9%), Raynaud phenomenon (positive cold-provocation test): 26 cases (33.3%). The peripheral nerves were examined in detail in 141 cases. Pathological alterations were observed in 78 patients (55.3%) in the following forms: carpal tunnel syndrome: 66 cases (84.6%), peripheral neuropathy of the upper limbs: 20 patients (25.6%), lesion of the ulnar nerve: 3 cases (3.8%), brachial plexus lesion: one patient (1.3%). Radiological alteration was most common in the carpal region (87 cases, 57.2%). The frequency of the lesion of cubital (40.4%) and shoulder region (40.7%) was practically the same. In the carpal region the most common alterations were the degenerative processes (23 cases, 15.1%) followed by the aseptic osteonecroses (22 patients, 14.5%). In the cubital region the periarticular changes (31 patients, 23.9%) were most common followed by degenerative changes (21 cases, 16.2%) and the osteochondrosis dissecans (13 cases, 10.1%). In the shoulder region the degenerative processes were the most common changes (41 patients, 34.7%), first of all in the acromioclavicular joint (21 cases, 17.8%). Aseptic necrosis was observed in two patients.The miners are professionally exposed not only to hand-arm vibration, but also to increased physical stress. The symptoms on the upper limbs can develop as the result of both exposures.

Common tasks involving orthographic words include spellchecking, stemming, morphological analysis, and morphological synthesis. To enable significant reuse of the language-specific resources across all such tasks, we have extended the functionality of the open source spellchecker MySpell, yielding a generic word analysis library, the runtime layer of the hunmorph toolkit. We added an offline resource management component, hunlex, which complements the efficiency of our runtime layer with a high-level description language and a configurable precompiler.

The hand-arm vibration syndrome of the foundry workers using chipping hammers and grinders were analysed in Hungary last in 1950th-s years. Therefore it seemed necessary to consider the present situation of the disease.To study of the signs of the hand-arm vibration syndrome of the foundry workers using chipping hammers and grinders.Retrospective analysis of the clinical findings of 154 foundry workers using chipping hammers and grinders. The examination included the vascular, neurological and musculoskeletal systems of the upper extremities in 95 patients.The first symptoms referring to hand-arm vibration syndrome appeared on the average after seven years exposure. The signs of the 95 patients were as follows: vascular disorders: 75 cases (78.9%), peripheral neurologic lesion: 62 cases (65.3%), osteoarticular damage: 35 patients (36.8%). The Raynaud's phenomenon developed more commonly on the left than the right hand. The rate of the improvement of the Raynaud's phenomenon on the average 6.5 years after the cessation of the exposure on the basis of the result of the cold provocation test was 32.8%. Lesion of the peripheral nerves of the upper limbs, mostly of distal type was experienced in 41, whereas tunnel syndromes of the upper extremities in 21 cases. The most common amongst the latter (18 cases) was the thoracic outlet syndrome. Osteoporosis of the carpal bones was detected in 36 patients (37.9%), but osteoarthrosis of the joints of the upper limbs in 12 cases (12.6%). There was no aseptic necrosis of the bones. Fatigue fracture of the spinous process of the cervical VII vertebra occurred in one single case.Using chipping hammers and grinders in foundry is one of the most dangerous hand-arm vibration exposure in Hungary. The most frequent signs are the vascular and neurological lesions. Due to relatively rare occurrence of osteoarticular damages X-ray examinations are not necessary during periodical medical follow up. The most effective possibility of the prevention is the diminishing of the daily exposure time.

A szerzői jog bonyolult válaszút elé érkezett az elmúlt évezredforduló tájékán. A digitális technológiák elterjedésével és az internet globális kommunikációs eszközzé válásával az addig is egyre inkább aktív fogyasztók számára a szerzői művek korlátok nélkül többszörözhetővé és elérhetővé váltak. A felhasználások egy jelentős része azonban a szükséges engedélyek nélkül történt, felbőszítve ezzel a szerzői jogosultakat. Utóbbiak háborút indítottak többek között a fájlcserélő alkalmazások ellen, amely azonban a szerzői jog addigi megítélését jelentősen megváltoztatta. Az emberek egyre nagyobb csoportja szerint a szerzők kizárólagos jogai a felhasználók magatartásainak idejét múlt akadályai. Az ezzel kapcsolatos dilemmák kutatására vállalkoztak a jelen tanulmány társszerzői az elmúlt két évben, s legfontosabb eredményeiket ismertetik két kiemelkedő témakör: a fájlcserélés és a netes semlegesség példáján keresztül.

A SERINE PROTEASE INHIBITOR, 4-(2-AMINOETHYL)BENZENESULFONYL FLUORIDE, PREVENTS TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR α-INDUCED VASOGENIC BRAIN EDEMA FORMATION IN NEWBORN PIGS. ▴ 1773

Summary A 20-30 years' occupational and/or environmental exposure to fluorine may cause osteosclerosis, especially of the spine and pelvic bones, and calcification of spinal ligaments. The radiological picture may mimic many other diseases, especially ankylosing spondylitis, diffuse idiopathic hyperostosis, and rare bone diseases, such as Albers-Schonberg disease. As clinical findings are often not characteristic, early diagnosis is based on the history of occupational exposure, examination of urinary fluoride excretion (over 8 mgF − /litre in 24 hours) and radiological signs. It is also useful to monitor the concentration of atmospheric fluoride.

In 3- and 4-dimensional hyperbolic spaces there are four, respectively five, regular mosaics with bounded cells. A belt can be created around an arbitrary base vertex of a mosaic. The construction can be iterated and a growing ratio can be determined by using the number of the cells of the considered belts. In this article we determine these growing ratios for each mosaic in a generalized way., Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures

Recently, a new generalization of Pascal's triangle, the so-called hyperbolic Pascal triangles were introduced. The mathematical background goes back to the regular mosaics in the hyperbolic plane. In this article, we investigate the paths in the hyperbolic Pascal triangle corresponding to the regular mosaic $\{4,5\}$, in which the binary recursive sequences $f_{n}=\alpha f_{n-1}\pm f_{n-2}$ are represented ($\alpha\in\mathbb{N}^+$)., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures