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A detailed x-ray scattering study has been performed in the temperature range of the smectic- A phase for the liquid crystal compounds dodecylcyanobiphenyl (12CB) and octylcyanobiphenyl (8CB) confined in different controlled-pore glasses (CPGs) characterized by their average void radius R . On decreasing the temperature in bulk samples the layer thickness is increasing for 12CB and decreasing for 8CB, respectively. In nontreated CPG samples the layers dilate significantly with respect to the bulk liquid crystal. In order to explain the layer thickness behavior on varying temperature and R , one has to take into account molecular details of the liquid crystalline samples as well as memory effects.

Layers of hydrogel represent a diffusional barrier that retards the process of drug release. For better prediction of drug release, a method for evaluating the polymer concentration profile was developed.

External alternating electric fields of low intensity stimulated membrane bound ATP synthesis in starving Escherichia coli cells with electric field amplitudes of 2.5-50 V/cm and a frequency optimum at 100 Hz. The model of electrocon-formational coupling was used to analyze the frequency and amplitude responses of ATP synthesis. Two relaxation frequencies of the system were obtained at 44 Hz and 220 Hz, and an estimate of roughly 12 was obtained as the effective charge displacement for the catalytic cycle of ATP synthesis.