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BACKGROUND A spinal tumour is an abnormal tissue within or surrounding the spinal cord and spinal column. MRI is the investigation of choice in evaluation of spinal cord tumours because of better soft-tissue contrast, multiplanar capability, better visualisation of anatomical details of the spinal column, and narrows down the differentials in diagnosis. We wanted to study the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of spinal tumours, classify the spinal tumours into extradural, intradural, extramedullary, and intramedullary compartments and review the differential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of various spinal tumours. METHODS Our study included 36 patients with signs and symptoms of neurological deficit after clinical examination by clinician referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis for MRI examination from various departments of Santhiram Medical College and General Hospital and also from other hospitals. MRI scan was performed for all those patients in sagittal plane T1W, T2W, axial plane T1, T2, coronal plane T2, fat-suppressed sequence STIR, T1 postcontrast axial, coronal, sagittal planes, and diffusion-weighted sequences. RESULTS The total number of patients studied was 36, of whom 24 were males, 12 were females. The age of patients ranges from 10 to 65 years. The commonest type of spinal tumours extradural (16 cases (44%)) followed by extramedullary intradural (11 cases-31%)) followed by intramedullary tumours (9 cases (25%)). In extradural type, metastases are common. In extramedullary intradural type, meningioma is the commonest tumour, and the intramedullary type ependymoma is the commonest tumour. Lumbar spine is the commonest site of the tumours (44%), followed by the dorsal spine (35%), then the cervical spine (18%), and sacrococcygeal region 3%. In cervical region common pathologies were metastases followed by neurofibroma, in dorsal region metastases followed by meningioma, schwannoma, in lumbosacral region metastases is the common pathology followed by ependymoma. CONCLUSIONS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the investigation of choice in the evaluation of spinal tumours because of better soft tissue contrast, and better anatomic details. Gadolinium enhanced MRI narrows down differentials of spinal tumours diagnosis.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a type of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is associated with varied ophthalmic manifestations that are typically se...

Image compression is the process of compression an image in such a way that it has less space than the original image. It is a classification of compression technique that reduces the size of an image file without affecting its quality to a greater extent. The biorthogonal transform used for decomposing the Lung images. After decomposition different methods of encoding are performed and finally the proposed compression methods are evaluated for finding optimum algorithm for Medical Image.

In the last few years, the tall, proportioned and irregular structure exhibits more risks during earthquakes. For interior wall and exterior walls of structure, infill walls are frequently used to fill up the space between beam and column frame. In this study, the influence of the response of infill walls on the seismic performance of the reinforced concrete building prone to lateral seismic loads is investigated. The exact modeling of the structure reflects on many structural aspects like strength and stiffness of the structure to resist the lateral earthquake load initiated by the earthquake. A comparative and parametric study is carried out with the help of joint displacement, axial force, maximum bending moment, shear force, time period, etc.

Phased array is one of the most promising ultrasonic testing methods. Non-destructive testing finds its application in various industries, that includes online monitoring purpose, defect identification and so on. Both conventional and non-conventional testing methods are used in industries to carry on the detection process. Ultrasonic phased array testing finds its application in almost all the areas, which is a counterpart for radiography. In this paper, an automated testing method is proposed, which deals with weld flaw segmentation technique using hybrid clustering and Hilbert transform. In order to improve the quality of the obtained image, preprocessing steps are required and adaptive diffusion filter is proposed for removal of noise and pixel correction. In this proposed work, 2D-Hilbert Transform is implemented for the calculation of analytic images and satisfy the properties as in the case of 1D method. This technique provides a 2D spectrum equal to zero in one quadrant. After the process of segmenting the region of interest, the unique features are estimated using the Gray level co-occurrence GLCM. These unique features are fed as the input to deep learning for best classification of the defects in weldments.

BACKGROUND The problem of urolithiasis is on the rise, so also the complications associated with this condition. As mentioned earlier, it is increasingly important to understand calculus as the cause of pain and the complications of calculus disease. From the multitude of imaging options available, we have to choose the optimum imaging modality, which is truly cost effective. The present study is an attempt to define the most important modality for the diagnosis of calculus disease of the urinary tract. As a corollary, we are in a position to derive other statistically important parameters of the condition. We wanted to study the radiological methods namely, X-Ray KUB, USG and CT in the evaluation of renal colic. METHODS Ultrasound, CT scan and plain X-ray KUB study were done in 104 patients presenting with symptoms typical of renal colic attending the medical and surgical OPD in Santhiram medical college and general hospital. RESULTS The percentage of detection of urolithiasis by X-ray is 60.5%, USG is 71% and CT is 96.1%. CONCLUSIONS CT is superior to ultrasound and plain radiography in detecting urolithiasis

Hematological adaptations to high altitude (HA) are long studied but are focused either on lowlanders visiting HA or native highlanders from Andes and Tibet. The literature on native highlanders from the Indian subcontinent or paediatric highlanders is scarce. We aimed at assessing hematological parameters in native highlanders of Ladakh, India, aged 4–19 years and derive nomograms in an age stratified manner specific to these native highlanders. A total of 335 self-reported healthy native highlanders of Ladakh, without any known comorbidities and not on hematinic nor any drugs in the age group of 4–19 years were included in the study. Complete hemogram including red cell indices was measured. R ver 3.4.0 was used to compare the hematological parameters based on gender/age stratification, pubertal and nutritional status. The hematological reference ranges were created for various parameters in the paediatric population. The mean (SD) haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was 14.74 (2.07) gm/dL. The mean hematocrit (Hct) was 40.43 (5.57%) %, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was 81.87 (7.22) fL, white blood cell (WBC) count was 7596 (2172) cells/μL and platelets was 378.4 (152.8) × 10(3)/μL. Hct and MCV increased with age. Hb concentration, Hct, and MCV in girls was significantly lower than boys. Severely underweight subjects (body mass index

Crop production in semi-arid regions is often affected by nutrient (N and P) and water deficiency. Hence, crop selection and cropping sequences are mainly influenced by the water supply during the rainy season, which underlies severe annual fluctuations. Under these conditions sorghum cultivation is common practice in smallholder farming systems due to its high potential to cope with water scarcity.To examine the adaptation potential of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) to water and P stress, we measured transpiration and N uptake of five different sorghum lines (two Indian sorghum landraces, two African landraces and an Indian elite line) under the impact of organic (cowpea root residues) and mineral N-15 inputs. The plants were cultivated in either a P depleted (100 mg P kg-1 soil) or P enriched (320 mg P kg-1) Alfisol with a well-watered (WW) or water-stressed (WS) treatment. The experiment was carried out in the lysimetric phenotyping system (ICRISAT, India).Cowpea labelling was carried out by injecting liquid N-15-label into the plant stem on a weekly basis over the growth period to ensure a homogeneous N-15 distribution in all parts of the plant. Mineral N-15-label was applied after soil saturation on the soil surface approximately two weeks after sorghum sowing to ensure no leakage of the tracer. The sorghum growth period was from middle of September 2018 till beginning of February 2019.Under WW conditions, the sorghum lines showed different transpiration rates irrespectively of the P supply, whereas biomass and yield production was affected positively by P supply and organic residues. All sorghum lines had reduced transpiration rates, biomass and yield production under WS conditions. However, the African landraces were less susceptible to water stress than the Indian lines and could still produce yield and biomass. Furthermore, N delivery from cowpea residues could be proven in all treatments, while an efficient water supply had a positive impact on the N uptake from residues.Overall an efficient P supply had only a positive influence on sorghum biomass and yield in interactions with a sufficient water supply or crop residues.We can conclude that yield and biomass production of sorghum is not only dependent on transpiration rates. The potential to overcome water stress is enhanced for landraces and most properly belowground traits can explain the variation. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that all sorghum lines used biopores at both P levels to cover part of their N demand from cowpea residues. In this experiment, African landraces showed improved drought adaptation mechanisms compared to the bread elite line. Further soil and plant analysis will unravel the underlying traits such as improved mycorrhization, root morphology or nutrient uptake.

Background The native population of the Ladakh region faces the unique challenges of a high-altitude environment with distinct physiological adaptations in comparison with lowlanders. However, no comprehensive data on standard anthropometric parameters for the school-going children in this populace is available. Objectives We aimed to study the various anthropometric parameters in the school-going native highlander population and computed measures of central tendency. The nutritional status of the community was also be determined by comparing with World Health Organization (WHO) scores for height for age (HFA), weight for age (WFA) and body mass index (BMI) for age. Design A cross-sectional, descriptive study was devised to assess the anthropometric parameters. We measured height, weight, mid-upper circumference (MUAC), triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness, sub-scapular skinfold (SSF) thickness, waist, hip and abdominal circumference. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine the mean [±2 standard deviation (SD)], median, range, minimum and maximum. The z-scores for HFA, WFA and BMI for age was computed using WHO reference data. Subjects A total of 346 school-going native highlander children (4–19 years of age) were studied. Results Among the study population, the mean height was 141.17 ± 39.08 cm, the mean weight was 38.27 ± 25.40 kg. The gender difference in height, MUAC, sub-scapular skinfold (SSF) thickness, TSF thickness and the abdominal circumference was found to be statistically significant. Of the subjects 23.46% were stunted (i.e. HFA below −2 SD of the WHO standard) and 7.01% were underweight (WFA below −2 SD of the WHO standard). Conclusion The nutritional status of the Ladakhi population was assessed by comparison with the WHO reference data. Nomograms for anthropometric data in school-going children (4–19 years of age) of Ladakh were created. These can be used for further studies and planning targeted intervention strategies on this geographically isolated and evolutionary distinct highland population.

Purpose: To assess the stress-related physiological parameters of ophthalmic surgeons during complicated cataract surgery and compare them with uncomplicated routine cataract surgery. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, 110 patients of various types of cataract were divided into two groups: Group 1 included 55 patients with simple cataract (Grade ≤3) with no ocular or systemic comorbidities, whereas Group 2 included 55 patients with complicated cataracts (Grade >3) and ocular/systemic comorbidities. All patients underwent phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in the right eye only. The outcome measures were systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2). Results: The average SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR were significantly higher in the surgeon operating Group 2 (complicated cataract) compared with Group 1 (uncomplicated cataract; P < 0.05). The average SBP of the surgeon while operating Group 1 patients preoperatively and postoperatively was 125.42 ± 2.49 mmHg and 122.45 ± 2.10 mmHg, respectively, whereas in Group 2, the average SBP of the surgeon taken preoperatively and postoperatively was 145.98 ± 3.80 mmHg and 137.44 ± 3.45 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.05). The surgeon's SpO2 showed no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: There is a significant level of increase in stress-related parameters of operating surgeons while doing complicated cataract surgery.

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless systems are perceived an important reorganization for upcoming wireless systems. The performance of communication systems regarding their spectral efficiency and ability is enhanced as a result of MIMO systems. The required transmit power as for desired Bit Error Rate (BER) has been furnished in combination with appropriate receiver diversity. The study exposed that MIMO is a further efficient energy system since accomplished a decent BER performance at low SNR, when compared with SISO, SIMO and MISO which needs high SNR to accomplish at appropriate BER performances. The multiplexing gain experienced in the multiple antenna strategies utilizing the Space Time Block Code (STBC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC). The impacts of number of transmitter and receiver antennas on the MIMO system’s BER performance over Rayleigh, Rician and Weibull channels with STBC transmitter and MRC receiver is analyzed. The BER performance characteristics of MRC receiver is explored for Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation.

The anti-hyperglycemic effect of methanolic soluble fractions of Cressa cretica (Convolvulaceae) made up of the whole plant (flower, root, leaf, stem) was investigated in alloxan (150 mg/kg) induced hyperglycemic Wistar rats. It’s effect was compared with that of negative control, glibenclamide (0.9 mg/kg) as standard reference drug and Vit-E (100 IU/kg) as anti-oxidant standard. The physico-metabolic parameters measured were: Body weight, glycogen content in liver and muscle, serum glucose, speroxide desmutase (SOD) and histopathological examination of pancreas were also observed. Oral administration of MECC (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) for 28 days exhibited a significant reduction in blood glucose. An improvement of glycogen content in liver and muscle, body weight, hepatic enzyme like SOD was observed. The results of this work suggest that MECC may possess anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidant property.

MRKH Syndrome is one of diverse spectrum of congenital mullerian duct anamolies ranging from complete absence to hypoplasia of uterus and upper 2/3rd of vagina owing to their embryological origin. This is the second most common cause of primary amennorhoea in young females who shows normal development of secondary sexual characters and endocrine profile with essential normal female phenotype & genotype (46 XX). Our study is to emphasis the role of MRI in diagnosis of this syndrome non-invasively without exposure to radiation. The excellent soft tissue anatomical details by MRI provides the diagnosis with accuracy along with information of adjacent viscera and other associated systemic anamolies.

The storage facility of image and image transfer is an extensive appliance in image compression. Image compression techniques require the proper and effective transforms and encoding methods to reach the aim. In this work, discrete wavelet transform based image compression algorithm is used for decomposing the image. The effectiveness of different Encoder loops are analyzed based on the values of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), compression ratio (CR), means square error (MSE) and bits per pixel (BPP). The optimum encoding loop for compression is also found based on the results.

As the size of the biomedical databases are growing day by day, finding an essential features in the disease prediction have become more complex due to high dimensionality and sparsity problems. Also, due to the availability of a large number of micro-array datasets in the biomedical repositories, it is difficult toanalyze, predict and interpret the feature information using the traditional feature selection based classification models. Most of the traditional feature selection based classification algorithms have computational issues such as dimension reduction, uncertainty and class imbalance on microarray datasets. Ensemble classifier is one of the scalable models for extreme learning machine due to its high efficiency, the fast processing speed for real-time applications. The main objective of the feature selection based ensemble learning models is to classify the high dimensional data with high computational efficiency and high true positive rate on high dimensional datasets. In this proposed model an optimized Particle swarm optimization (PSO) based Ensemble classification model was developed on high dimensional microarray datasets. Experimental results proved that the proposed model has high computational efficiency compared to the traditional feature selection based classification models in terms of accuracy , true positive rate and error rate are concerned.

The Acoustic emission testing is one of the advanced non-destructive methods of testing for identifying the flaws and discontinuities in various materials. This research work focus on the possibilities of application of acoustic emission testing in different areas for continuous monitoring of structures under test. Moreover, emphasis is given to the signal analysis techniques developed so far for AE signal enhancement. Works of various researchers in different fields are explored and it is found that automated fault diagnosis still needs more attention, which will lead to new developments.

The image transmits and storage capability could be a broad appliance in compression. Image compression techniques engage the appropriate and successful transforms and encoding methods to attain the aim. In this work, discrete Meyer transform based image compression algorithm is used for decomposing the image. The effects of different Encoder loops are described based on the values of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), compression ratio (CR), means square error (MSE) and bits per pixel (BPP). The finest encoding loop level for compression is also found based on the results.

An optical study of N-(p-n-alkyloxybenzylidene)-p-n-butyloxyanilines, nO.O4 compounds with the alkoxy chain number n = 1, 3, 6, 7, and 10 has been carried out by measuring the refractive indices using modified spectrometer and direct measurement of birefringence employing the Newton's rings method. Further, the molecular polarizability anisotropies are evaluated using Lippincott δ-function model, the molecular vibration method, Haller's extrapolation method, and scaling factor method. The molecular polarizabilities α e and α 0 are calculated using Vuk's isotropic and Neugebauer anisotropic local field models. The order parameter S is estimated by employing the molecular polarizability values determined from experimental refractive indices and density data and the polarizability anisotropy values. Further, the order parameter S is also obtained directly from the birefringence data. A comparison has been carried out among the order parameter obtained from different ways and the results are compared with the...

This manuscript presents the synthesis, characterization and phase transition studies through density measurements on N-(p-n-alkyloxybenzylidene)-p-n-butyloxyanilines, nO.O4 compounds. The alkoxy chains with numbers n = 1 to 11, 14, 16 and 18 are synthesized and the higher homologues with n = 14 are synthesized and characterized for the first time. These compounds exhibit a variety of phase variants. The density results show that all the phase transformations are of first-order except the SmA–SmC phase transition which is of second order. The results are discussed with the body of the data available.

The main aim of the work is to develop image compression algorithms with high quality and compression ratio. The objective also includes finding out an best algorithm for medical image compression techniques. The objective is also alert towards the choice of the developed image compression algorithm, which do not modify the characterization behavior of the image. In this paper, image compression algorithm based on discrete symlet and coiflet wavelet transform is implemented for decomposing the image. The selection of different vanishing moments are discussed based on the values of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), compression ratio (CR), means square error (MSE) and bits per pixel (BPP). The optimum moments for compression are also chosen based on the results.

Image files contain considerable amount of redundant and irrelevant data and image compression algorithms can be used to overcome this. In this work, Wavelet Transform based compression algorithm is employed. Haar and daubechies wavelets are utilized in this proposed work for the decomposition of the medical image and the decomposed images are encoded using the schemes such as Embedded Zero wavelet, (EZW), Set Partitioning In Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT), Spatial orientation Tree Wavelet (STW), Wavelet Difference Reduction (WDR) and Adaptively Scanned Wavelet Difference Reduction (ASWDR). The computer tomography image is undergone the various developed compression techniques. The proposed compression schemes are evaluated in terms of PSNR, Compression ratio, Means square error and bits per pixel. The optimum compression algorithm is also found based on the results. The results are an indicator to the promising application of this for medical image compression schemes. This paper provides the approach and analysis methodologies and the results obtained.

Level set models are widely used in image processing and computer vision for segmentation. In this paper, an improved geometric active contour model is used for the segmentation of abdominal organs in abdomen CT images. The pre-processing of input images was done by anisotropic diffusion filter that effectively preserve the edges. The proposed Distance Regularized Level set Evolution (DRLSE) doesn't requires initialization procedure unlike the conventional level set methods. The distance regularized term is defined using double well potential function such that the level set evolution has unique forward and backward diffusion (FAB) diffusion effect, which is able to maintain a desired shape of the level set function. The algorithms were developed in Matlab 2010 and tested on real time CT data sets.

The use of power system stabilizers in a power system is of great importance as these help to reduce the low-frequency oscillations in the generator rotor angle, that occur due to several disturbances to which the power systems are constantly subjected. There are numerous ways in which a power system stabilizer may be designed for a power system. This paper mainly focuses on the design of a power system stabilizer for a single-machine infinite bus system using the frequency response and state-space methods. The details of the design using frequency response method and state-space method are provided in this paper.

The inclusion of LC filters in DC-DC converters provokes stability problems due to the interactions of the filter with the control circuit of the converter. But the use of LC filters has been found to be very essential in DC-DC converters for the attenuation of high frequency noise. This calls for the methods to stabilize the converter. The aim of this paper is to implement a new approach to stabilize the Boost converter with output filter using State feedback combined with PI control and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) method, an innovative optimal controller. This approach achieves the closed-loop system stability and good regulation even in the presence of load variations and the changes in supply and reference voltages. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been justified by the simulations carried out in MATLAB.

Image compression finds extensive application in storage of image and image transfer. Imagecompression techniques require the application of suitable and effective transforms to achieve the task. In this work, Discrete Wavelet Transform based image compression algorithm is used for decomposing the image. The effectiveness of different wavelets with various decomposition levels are analyzed based on the values of Peak signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Compression ratio (CR), Means square error (MSE) and bits per pixel (BPP). The optimum compression algorithm is also found based on the results