590 results on '"Landthaler, Markus"'
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52. A pulmonologist's guide to perform and analyse cross-species single lung cell transcriptomics
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Pennitz, Peter, primary, Kirsten, Holger, additional, Friedrich, Vincent D., additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Goekeri, Cengiz, additional, Obermayer, Benedikt, additional, Heinz, Gitta A., additional, Mashreghi, Mir-Farzin, additional, Büttner, Maren, additional, Trimpert, Jakob, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Suttorp, Norbert, additional, Hocke, Andreas C., additional, Hippenstiel, Stefan, additional, Tönnies, Mario, additional, Scholz, Markus, additional, Kuebler, Wolfgang M., additional, Witzenrath, Martin, additional, Hoenzke, Katja, additional, and Nouailles, Geraldine, additional
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- 2022
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53. De Novo-Whole Genome Assembly of the Roborovski Dwarf Hamster (Phodopus roborovskii) Genome: An Animal Model for Severe/Critical COVID-19
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Andreotti, Sandro, primary, Altmüller, Janine, additional, Quedenau, Claudia, additional, Borodina, Tatiana, additional, Nouailles, Geraldine, additional, Teixeira Alves, Luiz Gustavo, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Bieniara, Maximilian, additional, Trimpert, Jakob, additional, and Wyler, Emanuel, additional
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- 2022
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54. Human lungs show limited permissiveness for SARS-CoV-2 due to scarce ACE2 levels but virus-induced expansion of inflammatory macrophages
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Hönzke, Katja, primary, Obermayer, Benedikt, additional, Mache, Christin, additional, Fatykhova, Diana, additional, Kessler, Mirjana, additional, Dökel, Simon, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Baumgardt, Morris, additional, Löwa, Anna, additional, Hoffmann, Karen, additional, Graff, Patrick, additional, Schulze, Jessica, additional, Mieth, Maren, additional, Hellwig, Katharina, additional, Demir, Zeynep, additional, Biere, Barbara, additional, Brunotte, Linda, additional, Mecate-Zambrano, Angeles, additional, Bushe, Judith, additional, Dohmen, Melanie, additional, Hinze, Christian, additional, Elezkurtaj, Sefer, additional, Tönnies, Mario, additional, Bauer, Torsten T., additional, Eggeling, Stephan, additional, Tran, Hong-Linh, additional, Schneider, Paul, additional, Neudecker, Jens, additional, Rückert, Jens C., additional, Schmidt-Ott, Kai M., additional, Busch, Jonas, additional, Klauschen, Frederick, additional, Horst, David, additional, Radbruch, Helena, additional, Radke, Josefine, additional, Heppner, Frank, additional, Corman, Victor M., additional, Niemeyer, Daniela, additional, Müller, Marcel A., additional, Goffinet, Christine, additional, Mothes, Ronja, additional, Pascual-Reguant, Anna, additional, Hauser, Anja Erika, additional, Beule, Dieter, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Ludwig, Stephan, additional, Suttorp, Norbert, additional, Witzenrath, Martin, additional, Gruber, Achim D., additional, Drosten, Christian, additional, Sander, Leif-Erik, additional, Wolff, Thorsten, additional, Hippenstiel, Stefan, additional, and Hocke, Andreas C., additional
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- 2022
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55. Poly(A) Tail Regulation in the Nucleus
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Rajewsky, Nikolaus, Landthaler, Markus, Wahle, Elmar, Alles, Jonathan, Rajewsky, Nikolaus, Landthaler, Markus, Wahle, Elmar, and Alles, Jonathan
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Der Ribonukleinsäure (RNS) Stoffwechsel umfasst verschiedene Schritte, beginnend mit der Transkription der RNS über die Translation bis zum RNA Abbau. Poly(A) Schwänze befinden sich am Ende der meisten der Boten-RNS, schützen die RNA vor Abbau und stimulieren Translation. Die Deadenylierung von Poly(A) Schwänzen limitiert den Abbau von RNS. Bisher wurde RNS Abbau meist im Kontext von cytoplasmatischen Prozessen untersucht, ob und wie RNS Deadenylierung und Abbau in Nukleus erfolgen ist bisher unklar. Es wurde daher eine neue Methode zur genomweiten Bestimmung von Poly(A) Schwanzlänge entwickelt, welche FLAM-Seq genannt wurde. FLAM-Seq wurde verwendet um Zelllinien, Organoide und C. elegans RNS zu analysieren und es wurde eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen 3’-UTR und Poly(A) Länge gefunden, sowie für viele Gene ein Zusammenhang von alternativen 3‘-UTR Isoformen und Poly(A) Länge. Die Untersuchung von Poly(A) Schwänzen von nicht-gespleißten RNS Molekülen zeige, dass deren Poly(A) Schwänze eine Länge von mehr als 200 nt hatten. Die Analyse wurde durch eine Inhibition des Spleiß-Prozesses validiert. Die Verwendung von Methoden zur Markierung von RNS, welche die zeitliche Auflösung der RNS Prozessierung ermöglicht, deutete auf eine Deadenylierung der Poly(A) Schwänze schon wenige Minuten nach deren Synthesis hin. Die Analyse von subzellulären Fraktionen zeigte, dass diese initiale Deadenylierung ein Prozess im Nukleus ist. Dieser Prozess ist gen-spezifisch und Poly(A) Schwänze von bestimmten Typen von Transkripten, wie nuklearen langen nicht-kodierende RNS Molekülen waren nicht deadenyliert. Um Enzyme zu identifizieren, welche die Deadenylierung im Zellkern katalysieren, wurden verschiedene Methoden wie RNS-abbauende Cas Systeme, siRNAs oder shRNA Zelllinien verwendet. Trotz einer effizienten Reduktion der RNS Expression entsprechender Enzymkomplexe konnten keine molekularen Phänotypen identifiziert werden welche die Poly(A) Länge im Zellkern beeinflussen., The RNA metabolism involves different steps from transcription to translation and decay of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Most mRNAs have a poly(A) tail attached to their 3’-end, which protects them from degradation and stimulates translation. Removal of the poly(A) tail is the rate-limiting step in RNA decay controlling stability and translation. It is yet unclear if and to what extent RNA deadenylation occurs in the mammalian nucleus. A novel method for genome-wide determination of poly(A) tail length, termed FLAM-Seq, was developed to overcome current challenges in sequencing mRNAs, enabling genome-wide analysis of complete RNAs, including their poly(A) tail sequence. FLAM-Seq analysis of different model systems uncovered a strong correlation between poly(A) tail and 3’-UTR length or alternative polyadenylation. Cytosine nucleotides were further significantly enriched in poly(A) tails. Analyzing poly(A) tails of unspliced RNAs from FLAM-Seq data revealed the genome-wide synthesis of poly(A) tails with a length of more than 200 nt. This could be validated by splicing inhibition experiments which uncovered potential links between the completion of splicing and poly(A) tail shortening. Measuring RNA deadenylation kinetics using metabolic labeling experiments hinted at a rapid shortening of tails within minutes. The analysis of subcellular fractions obtained from HeLa cells and a mouse brain showed that initial deadenylation is a nuclear process. Nuclear deadenylation is gene specific and poly(A) tails of lncRNAs retained in the nucleus were not shortened. To identify enzymes responsible for nuclear deadenylation, RNA targeting Cas-systems, siRNAs and shRNA cell lines were used to different deadenylase complexes. Despite efficient mRNA knockdown, subcellular analysis of poly(A) tail length by did not yield molecular phenotypes of changing nuclear poly(A) tail length.
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- 2022
56. De Novo-Whole Genome Assembly of the Roborovski Dwarf Hamster (Phodopus roborovskii) Genome: An Animal Model for Severe/Critical COVID-19
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Andreotti, Sandro, Altmueller, Janine, Quedenau, Claudia, Borodina, Tatiana, Nouailles, Geraldine, Teixeira Alves, Luiz Gustavo, Landthaler, Markus, Bieniara, Maximilian, Trimpert, Jakob, Wyler, Emanuel, Andreotti, Sandro, Altmueller, Janine, Quedenau, Claudia, Borodina, Tatiana, Nouailles, Geraldine, Teixeira Alves, Luiz Gustavo, Landthaler, Markus, Bieniara, Maximilian, Trimpert, Jakob, and Wyler, Emanuel
- Abstract
The Roborovski dwarf hamster Phodopus roborovskii belongs to the Phodopus genus, one of the seven within Cricetinae subfamily. Like other rodents such as mice, rats, or ferrets, hamsters can be important animal models for a range of diseases. Whereas the Syrian hamster from the genus Mesocricetus is now widely used as a model for mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019, Roborovski dwarf hamster shows a severe-to-lethal course of disease upon infection with the novel human coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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- 2022
57. Determination of protein localization and RNA kinetics in human cells
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Landthaler, Markus, Beckmann, Benedikt, Aktas, Tugce, Arsie, Roberto, Landthaler, Markus, Beckmann, Benedikt, Aktas, Tugce, and Arsie, Roberto
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In dieser Dissertation haben wir das Verhalten menschlicher Zellen in Raum und Zeit untersucht. Hochwertige Datensätze subzellulärer Regionen in HEK293-Zellen wurden mit Hilfe der BirA* Proximity-Labelling-Aktivität erstellt, wobei die Lokalisierung auf zelluläre Regionen beschränkt wurde, die mit herkömmlichen Methoden nur schwer zu reinigen sind (d. h. die dem Zytosol zugewandten Seiten des ER, Mitochondrien und Plasma-membranen). Wir entwickelten daraufhin einen Ansatz zur Kartierung der Verteilung von Proteinen, die aktiv an RNA binden, und nannten ihn f-XRNAX. Wir stellten hintergrundkorrigierte Proteome für Zellkerne, Zytoplasma und Membranen von HEK293-Zellen her. Überraschenderweise wurden viele nicht-kanonische RBPs in der Membranfraktion identifiziert, und ihre Peptidprofile waren in Regionen mit hoher Dichte an intrinsisch ungeordneten Regionen angereichert, was auf eine möglicherweise schwache, durch diese nicht-strukturellen Motive vermittelte Interaktion mit RNA hinweist. Schließlich konnten wir die unterschiedliche Bindung desselben Proteins an RNA in verschiedenen HEK293-Kompartimenten nachweisen. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit konzentrierten wir uns auf die Bestimmung und Quantifizierung von neu transkribierten RNAs auf Einzelzellebene. Die Kinetik der RNA-Transkription und -Degradation war bis vor kurzem auf Einzelzellebene nicht messbar. Daher haben wir einen neuen Ansatz (SLAM-Drop-seq genannt) entwickelt, indem wir die veröffentlichte SLAM-seq-Methode an Einzelzellen angepasst haben. Wir haben SLAM-Drop-seq verwendet, um die zeitabhängigen RNA-Kinetikraten der Transkription und des Umsatzes für Hunderte von oszillierenden Transkripten während des Zellzyklus von HEK293-Zellen zu schätzen. Wir fanden heraus, dass Gene ihre Expression mit unterschiedlichen Strategien regulieren und spezifische Modi zur Feinabstimmung ihrer kinetischen Raten entlang des Zellzyklus haben., In this PhD dissertation we investigated the behaviour of human cells through space and time. High quality datasets of subcellular regions in HEK293 cells were generated using BirA* proximity labelling activity and restricting its localization at cellular regions difficult to purified with traditional methods (i.e., the cytosol-facing sides of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and plasma membranes). We then developed an approach to map the distribution of proteins actively binding to RNA, and named it f-XRNAX. We recovered background-corrected proteomes for nuclei, cytoplasm and membranes of HEK293 cells. Surprisingly, many non-canonical RBPs were identified in the membrane fraction, and their peptide profiles were enriched in regions with high density of intrinsically disordered regions, indicating a possibly weak interaction with RNA mediated by these non-structural motives. Lastly, we provided evidence of the differential binding to RNA of the same protein in different HEK293 compartments. In the second part of this thesis, we focused on the determination and quantification of newly transcribed RNAs at the single-cell level. The kinetics of RNA transcription, processing and degradation were until recently not measurable at the single-cell level. Thus, we have developed a novel approach (called SLAM-Drop-seq ) by adapting the published SLAM-seq method to single cells. We used SLAM Drop-seq to estimate time-dependent RNA kinetics rates of transcription and turnover for hundreds of oscillating transcripts during the cell cycle of HEK293 cells. We found that genes regulate their expression with different strategies and have specific modes to fine-tune their kinetic rates along the cell cycle.
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- 2022
58. Quantitative investigation of protein-RNA interactions and regulation by phosphorylation
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Selbach, Matthias, Heyd, Florian, Landthaler, Markus, Vieira e Vieira, Carlos Henrique, Selbach, Matthias, Heyd, Florian, Landthaler, Markus, and Vieira e Vieira, Carlos Henrique
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Phosphorylierung modulieren. Obwohl heute bereits Tausende von Phosphorylierungsstellen annotiert sind, sind entsprechende funktionelle Informationen begrenzt. Dies ist zum Teil darauf zurückzuführen, dass es keine Hochdurchsatzmethoden zur Erforschung der Funktion einer Phosphorylierungsstelle gibt. Um dieser Herausforderung zu begegnen, habe ich eine auf Shotgun-Proteomik basierende Strategie zur Messung der RNA-Bindungsaktivität von RBPs und ihren phosphorylierten Proteoformen entwickelt, die 'quantitative RNA-Interactome Capture (qRIC)' genannt wird. QRIC quantifiziert die Pull-Down-Effizienz von RBPs, die mit Oligo(dT)-Magnetbeads isoliert werden. Diese Effizienz korreliert mit der Anzahl der RNA-Bindungsstellen und der Spezifität der Motivbindung, und spiegelt so die RNA-Bindung in vivo wieder. In einer Gegenüberstellung der Pull-Down-Effizienz verschiedener Proteoformen in unbehandelten Zellen, habe ich qRIC als unvoreingenommenes Screening von regulatorischen Phosphorylierungsstellen in RBPs eingesetzt. Für jede einzelne Phosphorylierungsstelle wurde ein Delta-Effizienzwert berechnet, der den Einfluss auf die RNA-Bindung in vivo reflektiert. Die Effizienzunterschiede spiegelten das erwartete Verhalten von RBPs während der Phasentrennung von membranlosen Organellen und die Ladungsabstoßung zwischen Phosphorylierungsstellen und Nukleotiden bei physiologischem pH-Wert wider. Mithilfe des Delta-Effizienzwertes identifizierte ich mehrere bereits bekannte regulatorische Phosphorylierungsstellen in SF3B1, UPF1 und ELAVL1, sowie neue, bisher unbekannte und möglicherweise regulatorische Phosphorylierungsstellen in SERBP1, LARP1 und RBM20. Phosphomimetische Mutationsvarianten dieser Phosphorylierungsstellen wurden analysiert, um den molekularen Einfluss auf die Regulation der RBP-Funktion zu untersuchen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Phosphorylierung bestimmter Stellen im Spleißregulator RBM20 dessen nukleo-zytoplasmatische Lokalisierung, die Assoziation mit zyto, Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression is fundamental in health and disease. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) directly bind and govern the fate of RNAs in cells. At the same time, cell signaling cascades control RBP functions by modulating their physicochemical properties through post-translational modifications, like phosphorylation. Although thousands of phosphorylation sites have been annotated, functional information is limited. This, in part, is due to the lack of high-throughput methods that measure function. To tackle this challenge I developed a shotgun proteomics-based strategy for measuring the RNA-binding activity of RBPs and their phosphorylated proteoforms, named quantitative RNA-interactome capture (qRIC). In qRIC, pull-down efficiency of RBPs isolation with oligo(dT) magnetic beads is quantified in cells at steady state and correlates with the number of RNA-binding sites and motif binding specificity, reflecting a link to RNA-binding in vivo. By contrasting pull-down efficiency of different proteoforms in the cells, I applied qRIC as an unbiased screening of regulatory phosphorylation sites in RBPs affecting pull-down efficiency. A delta efficiency score was calculated for each individual phosphorylation site to denote its influence on RNA-binding in vivo. Efficiency differences globally reflected the expected behavior of RBPs during phase separation of membraneless organelles and charge repulsion between phosphorylation sites and nucleotides in physiological pH. Using the delta efficiency score, I identified several previously known regulatory phosphorylation sites in SF3B1, UPF1 and ELAVL1, plus novel candidate regulatory sites in SERBP1, LARP1 and RBM20. Phosphomimetic mutant variants of these sites were analysed to investigate the molecular mechanism of regulation. Importantly, I show that phosphorylation of candidate sites in the splicing regulator RBM20 affects its nucleo-cytoplasmic localization, association with cytosolic RNA granules
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- 2022
59. Neurogenic Lineage Decisions with Single Cell Resolution
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Zinzen, Robert, Landthaler, Markus, Ehrenhofer-Murray, Ann Elizabeth, Veloso, Ana, Zinzen, Robert, Landthaler, Markus, Ehrenhofer-Murray, Ann Elizabeth, and Veloso, Ana
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Die embryonale Neurogenese in Drosophila ist eine hochgradig koordinierte Abfolge von Zellschicksalsentscheidungen, die viele Ähnlichkeiten mit der Entwicklung des Nervensystems in Wirbeltieren aufweist. Diese Zellschicksalsentscheidungen sind räumlich und zeitlich koordiniert. Diese Zellen entstehen an stereotypen Positionen in jedem Segment und sind entlang zweier räumlicher Achsen angeordnet: der dorsoventralen und der anteroposterioren Achse. Neuroblasten teilen sich, um stereotype Zelllinien zu bilden, und die Zellen weisen charakteristische Zellmorphologien und -ziele auf, wobei die molekularen Mechanismen, die diese Merkmale bestimmen, noch weitgehend unbekannt sind. Jahrzehnte der Genetik haben einige Faktoren aufgedeckt, die für viele dieser Entscheidungen notwendig sind, aber ein Verständnis der einzelnen neurogenen Linien auf Genomebene war bis vor kurzem in vivo unmöglich. Ich habe mRNA aus Einzelzellen verwendet, um die Transkriptomdynamik von Schicksalsentscheidungen in der frühen Entwicklung des Nervensystems zu untersuchen. Mein Ziel ist es, zu entschlüsseln, wie sich Zellen unterscheiden, wenn Entscheidungen getroffen werden, die für die Entwicklung des Nervensystems wesentlich sind. Ich habe Transkriptomdaten von einzelnen Zellen aus Zehntausenden von Neuroblasten während der gesamten embryonalen Neurogenese erstellt. Es gelang mir, spezifische neurogene Populationen und ihre Genexpressionsprofile entlang ihrer Differenzierungswege zu identifizieren. Ich konnte die komplizierten zeitlichen Achsen, die das sich entwickelnde embryonale Nervensystem formen, teilweise entschlüsseln - ein Prozess, der von der Fliege bis zum Menschen konserviert ist. Diese Arbeit hat die Identifizierung lokalisierter Marker und sogar spezifischer Neuroblasten ermöglicht. Dieses Verständnis kann nun mit Informationen über die einzelnen Zellschicksale kombiniert werden, aus denen diese Neuroblasten hervorgehen, wie z. B. ihre spezifischen neuronalen und glialen Schicksale., Embryonic neurogenesis in Drosophila is a highly coordinated sequence of cell fate decisions that bears many similarities to the development of the nervous system in vertebrates. These cell fate decisions are spatially and temporally coordinated. These cells arise at stereotypic positions in each segment and are arranged along two spatial axes: the dorsoventral axis and the anteroposterior axis. Neuroblasts divide to give rise to stereotypic lineages and the cells exhibit characteristic cell morphologies, branching patterns, and targets, the molecular mechanisms that determine these characteristics are still largely unknown. Decades of genetics have uncovered some factors necessary for many of these decisions, but understanding individual neurogenic lineages at the genome level has been impossible in vivo until recently. I have used Single cell mRNA to study the transcriptome dynamics that accompany important fate decisions in early nervous system development. My goal is to decipher how cells differ when decisions are made that are essential for nervous system development. This knowledge is invaluable for developing models for the in vivo mechanisms that allow individual cells in the nervous system to specify and differentiate. I have generated transcriptome data of single cells from tens of thousands of neuroblasts throughout embryonic neurogenesis. I was able to identify specific neurogenic populations and their gene expression profiles along their differentiation pathways. I was able to partially decipher the intricate temporal axes that shape the developing embryonic nervous system, a process that is conserved from fly to human. Single-cell transcriptomics has enabled the identification of localized markers and even specific neuroblasts. This understanding can now be combined with information about the individual cell fates that give rise to these neuroblasts, such as their specific neuronal and glial fates.
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- 2022
60. In Vitro Kinase-to-Phosphosite Database (iKiP-DB) Predicts Kinase Activity in Phosphoproteomic Datasets
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Mari, Tommaso, primary, Mösbauer, Kirstin, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Drosten, Christian, additional, and Selbach, Matthias, additional
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- 2022
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61. A live attenuated vaccine confers superior mucosal and systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants
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Nouailles, Geraldine, primary, Adler, Julia M., additional, Pennitz, Peter, additional, Peidli, Stefan, additional, Alves, Gustavo Teixeira, additional, Baumgart, Morris, additional, Bushe, Judith, additional, Voss, Anne, additional, Langenhagen, Alina, additional, Pott, Fabian, additional, Kazmierski, Julia, additional, Goekeri, Cengiz, additional, Simmons, Szandor, additional, Xing, Na, additional, Langner, Christine, additional, Vidal, Ricardo Martin, additional, Abdelgawad, Azza, additional, Herwig, Susanne, additional, Cichon, Günter, additional, Niemeyer, Daniela, additional, Drosten, Christian, additional, Goffinet, Christine, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Blüthgen, Nils, additional, Wu, Haibo, additional, Witzenrath, Martin, additional, Gruber, Achim D., additional, Praktiknjo, Samantha D., additional, Osterrieder, Nikolaus, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Kunec, Dusan, additional, and Trimpert, Jakob, additional
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- 2022
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62. Key benefits of dexamethasone and antibody treatment in COVID-19 hamster models revealed by single-cell transcriptomics
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Wyler, Emanuel, primary, Adler, Julia M., additional, Eschke, Kathrin, additional, Teixeira Alves, G., additional, Peidli, Stefan, additional, Pott, Fabian, additional, Kazmierski, Julia, additional, Michalick, Laura, additional, Kershaw, Olivia, additional, Bushe, Judith, additional, Andreotti, Sandro, additional, Pennitz, Peter, additional, Abdelgawad, Azza, additional, Postmus, Dylan, additional, Goffinet, Christine, additional, Kreye, Jakob, additional, Reincke, S Momsen, additional, Prüss, Harald, additional, Blüthgen, Nils, additional, Gruber, Achim D., additional, Kuebler, Wolfgang M., additional, Witzenrath, Martin, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Nouailles, Geraldine, additional, and Trimpert, Jakob, additional
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- 2022
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63. Complement activation induces excessive T cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19
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Georg, Philipp, Astaburuaga-García, Rosario, Demichev, Vadim, Gemünd, Ioanna Dafni, Barone, Matthias, Tober-Lau, Pinkus, Helbig, Elisa T, Hillus, David, Petrov, Lev, Stein, Julia, Dey, Hannah-Philine, Paclik, Daniela, Bonaguro, Lorenzo, Iwert, Christina, Mülleder, Michael, Aulakh, Simran Kaur, Djudjaj, Sonja, Bülow, Roman D, Mei, Henrik E, Schulz, Axel R, Thiel, Andreas, Hippenstiel, Stefan, Saliba, Antoine-Emmanuel, Brumhard, Sophia, Eils, Roland, Lehmann, Irina, Mall, Marcus A, Stricker, Sebastian, Röhmel, Jobst, Corman, Victor, Beule, Dieter, Wyler, Emanuel, Landthaler, Markus, Obermayer, Benedikt, Michalick, Laura, von Stillfried, Saskia, Boor, Peter, Demir, Münevver, Wesselmann, Hans, Suttorp, Norbert, Uhrig, Alexander, Müller-Redetzky, Holger, Nattermann, Jacob, Kuebler, Wolfgang M, Meisel, Christian, Lippert, Lena J, Ralser, Markus, Schultze, Joachim L, Aschenbrenner, Anna C, Thibeault, Charlotte, Kurth, Florian, Sander, Leif E, Blüthgen, Nils, Sawitzki, Birgit, Group, PA-COVID-19 Study, Kostevc, Tomislav, Gäbel, Christiane, Schneider, Maria, Streitz, Mathias, and HIRI, Helmholtz-Institut für RNA-basierte Infektionsforschung, Josef-Shneider Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Adult ,Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ,Male ,Cancer Research ,metabolism [Receptors, IgG] ,immunology [T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic] ,virology [Endothelial Cells] ,Proteome ,Neutrophils ,virology [COVID-19] ,T cells ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,Lymphocyte Activation ,Monocytes ,Article ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,pathology [COVID-19] ,Young Adult ,Ecology,Evolution & Ethology ,virology [Microvessels] ,immunology [SARS-CoV-2] ,Humans ,immunopathology ,immunology [COVID-19] ,complement ,ddc:610 ,Complement Activation ,Computational & Systems Biology ,Aged ,Chemical Biology & High Throughput ,Aged, 80 and over ,Chemotactic Factors ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Receptors, IgG ,Endothelial Cells ,COVID-19 ,Middle Aged ,metabolism [Neutrophils] ,metabolism [Chemotactic Factors] ,Metabolism ,Microvessels ,cytotoxicity ,Synthetic Biology ,Female ,Technology Platforms ,Single-Cell Analysis ,Transcriptome ,T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ,metabolism [Monocytes] - Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is linked to both dysfunctional immune response and unrestrained immunopathology, and it remains unclear whether T cells contribute to disease pathology. Here, we combined single-cell transcriptomics and single-cell proteomics with mechanistic studies to assess pathogenic T cell functions and inducing signals. We identified highly activated, CD16+ T cells with increased cytotoxic functions in severe COVID-19. CD16 expression enabled immune complex-mediated, T cell receptor-independent degranulation and cytotoxicity not found in other diseases. CD16+ T cells from COVID-19 patients promoted microvascular endothelial cell injury and release of neutrophil and monocyte chemoattractants. CD16+ T cell clones persisted beyond acute disease maintaining their cytotoxic phenotype. Increased generation of C3a in severe COVID-19 induced activated CD16+ cytotoxic T cells. Proportions of activated CD16+ T cells and plasma levels of complement proteins upstream of C3a were associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, supporting a pathological role of exacerbated cytotoxicity and complement activation in COVID-19., Generation of the C3a complement protein fragment by SARS-CoV-2 infection drives differentiation of a CD16-expressing T cell population that associates with severe COVID-19 disease outcomes.
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- 2022
64. Additional file 1 of Single-cell transcriptomics reveals common epithelial response patterns in human acute kidney injury
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Hinze, Christian, Kocks, Christine, Leiz, Janna, Karaiskos, Nikos, Boltengagen, Anastasiya, Cao, Shuang, Skopnik, Christopher Mark, Klocke, Jan, Hardenberg, Jan-Hendrik, Stockmann, Helena, Gotthardt, Inka, Obermayer, Benedikt, Haghverdi, Laleh, Wyler, Emanuel, Landthaler, Markus, Bachmann, Sebastian, Hocke, Andreas C., Corman, Victor, Busch, Jonas, Schneider, Wolfgang, Himmerkus, Nina, Bleich, Markus, Eckardt, Kai-Uwe, Enghard, Philipp, Rajewsky, Nikolaus, and Schmidt-Ott, Kai M.
- Abstract
Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Basic statistics of snRNA-seq libraries. Fig. S2. PCA analyses of different cell types and whole tissue. Fig. S3. In situ staining for IGFBP7. Fig. S4. Number of differentially expressed genes between COVID AKI and non-COVID AKI. Fig. S5. Subclustering of leukocytes. Fig. S6. Abundances and marker genes from subclusterings of major cell types. Fig. S7. QC metrics for all subclusters. Fig. S8. Cluster abundances per cell type and sample. Fig. S9. Results from cross-species approach for human PT cells. Fig. S10-12. Subclusterings of remaining kidney epithelial cell types. Fig. S13. Joint heatmap for marker genes of the “New” clusters. Fig. S14. Validation of “New” clusters in PT and TAL cells in an independent dataset.
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- 2022
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65. DGCR8-Dependent MicroRNA Biogenesis Is Essential for Skin Development
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Yi, Rui, Pasolli, H. Amalia, Landthaler, Markus, Hafner, Markus, Ojo, Tolulope, Sheridan, Robert, Sander, Chris, O'Carroll, Donal, Stoffel, Markus, Tuschl, Thomas, and Fuchs, Elaine
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- 2009
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66. Cellular Cofactors Affecting Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Replication
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Randall, Glenn, Panis, Maryline, Cooper, Jacob D., Tellinghuisen, Timothy L., Sukhodolets, Karen E., Pfeffer, Sebastien, Landthaler, Markus, Landgraf, Pablo, Kan, Sherry, Lindenbach, Brett D., Chien, Minchen, Weir, David B., Russo, James J., Ju, Jingyue, Brownstein, Michael J., Sheridan, Robert, Sander, Chris, Zavolan, Mihaela, Tuschl, Thomas, and Rice, Charles M.
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- 2007
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67. Complement activation induces excessive T cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19
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Georg, Philipp, primary, Astaburuaga-García, Rosario, additional, Bonaguro, Lorenzo, additional, Brumhard, Sophia, additional, Michalick, Laura, additional, Lippert, Lena J., additional, Kostevc, Tomislav, additional, Gäbel, Christiane, additional, Schneider, Maria, additional, Streitz, Mathias, additional, Demichev, Vadim, additional, Gemünd, Ioanna, additional, Barone, Matthias, additional, Tober-Lau, Pinkus, additional, Helbig, Elisa T., additional, Hillus, David, additional, Petrov, Lev, additional, Stein, Julia, additional, Dey, Hannah-Philine, additional, Paclik, Daniela, additional, Iwert, Christina, additional, Mülleder, Michael, additional, Aulakh, Simran Kaur, additional, Djudjaj, Sonja, additional, Bülow, Roman D., additional, Mei, Henrik E., additional, Schulz, Axel R., additional, Thiel, Andreas, additional, Hippenstiel, Stefan, additional, Saliba, Antoine-Emmanuel, additional, Eils, Roland, additional, Lehmann, Irina, additional, Mall, Marcus A., additional, Stricker, Sebastian, additional, Röhmel, Jobst, additional, Corman, Victor M., additional, Beule, Dieter, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Obermayer, Benedikt, additional, von Stillfried, Saskia, additional, Boor, Peter, additional, Demir, Münevver, additional, Wesselmann, Hans, additional, Suttorp, Norbert, additional, Uhrig, Alexander, additional, Müller-Redetzky, Holger, additional, Nattermann, Jacob, additional, Kuebler, Wolfgang M., additional, Meisel, Christian, additional, Ralser, Markus, additional, Schultze, Joachim L., additional, Aschenbrenner, Anna C., additional, Thibeault, Charlotte, additional, Kurth, Florian, additional, Sander, Leif E., additional, Blüthgen, Nils, additional, and Sawitzki, Birgit, additional
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- 2022
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68. Engineering, decoding and systems-level characterization of chimpanzee cytomegalovirus
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Phan, Quang Vinh, primary, Bogdanow, Boris, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Liu, Fan, additional, Hagemeier, Christian, additional, and Wiebusch, Lüder, additional
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- 2022
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69. In contrast to TH2-biased approaches, TH1 COVID-19 vaccines protect Syrian hamsters from severe disease in the absence of dexamethasone-treatable vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory pathology
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Ebenig, Aileen, primary, Muraleedharan, Samada, additional, Kazmierski, Julia, additional, Todt, Daniel, additional, Auste, Arne, additional, Anzaghe, Martina, additional, Gömer, André, additional, Postmus, Dylan, additional, Gogesch, Patricia, additional, Niles, Marc, additional, Plesker, Roland, additional, Miskey, Csaba, additional, Serra, Michelle Gellhorn, additional, Breithaupt, Angele, additional, Hörner, Cindy, additional, Kruip, Carina, additional, Ehmann, Rosina, additional, Ivics, Zoltan, additional, Waibler, Zoe, additional, Pfaender, Stephanie, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Kupke, Alexandra, additional, Nouailles, Geraldine, additional, Goffinet, Christine, additional, Brown, Richard J.P., additional, and Mühlebach, Michael D., additional
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- 2021
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70. Insights into standards of care – dexamethasone and antibodies against COVID-19 in hamster models
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Wyler, Emanuel, primary, Adler, Julia M., additional, Eschke, Kathrin, additional, Alves, Gustavo Teixeira, additional, Peidli, Stefan, additional, Pott, Fabian, additional, Kazmierski, Julia, additional, Michalick, Laura, additional, Kershaw, Olivia, additional, Bushe, Judith, additional, Andreotti, Sandro, additional, Pennitz, Peter, additional, Abdelgawad, Azza, additional, Postmus, Dylan, additional, Goffinet, Christine, additional, Kreye, Jakob, additional, Reincke, S Momsen, additional, Prüss, Harald, additional, Blüthgen, Nils, additional, Gruber, Achim D., additional, Kuebler, Wolfgang M., additional, Witzenrath, Martin, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Nouailles, Geraldine, additional, and Trimpert, Jakob, additional
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- 2021
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71. Transcriptomic responses of the human kidney to acute injury at single cell resolution
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Hinze, Christian, primary, Kocks, Christine, additional, Leiz, Janna, additional, Karaiskos, Nikos, additional, Boltengagen, Anastasiya, additional, Skopnik, Christopher Mark, additional, Klocke, Jan, additional, Hardenberg, Jan-Hendrik, additional, Stockmann, Helena, additional, Gotthardt, Inka, additional, Obermayer, Benedikt, additional, Haghverdi, Laleh, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Bachmann, Sebastian, additional, Hocke, Andreas C., additional, Corman, Victor, additional, Busch, Jonas, additional, Schneider, Wolfgang, additional, Himmerkus, Nina, additional, Bleich, Markus, additional, Eckardt, Kai-Uwe, additional, Enghard, Philipp, additional, Rajewsky, Nikolaus, additional, and Schmidt-Ott, Kai M., additional
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- 2021
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72. SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics revealed by wastewater sequencing analysis and deconvolution
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Schumann, Vic-Fabienne, primary, de Castro Cuadrat, Rafael Ricardo, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Wurmus, Ricardo, additional, Deter, Aylina, additional, Quedenau, Claudia, additional, Dohmen, Jan, additional, Faxel, Miriam, additional, Borodina, Tatiana, additional, Blume, Alexander, additional, Meixner, Martin, additional, Grau, José Horacio, additional, Liere, Karsten, additional, Hackenbeck, Thomas, additional, Zietzschmann, Frederik, additional, Gnirss, Regina, additional, Böckelmann, Uta, additional, Uyar, Bora, additional, Franke, Vedran, additional, Barke, Niclas, additional, Altmüller, Janine, additional, Rajewsky, Nikolaus, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, and Akalin, Altuna, additional
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- 2021
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73. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers profibrotic macrophage responses and lung fibrosis
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Wendisch, Daniel, primary, Dietrich, Oliver, additional, Mari, Tommaso, additional, von Stillfried, Saskia, additional, Ibarra, Ignacio L., additional, Mittermaier, Mirja, additional, Mache, Christin, additional, Chua, Robert Lorenz, additional, Knoll, Rainer, additional, Timm, Sara, additional, Brumhard, Sophia, additional, Krammer, Tobias, additional, Zauber, Henrik, additional, Hiller, Anna Luisa, additional, Pascual-Reguant, Anna, additional, Mothes, Ronja, additional, Bülow, Roman David, additional, Schulze, Jessica, additional, Leipold, Alexander M., additional, Djudjaj, Sonja, additional, Erhard, Florian, additional, Geffers, Robert, additional, Pott, Fabian, additional, Kazmierski, Julia, additional, Radke, Josefine, additional, Pergantis, Panagiotis, additional, Baßler, Kevin, additional, Conrad, Claudia, additional, Aschenbrenner, Anna C., additional, Sawitzki, Birgit, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Horst, David, additional, Hippenstiel, Stefan, additional, Hocke, Andreas, additional, Heppner, Frank L., additional, Uhrig, Alexander, additional, Garcia, Carmen, additional, Machleidt, Felix, additional, Herold, Susanne, additional, Elezkurtaj, Sefer, additional, Thibeault, Charlotte, additional, Witzenrath, Martin, additional, Cochain, Clément, additional, Suttorp, Norbert, additional, Drosten, Christian, additional, Goffinet, Christine, additional, Kurth, Florian, additional, Schultze, Joachim L., additional, Radbruch, Helena, additional, Ochs, Matthias, additional, Eils, Roland, additional, Müller-Redetzky, Holger, additional, Hauser, Anja E., additional, Luecken, Malte D., additional, Theis, Fabian J., additional, Conrad, Christian, additional, Wolff, Thorsten, additional, Boor, Peter, additional, Selbach, Matthias, additional, Saliba, Antoine-Emmanuel, additional, and Sander, Leif Erik, additional
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- 2021
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74. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase activity drives cell trajectories in colorectal cancer
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Uhlitz, Florian, Bischoff, Philip, Peidli, Stefan, Sieber, Anja, Trinks, Alexandra, Lüthen, Mareen, Obermayer, Benedikt, Blanc, Eric, Ruchiy, Yana, Sell, Thomas, Mamlouk, Soulafa, Arsie, Roberto, Wei, Tzu‐Ting, Klotz‐Noack, Kathleen, Schwarz, Roland F, Sawitzki, Birgit, Kamphues, Carsten, Beule, Dieter, Landthaler, Markus, Sers, Christine, Horst, David, Blüthgen, Nils, and Morkel, Markus
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Cancer Research ,Medicine (General) ,MAP Kinase Signaling System ,cancer profiling ,Oncogenes ,Articles ,SLAM-Seq ,QH426-470 ,Article ,single-cell RNA sequencing ,RNA velocity ,ERK ,R5-920 ,single‐cell RNA sequencing ,SLAM‐Seq ,Mutation ,Genetics ,Humans ,Technology Platforms ,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,Digestive System ,600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit ,Cancer - Abstract
In colorectal cancer, oncogenic mutations transform a hierarchically organized and homeostatic epithelium into invasive cancer tissue lacking visible organization. We sought to define transcriptional states of colorectal cancer cells and signals controlling their development by performing single‐cell transcriptome analysis of tumors and matched non‐cancerous tissues of twelve colorectal cancer patients. We defined patient‐overarching colorectal cancer cell clusters characterized by differential activities of oncogenic signaling pathways such as mitogen‐activated protein kinase and oncogenic traits such as replication stress. RNA metabolic labeling and assessment of RNA velocity in patient‐derived organoids revealed developmental trajectories of colorectal cancer cells organized along a mitogen‐activated protein kinase activity gradient. This was in contrast to normal colon organoid cells developing along graded Wnt activity. Experimental targeting of EGFR‐BRAF‐MEK in cancer organoids affected signaling and gene expression contingent on predictive KRAS/BRAF mutations and induced cell plasticity overriding default developmental trajectories. Our results highlight directional cancer cell development as a driver of non‐genetic cancer cell heterogeneity and re‐routing of trajectories as a response to targeted therapy., Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells can adopt a range of transcriptomic states. This study uses single cell RNA sequencing of primary CRC tissue and organoids to identify patient‐overarching CRC cell transcriptome clusters. RNA metabolic labelling indicates preferred CRC cell developmental trajectories.
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- 2021
75. RNA-binding protein RBM20 represses splicing to orchestrate cardiac pre-mRNA processing
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Maatz, Henrike, Jens, Marvin, Liss, Martin, Schafer, Sebastian, Heinig, Matthias, Kirchner, Marieluise, Adami, Eleonora, Rintisch, Carola, Dauksaite, Vita, Radke, Michael H., Selbach, Matthias, Barton, Paul J.R., Cook, Stuart A., Rajewsky, Nikolaus, Gotthardt, Michael, Landthaler, Markus, and Hubner, Norbert
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Binding proteins -- Physiological aspects -- Research ,Messenger RNA -- Chemical properties -- Physiological aspects -- Research ,Heart failure -- Chemical properties -- Risk factors -- Genetic aspects -- Research ,Health care industry - Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the RNA-binding protein RBM20 have been implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a major cause of chronic heart failure, presumably through altering cardiac RNA splicing. Here, we combined transcriptome-wide crosslinking immunoprecipitation (CLIP-seq), RNA-seq, and quantitative proteomics in cell culture and rat and human hearts to examine how RBM20 regulates alternative splicing in the heart. Our analyses revealed the presence of a distinct RBM20 RNA-recognition element that is predominantly found within intronic binding sites and linked to repression of exon splicing with RBM20 binding near 3' and 5' splice sites. Proteomic analysis determined that RBM20 interacts with both U1 and U2 small nuclear ribonucleic particles (snRNPs) and suggested that RBM20-dependent splicing repression occurs through spliceosome stalling at complex A. Direct RBM20 targets included several genes previously shown to be involved in DCM as well as genes not typically associated with this disease. In failing human hearts, reduced expression of RBM20 affected alternative splicing of several direct targets, indicating that differences in RBM20 expression may affect cardiac function. Together, these findings identify RBM20-regulated targets and provide insight into the pathogenesis of human heart failure., Introduction Alternative RNA processing is determined by RNA-binding splicing factors to generate different mRNA isoforms in a tissue-specific and developmental-regulated manner (1). Alterations in splicing factors or mutations in their [...]
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- 2014
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76. Swarm Learning for decentralized and confidential clinical machine learning
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Warnat-Herresthal, Stefanie, Schultze, Hartmut, Ktena, Sofia, Franzenburg, Sören, Frick, Julia-Stefanie, Gabernet, Gisela, Gagneur, Julien, Ganzenmueller, Tina, Gauder, Marie, Geißert, Janina, Goesmann, Alexander, Göpel, Siri, Grundhoff, Adam, Tran, Florian, Grundmann, Hajo, Hain, Torsten, Hanses, Frank, Hehr, Ute, Heimbach, André, Hoeper, Marius, Horn, Friedemann, Hübschmann, Daniel, Hummel, Michael, Iftner, Thomas, Bitzer, Michael, Iftner, Angelika, Illig, Thomas, Janssen, Stefan, Kalinowski, Jörn, Kallies, René, Kehr, Birte, Keppler, Oliver T, Klein, Christoph, Knop, Michael, Kohlbacher, Oliver, Ossowski, Stephan, Köhrer, Karl, Korbel, Jan, Kremsner, Peter G, Kühnert, Denise, Landthaler, Markus, Li, Yang, Ludwig, Kerstin U, Makarewicz, Oliwia, Marz, Manja, McHardy, Alice C, Casadei, Nicolas, Mertes, Christian, Münchhoff, Maximilian, Nahnsen, Sven, Nöthen, Markus M., Ntoumi, Francine, Overmann, Jörg, Peter, Silke, Pfeffer, Klaus, Pink, Isabell, Poetsch, Anna R, Herr, Christian, Protzer, Ulrike, Pühler, Alfred, Rajewsky, Nikolaus, Ralser, Markus, Reiche, Kristin, Ripke, Stephan, da Rocha, Ulisses Nunes, Saliba, Antoine-Emmanuel, Sander, Leif Erik, Sawitzki, Birgit, Petersheim, Daniel, Scheithauer, Simone, Schiffer, Philipp, Schmid-Burgk, Jonathan, Schneider, Wulf, Schulte, Eva-Christina, Sczyrba, Alexander, Sharaf, Mariam L, Singh, Yogesh, Sonnabend, Michael, Stegle, Oliver, Behrends, Uta, Stoye, Jens, Vehreschild, Janne, Velavan, Thirumalaisamy P, Vogel, Jörg, Volland, Sonja, von Kleist, Max, Walker, Andreas, Walter, Jörn, Wieczorek, Dagmar, Winkler, Sylke, Kern, Fabian, Ziebuhr, John, Fehlmann, Tobias, Shastry, Krishnaprasad Lingadahalli, Schommers, Philipp, Lehmann, Clara, Augustin, Max, Rybniker, Jan, Altmüller, Janine, Mishra, Neha, Bernardes, Joana P, Krämer, Benjamin, Bonaguro, Lorenzo, Schulte-Schrepping, Jonas, Manamohan, Sathyanarayanan, De Domenico, Elena, Siever, Christian, Kraut, Michael, Desai, Milind, Monnet, Bruno, Saridaki, Maria, Siegel, Charles Martin, Drews, Anna, Nuesch Germano, Melanie, Theis, Heidi, Mukherjee, Saikat, Heyckendorf, Jan, Schreiber, Stefan, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Study, COVID-19 Aachen, Nattermann, Jacob, Skowasch, Dirk, Kurth, Ingo, Keller, Andreas, Bals, Robert, Nürnberg, Peter, Garg, Vishesh, Rieß, Olaf, Rosenstiel, Philip, Netea, Mihai G, Theis, Fabian, Mukherjee, Sach, Backes, Michael, Aschenbrenner, Anna C, Ulas, Thomas, Initiative, Deutsche COVID-19 Omics, Breteler, Monique, Sarveswara, Ravi, Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Evangelos J, Kox, Matthijs, Becker, Matthias, Cheran, Sorin, Woodacre, Michael S, Goh, Eng Lim, Schultze, Joachim L, Balfanz, Paul, Eggermann, Thomas, Boor, Peter, Händler, Kristian, Hausmann, Ralf, Kuhn, Hannah, Isfort, Susanne, Stingl, Julia Carolin, Schmalzing, Günther, Kuhl, Christiane K, Röhrig, Rainer, Marx, Gernot, Uhlig, Stefan, Dahl, Edgar, Pickkers, Peter, Müller-Wieland, Dirk, Dreher, Michael, Marx, Nikolaus, Angelov, Angel, Bartholomäus, Alexander, Becker, Anke, Bezdan, Daniela, Blumert, Conny, Bonifacio, Ezio, Bork, Peer, Aziz, Ahmad, Boyke, Bunk, Blum, Helmut, Clavel, Thomas, Colome-Tatche, Maria, Cornberg, Markus, De La Rosa Velázquez, Inti Alberto, Diefenbach, Andreas, Dilthey, Alexander, Fischer, Nicole, Förstner, Konrad, and Stem Cell Aging Leukemia and Lymphoma (SALL)
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Lung Diseases ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Cancer Research ,Computer science ,lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 4] ,Privacy laws of the United States ,Datasets as Topic ,computer.software_genre ,Disease Outbreaks ,0302 clinical medicine ,Software ,diagnosis [Leukemia] ,pathology [Leukemia] ,Leukocytes ,Computational models ,Use case ,Confidentiality ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Precision Medicine ,Edge computing ,Leukemia ,Multidisciplinary ,Swarm behaviour ,diagnosis [Lung Diseases] ,ddc ,3. Good health ,diagnosis [Tuberculosis] ,Female ,ddc:500 ,Clinical Decision-Making ,Predictive medicine ,methods [Clinical Decision-Making] ,pathology [Leukocytes] ,Machine learning ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,methods [Precision Medicine] ,Blockchain ,Humans ,Tuberculosis ,trends [Machine Learning] ,business.industry ,COVID-19 ,Diagnostic markers ,diagnosis [COVID-19] ,epidemiology [COVID-19] ,Precision medicine ,030104 developmental biology ,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases ,Viral infection ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer - Abstract
Fast and reliable detection of patients with severe and heterogeneous illnesses is a major goal of precision medicine1,2. Patients with leukaemia can be identified using machine learning on the basis of their blood transcriptomes3. However, there is an increasing divide between what is technically possible and what is allowed, because of privacy legislation4,5. Here, to facilitate the integration of any medical data from any data owner worldwide without violating privacy laws, we introduce Swarm Learning—a decentralized machine-learning approach that unites edge computing, blockchain-based peer-to-peer networking and coordination while maintaining confidentiality without the need for a central coordinator, thereby going beyond federated learning. To illustrate the feasibility of using Swarm Learning to develop disease classifiers using distributed data, we chose four use cases of heterogeneous diseases (COVID-19, tuberculosis, leukaemia and lung pathologies). With more than 16,400 blood transcriptomes derived from 127 clinical studies with non-uniform distributions of cases and controls and substantial study biases, as well as more than 95,000 chest X-ray images, we show that Swarm Learning classifiers outperform those developed at individual sites. In addition, Swarm Learning completely fulfils local confidentiality regulations by design. We believe that this approach will notably accelerate the introduction of precision medicine., Swarm Learning is a decentralized machine learning approach that outperforms classifiers developed at individual sites for COVID-19 and other diseases while preserving confidentiality and privacy.
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- 2021
77. Global analysis of human-to-mouse intercellular RNA transfer in cell culture
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Dasgupta, Sandipan, primary, Dyagi, Daniella Y., additional, Haimovich, Gal, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Olender, Tsviya, additional, Singer, Robert H., additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, and Gerst, Jeffrey E, additional
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- 2021
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78. Early IFN-α signatures and persistent dysfunction are distinguishing features of NK cells in severe COVID-19
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Krämer, Benjamin, primary, Knoll, Rainer, additional, Bonaguro, Lorenzo, additional, ToVinh, Michael, additional, Raabe, Jan, additional, Astaburuaga-García, Rosario, additional, Schulte-Schrepping, Jonas, additional, Kaiser, Kim Melanie, additional, Rieke, Gereon J., additional, Bischoff, Jenny, additional, Monin, Malte B., additional, Hoffmeister, Christoph, additional, Schlabe, Stefan, additional, De Domenico, Elena, additional, Reusch, Nico, additional, Händler, Kristian, additional, Reynolds, Gary, additional, Blüthgen, Nils, additional, Hack, Gudrun, additional, Finnemann, Claudia, additional, Nischalke, Hans D., additional, Strassburg, Christian P., additional, Stephenson, Emily, additional, Su, Yapeng, additional, Gardner, Louis, additional, Yuan, Dan, additional, Chen, Daniel, additional, Goldman, Jason, additional, Rosenstiel, Philipp, additional, Schmidt, Susanne V., additional, Latz, Eicke, additional, Hrusovsky, Kevin, additional, Ball, Andrew J., additional, Johnson, Joe M., additional, Koenig, Paul-Albert, additional, Schmidt, Florian I., additional, Haniffa, Muzlifah, additional, Heath, James R., additional, Kümmerer, Beate M., additional, Keitel, Verena, additional, Jensen, Björn, additional, Stubbemann, Paula, additional, Kurth, Florian, additional, Sander, Leif E., additional, Sawitzki, Birgit, additional, Aschenbrenner, Anna C., additional, Schultze, Joachim L., additional, Nattermann, Jacob, additional, Altmüller, Janine, additional, Angelov, Angel, additional, Bals, Robert, additional, Bartholomäus, Alexander, additional, Becker, Anke, additional, Becker, Matthias, additional, Bezdan, Daniela, additional, Bitzer, Michael, additional, Blumert, Conny, additional, Bonifacio, Ezio, additional, Bork, Peer, additional, Boyke, Bunk, additional, Blum, Helmut, additional, Casadei, Nicolas, additional, Clavel, Thomas, additional, Colome-Tatche, Maria, additional, Cornberg, Markus, additional, De La Rosa Velázquez, Inti Alberto, additional, Diefenbach, Andreas, additional, Dilthey, Alexander, additional, Fischer, Nicole, additional, Förstner, Konrad, additional, Franzenburg, Sören, additional, Frick, Julia-Stefanie, additional, Gabernet, Gisela, additional, Gagneur, Julien, additional, Ganzenmueller, Tina, additional, Gauder, Marie, additional, Geißert, Janina, additional, Goesmann, Alexander, additional, Göpel, Siri, additional, Grundhoff, Adam, additional, Grundmann, Hajo, additional, Hain, Torsten, additional, Hanses, Frank, additional, Hehr, Ute, additional, Heimbach, André, additional, Hoeper, Marius, additional, Horn, Friedemann, additional, Hübschmann, Daniel, additional, Hummel, Michael, additional, Iftner, Thomas, additional, Iftner, Angelika, additional, Illig, Thomas, additional, Janssen, Stefan, additional, Kalinowski, Jörn, additional, Kallies, René, additional, Kehr, Birte, additional, Keller, Andreas, additional, Keppler, Oliver T., additional, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, additional, Klein, Christoph, additional, Knop, Michael, additional, Kohlbacher, Oliver, additional, Köhrer, Karl, additional, Korbel, Jan, additional, Kremsner, Peter G., additional, Kühnert, Denise, additional, Kurth, Ingo, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Li, Yang, additional, Ludwig, Kerstin U., additional, Makarewicz, Oliwia, additional, Marini, Federico, additional, Marz, Manja, additional, McHardy, Alice C., additional, Mertes, Christian, additional, Münchhoff, Maximilian, additional, Nahnsen, Sven, additional, Nöthen, Markus, additional, Ntoumi, Francine, additional, Nürnberg, Peter, additional, Ossowski, Stephan, additional, Overmann, Jörg, additional, Peter, Silke, additional, Pfeffer, Klaus, additional, Pink, Isabell, additional, Poetsch, Anna R., additional, Protzer, Ulrike, additional, Pühler, Alfred, additional, Rajewsky, Nikolaus, additional, Ralser, Markus, additional, Reiche, Kristin, additional, Rieß, Olaf, additional, Ripke, Stephan, additional, Nunes da Rocha, Ulisses, additional, Rosenstiel, Philip, additional, Saliba, Antoine-Emmanuel, additional, Sander, Leif Erik, additional, Scheithauer, Simone, additional, Schiffer, Philipp, additional, Schmid-Burgk, Jonathan, additional, Schneider, Wulf, additional, Schulte, Eva-Christina, additional, Sczyrba, Alexander, additional, Sharaf, Mariam L., additional, Singh, Yogesh, additional, Sonnabend, Michael, additional, Stegle, Oliver, additional, Stoye, Jens, additional, Theis, Fabian, additional, Ulas, Thomas, additional, Vehreschild, Janne, additional, Velavan, Thirumalaisamy P., additional, Vogel, Jörg, additional, Volland, Sonja, additional, von Kleist, Max, additional, Walker, Andreas, additional, Walter, Jörn, additional, Wieczorek, Dagmar, additional, Winkler, Sylke, additional, and Ziebuhr, John, additional
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- 2021
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79. De Novo Whole Genome Assembly of the Roborovski Dwarf Hamster (Phodopus roborovskii) Genome, an Animal Model for Severe/Critical COVID-19
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Andreotti, Sandro, primary, Altmüller, Janine, additional, Quedenau, Claudia, additional, Borodina, Tatiana, additional, Nouailles, Geraldine, additional, Alves, Luiz Gustavo Teixeira, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Bieniara, Maximilian, additional, Trimpert, Jakob, additional, and Wyler, Emanuel, additional
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- 2021
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80. Single-cell-sequencing in SARS-COV-2-infected hamsters sheds light on endothelial cell involvement in COVID-19
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Nouailles, Geraldine, primary, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Pennitz, Peter, additional, Postmus, Dylan, additional, Vladimirova, Daria, additional, Kazmierski, Julia, additional, Pott, Fabian, additional, Dietert, Kristina, additional, Muelleder, Michael, additional, Farztdinov, Vadim, additional, Obermayer, Benedikt, additional, Wienhold, Sandra-Maria, additional, Andreotti, Sandro, additional, Hoefler, Thomas, additional, Sawitzki, Birgit, additional, Drosten, Christian, additional, Sander, Leif E., additional, Suttorp, Norbert, additional, Ralser, Markus, additional, Beule, Dieter, additional, Gruber, Achim D., additional, Goffinet, Christine, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Trimpert, Jakob, additional, and Witzenrath, Martin, additional
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- 2021
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81. DoRiNA 2.0—upgrading the doRiNA database of RNA interactions in post-transcriptional regulation
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Blin, Kai, Dieterich, Christoph, Wurmus, Ricardo, Rajewsky, Nikolaus, Landthaler, Markus, and Akalin, Altuna
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- 2015
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82. The Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein ZAP Restricts Human Cytomegalovirus and Selectively Binds and Destabilizes Viral / Transcripts
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Gonzalez-Perez, Ana Cristina, Stempel, Markus, Wyler, Emanuel, Urban, Christian, Piras, Antonio, Hennig, Thomas, Ganskih, Sabina, Wei, Yuanjie, Heim, Albert, Landthaler, Markus, Pichlmair, Andreas, Dölken, Lars, Munschauer, Mathias, Erhard, Florian, Brinkmann, Melanie M, and HZI,Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7,38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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viruses ,ZAP ,pattern recognition receptors ,antiviral ,ISG ,interferons ,herpesvirus ,zinc finger proteins ,human cytomegalovirus ,mRNA degradation ,DNA virus ,ZC3HAV1 ,innate immunity ,HCMV - Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene products (ISGs) play a crucial role in early infection control. The ISG zinc finger CCCH-type antiviral protein 1 (ZAP/ZC3HAV1) antagonizes several RNA viruses by binding to CG-rich RNA sequences, whereas its effect on DNA viruses is less well understood. Here, we decipher the role of ZAP in the context of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, a β-herpesvirus that is associated with high morbidity in immunosuppressed individuals and newborns. We show that expression of the two major isoforms of ZAP, ZAP-S and ZAP-L, is induced during HCMV infection and that both negatively affect HCMV replication. Transcriptome and proteome analyses demonstrated that the expression of ZAP results in reduced viral mRNA and protein levels and decelerates the progression of HCMV infection. Metabolic RNA labeling combined with high-throughput sequencing (SLAM-seq) revealed that most of the gene expression changes late in infection result from the general attenuation of HCMV. Furthermore, at early stages of infection, ZAP restricts HCMV by destabilizing a distinct subset of viral mRNAs, particularly those from the previously uncharacterized UL4-UL6 HCMV gene locus. Through enhanced cross-linking immunoprecipitation and sequencing analysis (eCLIP-seq), we identified the transcripts expressed from this HCMV locus as the direct targets of ZAP. Moreover, our data show that ZAP preferentially recognizes not only CG, but also other cytosine-rich sequences, thereby expanding its target specificity. In summary, this report is the first to reveal direct targets of ZAP during HCMV infection, which strongly indicates that transcripts from the UL4-UL6 locus may play an important role for HCMV replication.IMPORTANCE Viral infections have a large impact on society, leading to major human and economic losses and even global instability. So far, many viral infections, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, are treated with a small repertoire of drugs, often accompanied by the occurrence of resistant mutants. There is no licensed HCMV vaccine in sight to protect those most at risk, particularly immunocompromised individuals or pregnant women who might otherwise transmit the virus to the fetus. Thus, the identification of novel intervention strategies is urgently required. In this study, we show that ZAP decelerates the viral gene expression cascade, presumably by selectively handpicking a distinct set of viral transcripts for degradation. Our study illustrates the potent role of ZAP as an HCMV restriction factor and sheds light on a possible role for UL4 and/or UL5 early during infection, paving a new avenue for the exploration of potential targets for novel therapies.
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- 2021
83. Circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency
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Memczak, Sebastian, Jens, Marvin, Elefsinioti, Antigoni, Torti, Francesca, Krueger, Janna, Rybak, Agnieszka, Maier, Luisa, Mackowiak, Sebastian D., Gregersen, Lea H., Munschauer, Mathias, Loewer, Alexander, Ziebold, Ulrike, Landthaler, Markus, Kocks, Christine, le Noble, Ferdinand, and Rajewsky, Nikolaus
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Messenger RNA -- Physiological aspects -- Structure -- Research ,Environmental issues ,Science and technology ,Zoology and wildlife conservation - Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) in animals are an enigmatic class of RNA with unknown function. To explore circRNAs systematically, we sequenced and computationally analysed human, mouse and nematode RNA. We detected thousands of well-expressed, stable circRNAs, often showing tissue/developmental-stage-specific expression. Sequence analysis indicated important regulatory functions for circRNAs. We found that a human circRNA, antisense to the cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 transcript (CDR1as), is densely bound by microRNA (miRNA) effector complexes and harbours 63 conserved binding sites for the ancient miRNA miR-7. Further analyses indicated that CDR1as functions to bind miR-7 in neuronal tissues. Human CDR1as expression in zebrafish impaired midbrain development, similar to knocking down miR-7, suggesting that CDR1as is a miRNA antagonist with a miRNA-binding capacity ten times higher than any other known transcript. Together, our data provide evidence that circRNAs form a large class of post-transcriptional regulators. Numerous circRNAs form by head-to-tail splicing of exons, suggesting previously unrecognized regulatory potential of coding sequences., Mature messenger RNAs are linear molecules with 5' and 3' termini that reflect start and stop of the RNA polymerase on the DNA template. In cells, different RNA molecules are [...]
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- 2013
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84. Transcriptome-Wide Identification of Protein Binding Sites on RNA by PAR-CLIP (Photoactivatable-Ribonucleoside-Enhanced Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation)
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Hoell, Jessica I., primary, Hafner, Markus, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Ascano, Manuel, additional, Farazi, Thalia A., additional, Wardle, Greg, additional, Nusbaum, Jeff, additional, Cekan, Pavol, additional, Khorshid, Mohsen, additional, Burger, Lukas, additional, Zavolan, Mihaela, additional, and Tuschl, Thomas, additional
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- 2014
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85. PAR-CLIP (Photoactivatable Ribonucleoside-Enhanced Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation)
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Spitzer, Jessica, primary, Hafner, Markus, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Ascano, Manuel, additional, Farazi, Thalia, additional, Wardle, Greg, additional, Nusbaum, Jeff, additional, Khorshid, Mohsen, additional, Burger, Lukas, additional, Zavolan, Mihaela, additional, and Tuschl, Thomas, additional
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- 2014
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86. ENGINEERING, DECODING AND SYSTEMS-LEVEL CHARACTERIZATION OF CHIMPANZEE CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
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Phan, Quang Vinh, primary, Bogdanow, Boris, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Liu, Fan, additional, Hagemeier, Christian, additional, and Wiebusch, Lueder, additional
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- 2021
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87. The Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein ZAP Restricts Human Cytomegalovirus and Selectively Binds and Destabilizes Viral UL4 / UL5 Transcripts
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Gonzalez-Perez, Ana Cristina, primary, Stempel, Markus, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Urban, Christian, additional, Piras, Antonio, additional, Hennig, Thomas, additional, Ganskih, Sabina, additional, Wei, Yuanjie, additional, Heim, Albert, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Pichlmair, Andreas, additional, Dölken, Lars, additional, Munschauer, Mathias, additional, Erhard, Florian, additional, and Brinkmann, Melanie M., additional
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- 2021
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88. A critical period of translational control during brain development at codon resolution
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Harnett, Dermot, primary, Ambrozkiewicz, Mateusz C., additional, Zinnall, Ulrike, additional, Rusanova, Alexandra, additional, Borisova, Ekaterina, additional, Dannenberg, Rike, additional, Imami, Koshi, additional, Münster-Wandowski, Agnieszka, additional, Fauler, Beatrix, additional, Mielke, Thorsten, additional, Selbach, Matthias, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Spahn, Christian M.T., additional, Tarabykin, Victor, additional, Ohler, Uwe, additional, and Kraushar, Matthew L., additional
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- 2021
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89. Complement activation induces excessive T cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19
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Georg, Philipp, primary, Astaburuaga-García, Rosario, additional, Bonaguro, Lorenzo, additional, Brumhard, Sophia, additional, Michalick, Laura, additional, Lippert, Lena J., additional, Kostevc, Tomislav, additional, Gäbel, Christiane, additional, Schneider, Maria, additional, Streitz, Mathias, additional, Demichev, Vadim, additional, Gemünd, Ioanna, additional, Barone, Matthias, additional, Tober-Lau, Pinkus, additional, Helbig, Elisa Theresa, additional, Stein, Julia, additional, Dey, Hannah-Philine, additional, Paclik, Daniela, additional, Mülleder, Michael, additional, Aulakh, Simran Kaur, additional, Mei, Henrik E., additional, Schulz, Axel R., additional, Hippenstiel, Stefan, additional, Corman, Victor Max, additional, Beule, Dieter, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Obermayer-Wasserscheid, Benedikt, additional, Boor, Peter, additional, Demir, Münevver, additional, Wesselmann, Hans, additional, Suttorp, Norbert, additional, Uhrig, Alexander, additional, Müller-Redetzky, Holger, additional, Nattermann, Jacob, additional, Kuebler, Wolfgang M., additional, Meisel, Christian, additional, Ralser, Markus, additional, Schultze, Joachim L., additional, Aschenbrenner, Anna C., additional, Thibeault, Charlotte, additional, Kurth, Florian, additional, Sander, Leif-Erik, additional, Blüthgen, Nils, additional, and Sawitzki, Birgit, additional
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- 2021
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90. Disease severity-specific neutrophil signatures in blood transcriptomes stratify COVID-19 patients
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Aschenbrenner, Anna C, Mouktaroudi, Maria, Saridaki, Maria, McHardy, Alice, Mertes, Christian, Nöthen, Markus, Nürnberg, Peter, Ohler, Uwe, Ossowski, Stephan, Overmann, Jörg, Pfeffer, Klaus, Poetsch, Anna R, Pühler, Alfred, Knoll, Rainer, Rajewsky, Nikolaus, Ralser, Markus, Rieß, Olaf, Ripke, Stephan, Nunes da Rocha, Ulisses, Rosenstiel, Philip, Saliba, Antoine-Emmanuel, Sander, Leif Erik, Sawitzki, Birgit, Schiffer, Philipp, Pecht, Tal, Schneider, Wulf, Schulte, Eva-Christina, Schultze, Joachim L, Sczyrba, Alexander, Singh, Yogesh, Sonnabend, Michael, Stegle, Oliver, Stoye, Jens, Theis, Fabian, Vehreschild, Janne, Kapellos, Theodore S, Vogel, Jörg, von Kleist, Max, Walker, Andreas, Walter, Jörn, Wieczorek, Dagmar, Winkler, Sylke, Ziebuhr, John, Doulou, Sarandia, Kröger, Charlotte, Herbert, Miriam, Holsten, Lisa, Horne, Arik, Gemünd, Ioanna D, Krämer, Benjamin, Rovina, Nikoletta, Agrawal, Shobhit, Dahm, Kilian, van Uelft, Martina, Drews, Anna, Lenkeit, Lena, Bruse, Niklas, Gerretsen, Jelle, Gierlich, Jannik, Becker, Matthias, Oestreich, Marie, Händler, Kristian, Kraut, Michael, Theis, Heidi, Mengiste, Simachew, De Domenico, Elena, Schulte-Schrepping, Jonas, Seep, Lea, Raabe, Jan, Hoffmeister, Christoph, ToVinh, Michael, Antonakos, Nikolaos, Keitel, Verena, Rieke, Gereon, Talevi, Valentina, Skowasch, Dirk, Aziz, N. Ahmad, Pickkers, Peter, van de Veerdonk, Frank L, Netea, Mihai G, Kox, Matthijs, Nuesch-Germano, Melanie, Breteler, Monique M B, Nattermann, Jacob, Koutsoukou, Antonia, Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Evangelos J, Ulas, Thomas, Initiative, German COVID-19 Omics, Altmüller, Janine, Angelov, Angel, Bals, Robert, Bartholomäus, Alexander, Gkizeli, Konstantina, Becker, Anke, Bitzer, Michael, Bonifacio, Ezio, Bork, Peer, Casadei, Nicolas, Clavel, Thomas, Colome-Tatche, Maria, Diefenbach, Andreas, Dilthey, Alexander, Fischer, Nicole, Bonaguro, Lorenzo, Förstner, Konrad, Franzenburg, Sören, Frick, Julia-Stefanie, Gabernet, Gisela, Gagneur, Julien, Ganzenmüller, Tina, Göpel, Siri, Goesmann, Alexander, Hain, Torsten, Heimbach, André, Reusch, Nico, Hummel, Michael, Iftner, Angelika, Iftner, Thomas, Janssen, Stefan, Kalinowski, Jörn, Kallies, René, Kehr, Birte, Keller, Andreas, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Klein, Christoph, Baßler, Kevin, Kohlbacher, Oliver, Köhrer, Karl, Korbel, Jan, Kühnert, Denise, Kurth, Ingo, Landthaler, Markus, Li, Yang, Ludwig, Kerstin, Makarewicz, Oliwia, and Marz, Manja
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Cancer Research ,Neutrophils ,virology [COVID-19] ,cytology [Neutrophils] ,Drug repurposing ,lnfectious Diseases and Global Health Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 4] ,lcsh:Medicine ,chemistry [RNA] ,Severity of Illness Index ,pathology [COVID-19] ,Transcriptome ,0302 clinical medicine ,Genetics (clinical) ,Whole blood ,immunology [Neutrophils] ,Principal Component Analysis ,0303 health sciences ,metabolism [Neutrophils] ,Up-Regulation ,3. Good health ,Co-expression analysis ,Phenotype ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,metabolism [RNA] ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Molecular disease phenotypes ,Molecular Medicine ,Technology Platforms ,lcsh:QH426-470 ,blood [RNA] ,Down-Regulation ,drug therapy [COVID-19] ,Granulocyte ,Antiviral Agents ,03 medical and health sciences ,Immune system ,All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center ,Severity of illness ,Genetics ,medicine ,Humans ,ddc:610 ,Molecular Biology ,030304 developmental biology ,Sequence Analysis, RNA ,business.industry ,Research ,lcsh:R ,Drug Repositioning ,Case-control study ,Blood transcriptomics ,COVID-19 ,Human genetics ,COVID-19 Drug Treatment ,therapeutic use [Antiviral Agents] ,lcsh:Genetics ,Respiratory failure ,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases ,Case-Control Studies ,Immunology ,RNA ,Stratification ,business ,Granulocytes - Abstract
Background The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is currently leading to increasing numbers of COVID-19 patients all over the world. Clinical presentations range from asymptomatic, mild respiratory tract infection, to severe cases with acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, and death. Reports on a dysregulated immune system in the severe cases call for a better characterization and understanding of the changes in the immune system. Methods In order to dissect COVID-19-driven immune host responses, we performed RNA-seq of whole blood cell transcriptomes and granulocyte preparations from mild and severe COVID-19 patients and analyzed the data using a combination of conventional and data-driven co-expression analysis. Additionally, publicly available data was used to show the distinction from COVID-19 to other diseases. Reverse drug target prediction was used to identify known or novel drug candidates based on finding from data-driven findings. Results Here, we profiled whole blood transcriptomes of 39 COVID-19 patients and 10 control donors enabling a data-driven stratification based on molecular phenotype. Neutrophil activation-associated signatures were prominently enriched in severe patient groups, which was corroborated in whole blood transcriptomes from an independent second cohort of 30 as well as in granulocyte samples from a third cohort of 16 COVID-19 patients (44 samples). Comparison of COVID-19 blood transcriptomes with those of a collection of over 3100 samples derived from 12 different viral infections, inflammatory diseases, and independent control samples revealed highly specific transcriptome signatures for COVID-19. Further, stratified transcriptomes predicted patient subgroup-specific drug candidates targeting the dysregulated systemic immune response of the host. Conclusions Our study provides novel insights in the distinct molecular subgroups or phenotypes that are not simply explained by clinical parameters. We show that whole blood transcriptomes are extremely informative for COVID-19 since they capture granulocytes which are major drivers of disease severity.
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- 2021
91. Study of novel molecular defects in human pancreas dysfunction
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Landthaler, Markus, Spagnoli, Francesca, Spuler, Simone, Müller, Laura Mara, Landthaler, Markus, Spagnoli, Francesca, Spuler, Simone, and Müller, Laura Mara
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Diabetes ist ein weltweites Problem, das durch den Verlust oder die Dysfunktion der Insulin-produzierenden β-Zellen des Pankreas verursacht wird. In seltenen Fällen entsteht Diabetes durch eine Mutation in einem einzigen Gen. Diese monogenetischen Formen des Diabetes können zur Identifizierung neuer Regulatoren der β-Zellen-Entwicklung und -Funktion beitragen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit habe ich neue putative Diabetes-assoziierte Gene untersucht, die zuvor durch „Next-Generation“ Sequenzierung in einer Gruppe von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit idiopathischem Diabetes festgestellt wurden. Insbesondere analysierte ich neuartige Mutationsvarianten in Genen kodierend für Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) und Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 2 (GLI2). Basierend auf den folgenden Kriterien wurden diese Transkriptionsregulatoren zur weiteren funktionellen Analyse priorisiert: Genetische Information, Patientenphänotyp und Expressionsprofil der Kandidaten Gene in Mauspankreas-Vorläuferzellen. Um die Rolle der Varianten während der pankreatischen Zelltypspezifizierung zu untersuchen, nutzte ich die CRISPR-Cas9 Methode in Kombination mit Stammzellendifferenzierung. Im Detail generierte ich diverse Stammzellen mittels CRISPR-Cas9, die die Mutationsvarianten der Patienten trugen und differenzierte diese zu β-ähnlichen Zellen. Weitere in vitro und Transkriptionsanalysen zeigten, dass die Variante c.C4661T in GLI2 die Entwicklung der β-ähnlichen Zellen beeinträchtigte, was für eine genetische Prädisposition zur Entwicklung von Diabetes verantwortlich sein kann. Zusätzlich nutzte ich diese Plattform, um neue extrinsische Faktoren zu untersuchen und zeigte, dass die fördernde Rolle von HC toxin (HDAC Inhibitor) und SLIT3 (ROBO Ligand) konserviert ist. Zusammenfassend habe ich eine Differenzierungsplattform etabliert, um die Rolle von genetischen und extrinsischen Faktoren für die Entwicklung des Pankreas und/oder β-Zellen zu untersuchen., Diabetes is a worldwide health problem caused by the loss or dysfunction of the insulin-secreting β-cells in the pancreas. Unelucidated forms of monogenic diabetes, arising from rare mutations in one single gene, represent invaluable models for identifying new targets of β-cell development and function. In this study, I focused on putative disease-associated genes for diabetes that have been previously identified by next-generation sequencing of a cohort of patients with puberty-onset diabetes. In particular, I investigated unique mutant variants in genes coding for Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) and Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 2 (GLI2). These transcriptional regulators were prioritized for functional analysis based on patient phenotype, expression level in pancreas progenitor cells and available genetic information. To investigate the role of the genetic mutant variants in pancreatic cell fate decisions and cell function, I used the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas9 genome editing technology in combination with human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-directed β-cell differentiation. Employing these approaches, I established several patient-like iPSC lines carrying the identified heterozygous missense variants. Specifically, functional experiments and whole transcriptome analysis showed that the variant c.C4661T in GLI2 impairs human β-cell differentiation and β-cell function, which might be responsible for a genetic predisposition to develop diabetes. In addition, I used the same iPSC-based differentiation model system to study novel extrinsic factors, namely the HDAC inhibitor HC toxin and the ROBO ligand SLIT3 and uncovered their conserved role in enhancing human β-cell development. Taking together, I established a human iPSC differentiation platform to study critical genes and extrinsic factors that are necessary for human pancreas development and/or β-cells.
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- 2021
92. Role of Oct4 in pXEN cell differentiation and MET process
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Kurtz, Andreas, Pombo, Ana, Landthaler, Markus, Han, Dongjun, Kurtz, Andreas, Pombo, Ana, Landthaler, Markus, and Han, Dongjun
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Primitive extraembryonale Endoderm (pXEN) Stam-Zelllinien der Ratte repraesentieren wahrscheinlich die festgelegten Vorläufer des extraembryonalen. Die im mesenchymalen Zustand gehaltenen pXEN-Zellen können in vitro weiter zu parietalen und viszeralen Endoderm-ähnlichen Zellen differenzieren. pXEN-Zellen zusätzlich halten moderate Konzentrationen des ICM-Markers Oct4 aufrecht. Die Bedeutung von Oct4 in pXEN-Zellen ist jedoch unbekannt. Bei höheren Zelldichten, beobachteten wir eine erhöhte Oct4-Expression und gleichzeitig eine Tendenz zu Epithelialisierung (MET) und viszeral endodermaler (VE) Differenzierung. Um zu klären, ob die Oct4-Expression kausal beteiligt ist, modulierten wir die Oct4-Konzentration. Transienter Knockdown von Oct4 reduzierte tendenziell die Expression von MET / VE-assoziierten Genen; umgekehrt förderte die Doxycycline-induzierte Expression eines menschlichen Oct4-Transgens die MET / VE-Differenzierung und verhinderte die Bildung charakteristischer Gang-Strukturen. Im letzteren Fall ging dem MET eine anfängliche Zell-Verlängerung und eine erhöhte Zellmotilität voraus. Da ein GSK3-Inhibitor und Activin A auch den MET / VE-Phänotyp stimulierten, fragten wir uns, ob Oct4 über die Wnt/β-Catenin oder TGFβ Signalwege wirkt. Die verschiedene Schritte der Wnt/β-Catenin Signalgebung hemmen, blockierten die hOct4-induzierte MET- und VE-Expression nicht. Im Gegensatz dazu verhinderte Repsox, ein Inhibitor von Alk5 (TGFBR1), das hOct4-induzierte MET und die Expression von MET- und VE-Genen und stimulierte eher die Expression von parietalen Endoderm (PE) Genen. Zusammengefasst zeigen diese Daten eine Rolle für Oct4 bei der MET / VE-Differenzierung auf, wahrscheinlich durch Stimulation eines TGFβ Signalweges. Weiterführende Experimente sind erforderlich um zu bestimmen, wie die zwei Prozesse der MET- und VE-Differenzierung innerhalb der extraembryonalen Endoderm-Linie unterschieden und in Beziehung gesetzt werden., Rat primitive extraembryonic endoderm (pXEN) cell lines appear to represent the committed precursors of the extraembryonic endoderm. The pXEN cells maintained in the mesenchymal state can further differentiate to the parietal endoderm and visceral endoderm like-cells in vitro. In addition, pXEN cells maintain moderate levels of the ICM marker Oct4, a transcription factor that plays important roles in pluripotency, plasticity, and differentiation. However, the significance of Oct4 in pXEN cell lineage specification is unknown. We observed that rat pXEN cells show increased Oct4 expression at higher densities, a condition that also promotes their epithelialization (MET) and visceral endodermal (VE) differentiation. In order to elucidate whether the Oct4 expression is causally involved, we modulated the Oct4 levels. Transient knockdown of Oct4 tended to reduce the expression of MET/VE-associated genes; conversely, the doxycycline-induced expression of a human Oct4 transgene promoted MET/VE differentiation and prevented the formation of characteristic duct structures. In the latter case, the MET was preceded by an initial elongation and increased cell motility. Since GSK3 inhibitor and Activin A also stimulated the MET/VE phenotype, we then asked whether Oct4 acts through the Wnt/β-catenin or TGFβ pathways. Wnt inhibitors did not block the hOct4-induced MET and VE expression. By contrast, Repsox, an inhibitor of Alk5 (TGFBR1), prevented the hOct4-induced MET and the expression of MET and VE genes and rather stimulated the expression of parietal endoderm (PE) genes. Taken together, these data indicate a role for Oct4 in MET/VE differentiation via stimulation of TGFβ signaling. Further work is needed to determine how the two MET and VE differentiation processes are distinguished and related within the extraembryonic endoderm lineage.
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- 2021
93. Functional characterization of the RNA-binding protein HDLBP
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Landthaler, Markus, Beckmann, Benedikt, Heyd, Florian, Zinnall, Ulrike, Landthaler, Markus, Beckmann, Benedikt, Heyd, Florian, and Zinnall, Ulrike
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Der Sekretionsweg ist essenziell für die Funktion von Zellen und beginnt, wenn mRNAs, die für Membran- und Sekretionsproteine codieren, an das endoplasmatische Retikulum (ER) gebracht werden. Allerdings ist wenig darüber bekannt, inwiefern RNA-bindende Proteine zur Erkennung und Translation von ER lokalisierten mRNAs beitragen. In dieser Arbeit haben wir das humane RNA-bindende Protein HDLBP charakterisiert. Wir haben durch PAR-CLIP-, Zellfraktionierungs- und RNA-Seqeuenzierexperimente festgestellt, dass HDLBP an mehr als 80% aller ER lokalisierten mRNAs bindet. Analysen zu HDLBPs Bindungsmotiv haben gezeigt, dass HDLBP vorwiegend an ein CU-haltiges Motiv in der codierenden Sequenz (CDS) hauptsächlich von ER lokalisierten mRNAs bindet. Im Gegensatz dazu enthalten zytosolische HDLBP gebundene mRNAs weniger Bindungsstellen und diese treten sowohl in der CDS als auch in 3‘ untranslatierten Regionen auf. Dies zeigt, dass sich ER lokalisierte mRNAs von Zytosol lokalisierten mRNAs in ihrer Sequenzzusammensetzung hinsichtlich der HDLBP Bindungsstellen unterscheiden. Weitere Analysen des PAR-CLIP-Experiments ergaben, dass HDLBP mit RNA-Komponenten des Signalerkennungspartikels (SRP) und der 40S ribosomalen Untereinheit interagiert. Durch BioID-Experimente haben wir Proteine in unmittelbarer Nähe zu HDLBP bestimmt und konnten damit die Assoziation von HDLBP mit Komponenten des Translationsapparates und des SRPs bestätigen. Funktionelle Studien, bei denen wir CRISPR-Cas9 erzeugte HDLBP Knockout (KO) Zelllinien in Kombination mit Ribosomen-Profiling verwendet haben, haben gezeigt, dass HDLBP die Translation von mRNAs fördert, die an HDLBP gebunden und am ER lokalisiert sind. Letztlich haben in vivo Experimente mit Nacktmäusen ergeben, dass HDLBP KO eine Abnahme der Lungentumorbildung verursacht, was die Relevanz von HDLBP für die Tumorprogression hervorhebt. Insgesamt zeigt unsere Arbeit eine generelle Funktion von HDLBP bei der Translation von ER lokalisierten mRNAs., The secretory pathway is essential for proper cell functioning and starts when mRNAs encoding membrane and secretory proteins are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, little is known about the contribution of RNA-binding proteins to the recognition, localization and translation of ER-localized mRNAs. In this work, we characterized the human RNA-binding protein HDLBP. We identified that HDLBP binds to more than 80% of all ER-localized mRNAs by PAR-CLIP, cell fractionation and RNA-sequencing experiments. Analysis of the HDLBP binding motif showed that it predominantly binds to a CU-containing motif and forms high affinity multivalent interactions primarily in the coding sequence (CDS) of ER-localized mRNAs. In contrast, we identified that cytosolic HDLBP mRNA targets show less HDLBP binding sites randomly distributed between the CDS or 3’ untranslated regions. This indicates that ER-localized mRNAs per se differ from cytosol-localized mRNAs in their sequence composition with regard to HDLBP binding sites. Further PAR-CLIP analysis revealed that HDLBP interacts with RNA components of the signal recognition particle (SRP) and the 40S ribosomal subunit. We identified by BioID experiments proteins in close proximity to HDLBP and confirmed the association of HDLBP with components of the translational apparatus and the SRP. Functional studies using CRISPR-Cas9 HDLBP knockout (KO) cell lines in combination with ribosome profiling demonstrated that HDLBP promotes the translation of its ER-localized target mRNAs. We validated this finding by pSILAC experiments and detected the corresponding decrease in protein synthesis of proteins encoded by mRNAs that are bound by HDLBP and ER-localized. Lastly, in vivo experiments with nude mice showed that HDLBP KO resulted in a decrease of lung tumor formation highlighting the relevance of HDLBP for tumor progression. Overall, these results demonstrate a general function for HDLBP in the translation of ER-localized mRNAs.
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- 2021
94. Integrative functional genomics decodes herpes simplex virus 1
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Whisnant, Adam W, Jürges, Christopher S, Hennig, Thomas, Wyler, Emanuel, Prusty, Bhupesh, Rutkowski, Andrzej J, L'hernault, Anne, Djakovic, Lara, Göbel, Margarete, Döring, Kristina, Menegatti, Jennifer, Antrobus, Robin, Matheson, Nicholas J, Künzig, Florian WH, Mastrobuoni, Guido, Bielow, Chris, Kempa, Stefan, Liang, Chunguang, Dandekar, Thomas, Zimmer, Ralf, Landthaler, Markus, Grässer, Friedrich, Lehner, Paul J, Friedel, Caroline C, Erhard, Florian, Dölken, Lars, HIRI, Helmholtz-Institut für RNA-basierte Infektionsforschung, Josef-Shneider Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany., Whisnant, Adam W [0000-0003-2039-2809], Jürges, Christopher S [0000-0001-5617-6601], Wyler, Emanuel [0000-0002-9884-1806], Prusty, Bhupesh [0000-0001-7051-4670], Djakovic, Lara [0000-0002-9368-9403], Matheson, Nicholas J [0000-0002-3318-1851], Künzig, Florian WH [0000-0003-3730-3905], Mastrobuoni, Guido [0000-0003-4509-1295], Bielow, Chris [0000-0001-5756-3988], Kempa, Stefan [0000-0002-0696-9299], Liang, Chunguang [0000-0002-0305-2522], Dandekar, Thomas [0000-0003-1886-7625], Landthaler, Markus [0000-0002-1075-8734], Friedel, Caroline C [0000-0003-3569-4877], Erhard, Florian [0000-0002-3574-6983], Dölken, Lars [0000-0002-4651-3544], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ,Biological Products ,Genes, Viral ,viruses ,Computational Biology ,Genome, Viral ,Genomics ,Herpesvirus 1, Human ,Fibroblasts ,Article ,Computational biology and bioinformatics ,Open Reading Frames ,Protein Domains ,Cricetinae ,Chlorocebus aethiops ,Animals ,Humans ,Protein Isoforms ,Herpes virus ,Transcriptome ,Ribosomes ,Vero Cells - Abstract
The predicted 80 open reading frames (ORFs) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) have been intensively studied for decades. Here, we unravel the complete viral transcriptome and translatome during lytic infection with base-pair resolution by computational integration of multi-omics data. We identify a total of 201 transcripts and 284 ORFs including all known and 46 novel large ORFs. This includes a so far unknown ORF in the locus deleted in the FDA-approved oncolytic virus Imlygic. Multiple transcript isoforms expressed from individual gene loci explain translation of the vast majority of ORFs as well as N-terminal extensions (NTEs) and truncations. We show that NTEs with non-canonical start codons govern the subcellular protein localization and packaging of key viral regulators and structural proteins. We extend the current nomenclature to include all viral gene products and provide a genome browser that visualizes all the obtained data from whole genome to single-nucleotide resolution., Here, using computational integration of multi-omics data, the authors provide a detailed transcriptome and translatome of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), including previously unidentified ORFs and N-terminal extensions. The study also provides a HSV-1 genome browser and should be a valuable resource for further research.
- Published
- 2019
95. Herpesviral induction of germline transcription factor DUX4 is critical for viral gene expression
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Walter, Stephanie, primary, Franke, Vedran, additional, Drayman, Nir, additional, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Tay, Savaş, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, Akalin, Altuna, additional, Ensser, Armin, additional, and Full, Florian, additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
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96. Neurodegeneration in human brain organoids infected with herpes simplex virus type 1
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Rybak-Wolf, Agnieszka, primary, Wyler, Emanuel, additional, Legnini, Ivano, additional, Loewa, Anna, additional, Glažar, Petar, additional, Kim, Seung Joon, additional, Pentimalli, Tancredi Massimo, additional, Martinez, Anna Oliveras, additional, Beyersdorf, Benjamin, additional, Woehler, Andrew, additional, Landthaler, Markus, additional, and Rajewsky, Nikolaus, additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
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97. Transcriptomic profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infected human cell lines identifies HSP90 as target for COVID-19 therapy
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Wyler, Emanuel, Mösbauer, Kirstin, Franke, Vedran, Diag, Asija, Gottula, Lina Theresa, Arsiè, Roberto, Klironomos, Filippos, Koppstein, David, Hönzke, Katja, Ayoub, Salah, Buccitelli, Christopher, Hoffmann, Karen, Richter, Anja, Legnini, Ivano, Ivanov, Andranik, Mari, Tommaso, Del Giudice, Simone, Papies, Jan, Praktiknjo, Samantha, Meyer, Thomas F., Müller, Marcel Alexander, Niemeyer, Daniela, Hocke, Andreas, Selbach, Matthias, Akalin, Altuna, Rajewsky, Nikolaus, Drosten, Christian, and Landthaler, Markus
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Cancer Research ,Multidisciplinary ,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases ,viruses ,Virology ,Omics ,lcsh:Q ,Technology Platforms ,Biological Sciences ,Function and Dysfunction of the Nervous System ,Transcriptomics ,lcsh:Science ,Article - Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for understanding of viral replication, host responses and disease progression. Here, we report gene expression profiles of three SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infected human cell lines. SARS-CoV-2 elicited an approximately two-fold higher stimulation of the innate immune response compared to SARS-CoV in the human epithelial cell line Calu-3, including induction of miRNA-155. Single-cell RNA sequencing of infected cells showed that genes induced by virus infections were broadly upregulated, whereas interferon beta/lambda genes an pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 were expressed only in small subsets of infected cells. Temporal analysis suggested that transcriptional activities of interferon regulatory factors precede those of nuclear factor κB. Lastly, we identified heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) as a protein relevant for the infection. Inhibition of the HSP90 activity resulted in a reduction of viral replication and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in primary human airway epithelial cells., Graphical Abstract
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- 2020
98. Regulating with ribonucleases in Streptococcus pyogenes
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Charpentier, Emmanuelle, Landthaler, Markus, Dersch, Petra, Broglia, Laura, Charpentier, Emmanuelle, Landthaler, Markus, Dersch, Petra, and Broglia, Laura
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Bakterien haben eine Vielzahl an Strategien entwickelt, um sich an ständig wechselnde Umweltbedingungen anzupassen, darunter auch post-transkriptionelle regulatorische Mechanismen. Die Genexpression kann hierbei durch gezielten Abbau oder Stabilisierung von RNA durch Ribonukleasen (RNasen) reguliert werden. RNasen weisen je nach Spezies allerdings unterschiedliche Effekte auf Genexpression und bakterielle Physiologie, sowie verschiedene Strategien der Substraterkennung auf. Dies zeigt, dass unser Verständnis des RNA-Abbaus bei weitem nicht vollständig ist. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Eigenschaften und Funktionen der endoRNase Y des humanpathogenen Bakteriums Streptococcus pyogenes zu studieren. Um Einblick in Funktion und Spezifität dieser RNase zu gewinnen, wurden deren genomweite Schnittpositionen (“targetome”) mit Hilfe von RNA-Sequenzierung identifiziert. Zur weiteren Analyse des RNase Y-abhängigen RNA-Abbaus wurde dieses Ergebnis mit dem “targetome” der drei 3′-5′-Exoribonukleasen (ExoRNasen) PNPase, YhaM und RNase R verglichen. Schließlich wurden die Anforderungen für die Prozessierung durch RNase Y und deren Rolle in der Regulation von Virulenzgenen in vivo anhand der speB mRNA, die einen wichtigen Virulenzfaktor codiert, untersucht. Wir konnten in dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass RNase Y Substrate bevorzugt nach einem Guanosin schneidet und dieses Nukleosid essenziell für die Prozessierung der speB mRNA in vivo ist. Obwohl RNase Y die speB mRNA schneidet, unterstützen die Daten ein Modell nach dem RNase Y die Expression von speB auf transkriptioneller Ebene reguliert. Mit Hilfe des “targetome”-Vergleichs konnten wir ferner zeigen, dass RNase Y den RNA-Abbau in S. pyogenes initiiert und die dabei generierten 3′-Enden der RNA hauptsächlich von den 3′-5′-exoRNasen PNPase und/oder YhaM prozessiert werden. Zusammenfassend erweitern diese Erkenntnisse unser Verständnis der Funktionalität von RNase Y und des RNA-Abbaus in Gram-positiven Bakterien., Bacteria have developed a plethora of strategies to cope with constantly changing environmental conditions, including post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. With this regard, regulation of gene expression can be achieved by either the rapid removal or stabilization of RNA molecules by ribonucleases (RNases). RNases exhibit species-specific effects on gene expression, bacterial physiology and different strategies of target recognition, indicating that our understanding of the RNA degradation machinery is not yet complete. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the features and functions of endoRNase Y from the strict human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. To gain insight into the role and specificity of this RNase, we identified RNase Y cleavage positions (i.e. targetome) genome-wide by RNA sequencing. Next, to investigate the RNA degradation pathway depending on RNase Y, we compared the RNase Y targetome with the ones of the three 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease (exoRNases), namely PNPase, YhaM and RNase R. Finally, to dissect the requirements for RNase Y processing and to decipher the role of RNase Y in virulence gene regulation, we studied the impact of RNase Y on speB mRNA, encoding a major virulence factor. This study reveals that RNase Y preferentially cleaves RNAs downstream of a guanosine and for the first time we were able to show that the presence of a guanosine residue is essential for the processing of speB mRNA, in vivo. Although RNase Y cleaves the speB mRNA, our data underpin a model in which RNase Y-mediated regulation of speB expression occurs at the transcriptional level. Using the targetome comparative approach, we demonstrated that RNase Y initiates RNA decay in S. pyogenes and that the RNase Y-generated RNA 3′ ends are usually further trimmed by PNPase and/or YhaM. Overall, these findings increase our understanding of RNase Y functionality and RNA degradation in Gram-positive bacteria.
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- 2020
99. Oscillatory transcription factors and stochastic gene expression
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Löwer, Alexander, Hermann, Andreas, Landthaler, Markus, Friedrich, Dhana, Löwer, Alexander, Hermann, Andreas, Landthaler, Markus, and Friedrich, Dhana
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Transkriptionsfaktoren (TFs) empfangen Signale in Signaltransduktionskaskaden und übersetzen diese in eine zelluläre Antwort. Dadurch ermöglichen sie es Zellen, Organen und Organismen sich an verändernde Umgebungsbedingungen anzupassen. In früheren Studien wurde gezeigt, dass viele TFs nach Aktivierung Oszillationen im Zellkern aufweisen. Ein Beispiel dafür ist p53. Als zentrales Protein im Rahmen der zellulären Stressantwort reguliert es nach DNA Schaden die Expression hunderter Zielgene die das Zellschicksal steuern. Anomalien in der Aktivität von p53 stehen im Zusammenhang mit schwerwiegenden Erkrankungen wie der Krebsentstehung. Die Dynamik der Akkumulation von p53 im Zellkern ist abhängig von der Art des DNA Schadens und korreliert mit der resultierenden zellulären Antwort. Obwohl dieser Zusammenhang mehrfach gezeigt wurde, sind die zugrundeliegenden molekularen Mechanismen jedoch weitgehend unerforscht. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit soll ein Beitrag zum Verständnis dazu geleistet werden, wie p53 Oszillationen im Zellkern die Transkription von Zielgenen auf Einzelzellebene modulieren. Dazu wurden sieben Zielgene ausgewählt und mittels Einzelmolekül-Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierung und mathematischer Analyse charakterisiert. Es werden Ergebnisse der quantitativen, zeitaufgelösten mRNA Expression und der bursting Aktivität von Zielgenpromotoren mit Einzelzell- und Einzelmolekülauflösung dargestellt. Diese Analyse weist darauf hin, dass die Aktivierung von p53 nach DNA Doppelstrangbrüchen primär die Frequenz des stochastischen bursting der untersuchten Zielgene reguliert. Diese können anhand ihrer Promotoraktivität in drei Archetypen eingeteilt werden: anhaltend, transient und pulsierend, die jedoch nicht ausschließlich durch veränderte p53 Menge im Zellkern erklärt werden können. Stattdessen weisen die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass Veränderungen im Acetylierungszustand der C-terminalen Lysinreste von p53 entscheidend für diese Gen-spezifische Regulation sind., Transcription factors (TFs) are receiver and compiler of cell signaling, transmitting incoming inputs into cellular responses that enable cells, organs and organisms to respond and adapt to a changing environment. In the past, it has been shown that many TFs exhibit oscillations of nuclear abundance over time when activated. One of these TFs is the tumor suppressor p53, a central hub in the signaling network regulating the cellular stress response, controlling cell fate decisions by changing the expression of hundreds of target genes. Aberrations in p53’s activity are related to severe human malignancies such as cancer. The dynamics of its nuclear accumulation are stimulus dependent and enable the p53 pathway to mediate distinct responses to cellular stress. However, the molecular mechanisms translating such dynamics to altered gene expression remain elusive. In this thesis, I analyzed how oscillations of p53 affect the transcriptional regulation of target genes in single-cells and at individual promoters. I chose a panel of seven targets and employed a combinatorial approach of single-molecule fluorescence in-situ hybridization and mathematical analysis. I present quantitative, time-resolved measurements of target gene mRNA expression and transcriptional bursting activity with single-cell and single-molecule resolution. The resulting data show characteristic principles how p53 nuclear accumulation increases transcriptional bursting upon stimulation and reveal gene-specific modulations. P53 target promoters are regulated by changing the fraction of active promoters, indicating burst frequency regulation. Based on this, genes can be grouped along three archetypes of promoter activity: sustained, transient and pulsatile. These archetypes cannot solely be explained by nuclear p53 levels or promoter binding of total p53. Instead, I provide evidence that the time-varying acetylation state of p53’s C-terminal lysine residues is critical for this gene-specific regulation.
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- 2020
100. Regulation of virulence related genes by RNA and RNA-interacting proteins in bacteria
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Turgay, Kürşad, Landthaler, Markus, Charpentier, Emmanuelle, Escalera-Maurer, Andres, Turgay, Kürşad, Landthaler, Markus, Charpentier, Emmanuelle, and Escalera-Maurer, Andres
- Abstract
Ziel der Arbeit war es, die regulatorischen Mechanismen von Virulenz-assoziierten Genen in den Pathogenen Francisella novicida und Streptococcus pyogenes zu untersuchen. Kapitel eins befasst sich mit der Regulation des Virulenzfaktors Streptolysin S (SLS) von S. pyogenes. Wir untersuchten die Rolle der Ribonuklease (RNase) Y in der transkriptionellen und posttranstrikptionellen Regulation des Gens sagA. RNase Y begünstigte die Produktion einer kleinen RNA (sRNA) vom sagA Transkript, war jedoch nicht an der posttranskriptionellen Regulierung der sagA RNA beteiligt. Dennoch förderte RNase Y die Transkription von sagA indirekt. Wir konnten weiterhin zeigen, dass die 5′- untranslatierte Region (UTR) der sgaA RNA eine Sekundärstruktur besitzt, die möglicherweise einen Liganden bindet und damit die Zugänglichkeit der ribosomalen Bindungsstelle beeinflusst. Die Deletion einzelner Abschnitte der 5′ UTR hat einen negativen Effekt auf die sagA Expression. Wir haben eine Methode entwickelt um die Aktivität von Riboswitches, (u.a. die sagA 5‘ UTR) zu analysieren und konnten damit drei putative Riboswitches in S. pyogenes validieren. In Kapitel zwei charakterisierten wir den Mechanismus mit dem CRISPR-Cas9 aus F. novicida (FnoCas9) die Expression bakterieller Lipoproteine (BLPs) unterdrückt, um dem Immunsystem des Wirtes zu entgehen. Wir zeigen, dass FnoCas9 eine duale Funktion besitzt, die es dem Protein ermöglicht nicht nur DNA zu schneiden, sondern auch Transkription zu regulieren. In dieser erstmals beschriebenen Aktivität bindet FnoCas9 an den tracrRNA:scaRNA Duplex, wodurch der Protein-RNA Komplex an einen DNA Abschnitt hinter dem Promoter der blp Gene bindet und somit deren Transkription verhindert. Diese Bindungsstelle besitzt ein protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) und eine scaRNA-komplementäre Sequenz, an die der FnoCas9-RNA Komplex bindet, allerdings nicht schneidet. Dieses System könnte in Zukunft das Repertoire an CRISPR-basierten Anwendungsmöglichkeiten erweitern., The aim of this thesis was to study regulatory mechanisms of virulence-related genes in the bacterial pathogens Francicella novicida and Streptococcus pyogenes. Chapter one focuses on the regulation of the virulence factor streptolysin S (SLS) in S. pyogenes. First, we investigated the role of the ribonuclease (RNase) Y in the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of SLS-coding gene, sagA. We found that RNase Y promotes the production of a small RNA (sRNA) from the sagA transcript but we observed no regulation at the post-transcriptional level. Yet, RNase Y promotes sagA transcription indirectly and affects hemolysis levels. We next showed that the sagA 5′ untranslated region (UTR) contains a secondary structure that is is possibly modulated by direct binding to a ligand and may affect the accessibility to the ribosomal binding site (RBS). Our results indicate that removing fragments of the 5′ UTR has a negative effect on sagA expression. We developed a method for testing the activity of putative riboswitches, including sagA 5′ UTR. Using this method, we validated three predicted riboswitches in S. pyogenes. In chapter two, we characterized the mechanism by which F. novicida CRISPR-Cas9 (FnoCas9) represses the expression of bacterial lipoproteins (BLPs), allowing evasion of the host immune system. We show that FnoCas9 is a dual-function protein that, in addition to its canonical DNA nuclease activity, evolved the ability to regulate transcription. In this newly-described mechanism, the non-canonical RNA duplex tracrRNA:scaRNA guides FnoCas9 to the DNA target located downstream of the promoter of the BLP-coding genes, causing transcriptional interference. The endogenous targets contain a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) and a sequence that is complementary to scaRNA, promoting FnoCas9 binding but not DNA cleavage. Engineering this system expands the toolbox of CRISPR applications by allowing repressing other genes of interest.
- Published
- 2020
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