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Few years ago, divorce was considered as one of the rare social phenomena in the Indian context. As the society started taking a new shape due to modernization and technological advancement, the rigid boundaries governing traditional Indian life began to replace with the new outlook as well as lifestyle. It gave a momentum when women took up employment that increased the incompatibility of gender because of the change in the position of women. Further, changing demographic contexts from rural lifestyle to city or metros,shift from extended family system to nuclear family, selection of spouse in contrary to arranged marriage are the features of changed scenario in India. In a modern society, dissolution of marriage derives from the idea that living an independent life is better than keeping marriages in terms of personal welfare. This article draws on the issues and concerns of marriages due to the changing scenario in socio-cultural life, technological outburst through social media and other forms media, influence of west, etc that has challenged the durability of the marriages in India. The aim of this study is to examine the recent trends on divorce. And the objectives are to know the socio-cultural factors that influence on the divorce rates and to suggest possible strategies for reducing or solve the problems of divorce in the family. 50 male and 50 female respondents studied in detail in this research study.

The purpose of self-esteem is to feel and imagine that people nurtured in their mind over time about their self. In simple words, self-esteem is self-assessment; this perception and evaluation can be positive or negative and pleasant or unpleasant. Children with high self-esteem, usually feel good about themselves and better able to resolve their conflicts with other children and are resistant to deal with problems. One of the most important human traits to achieve objectives is self-esteem. The term self-esteem means “reverence for self”. The “self” pertains to the values, beliefs, and attitudes that we hold about ourselves. Having a strong will and self-confidence, decision-making power and originality, creativity, sanity and mental health is directly related to self-esteem and sense of self-worth. It also refers to an individual’s sense of his or her value or worth, or the extent to which a person values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes him or herself. During childhood, if individual’s feelings are respected, thoughts valued and abilities recognized then self-esteem strengthens. When feelings are trampled upon, thoughts belittled and ability criticized then the individual’s self-esteem remains at a low point of development and is therefore weak. During the course of time, an individual faces many life situations. Depending upon the success or failure and one's reaction to every significant situation in life, self–esteem grows stronger or gets considerably weakened Self-esteem is described as the evaluation that one makes about oneself, based on one's self-worth. Increases and decreases in self-esteem generally bring strong emotional reactions. Self-esteem and academic performance are interrelated factors. This study tries to bring the connectivity between academic performance and the self-esteem. The main aim of the study is to know the level of self-esteem of the students with low academic performance. The objectives of this study are to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement, to understand the Socio-Economic background, to assess the level of self-esteem, and to know what could be the reason for low academic performance in spite of having high self-esteem. The research design used for the study would be descriptive in nature.

Earlier people had sincerity and commitment in the work they do. But today an employee would not believe in such values of work. He works very hard to get a handsome salary to sustain his living. Along with this the most interesting motivation is the quality of working life which is a systematic approach to design and a promising development in the broad area of job enrichment. The criteria for measuring the quality of work life are Adequate and fair compensations, healthy working conditions, Opportunity to use and develop human capacities, Opportunity for career growth, Social Integration in the workforce, Work and quality of life, the Social relevance of work etc. The study shows that when there is better quality at work the productivity of the employees’ increases. Thus the quality of work life can lead to organizational effectiveness; organizational commitment, job satisfaction, providing employee motivation; personal growth and development enhance competencies which in turn would lead to increase productivity and profit. It also becomes important that suitable working condition will definitely influence the quality of work. The main aim of this research is to study the quality of work life of the private sector employees. Interview scheduled and the objectives are to study the various issues of the private sector employers and job satisfaction. 50 private service employees were selected randomly for the research to ask their opinion and the issues. Both primary and secondary source of information is used in the study.

Migration is the movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new or semi-permanent residence. Migration is from a rural area to the urban area in search of new job avenues, improve their economic condition and to improve the standard of living once they go back to their native. Migration denotes a person living outside his or her native place especially from a rural area to urban. Many leave their homes because there are not enough employment opportunities, low yielding land, more family members depend on the small land, food, water, work or other fundamental requirements like health benefits, education. Another important aspect is that the consequences of environmental catastrophes, such as drought, floods, low prices for their products, disease to the product can also force thousands to leave their native countries. Today people are moving towards cities seeking employment opportunities. In this paper, the researcher wants to study about causes and effects of migration with the case study. The objectives are to know the reason for migration and the effects of their migration. 50 respondents were covered out of 1400 migrated people from Bijapura colony, Lingappayana Kadu, Mulky, under simple random sampling method. Questionnaires method was used to collect the data. Both primary and secondary data was included.

Teaching is said to be a noble profession. It is considered to be a profession that identifies the potential in the children and try to bring out the destiny of people. Mother is considered as the first teacher and later teacher in the school will take over the responsibility in molding the children so that they can identify their inner talent and reach their goal in life. Teachers also create the future citizens and to create the administrators, doctors, scientists, engineers and all other professionals. All these are the products of sound teaching order. The Job of teaching is self-rewarding so far as experience, knowledge and emotional satisfaction are concerned. In this profession one may work, earn and remain youthful and young as all the time he/she will be among the youth, thinking new ideas with an innovative spirit. Education is the backbone of the progressing nation which ultimately depends on the teacher. A quality teacher is the one who has a passion for teaching can do tremendous changes in the life of their children. She is also called the torch bearer; he/she moulds the lives of thousands of children. But generally, they are from a low-income group, and with more job dissatisfaction. Financially they are weak, socially they are of low status, and they suffer from stress. In this paper, the researcher tries to highlight various types of stress and the problems faced by the primary level teacher working in the government schools in Dakshina Kannada. 50 teachers were identified randomly for this research.

Ageing is a normal, common, universal and un-avoiding phenomenon. Ageing has three aspects biological, psychological and social. We are living in this busy world, it is the duty of each and every young ones to spend a little time for our elders, patient listening, loving talks and careful attention can relieve many of the psychological problems. It appears in India senior citizens have no right to live a life of dignity. Day by day they are getting shocks and traumas in one form or other, the past two decades the social scene, due to a number of factors, had undergone drastic changes with the joint family system breaking down. Today, nuclear families are the norm. In fact, for most people, growing old is time to be enjoyed. They mostly ignore the symptoms considering it as the signs of aging. Institutionalized elderly refers to the people above the age of sixty years who live in the institution and Non-institutional elderly means who stay in their own house alone, with their partner, children, and grandchildren together. The issues and problems are varied in any place be it in families or in the institution. It differs from person to person. The researchers came to know of various problems faced by them. Thus was interested to study the problems they face. The scope of the study is restricted to only 50 elderly in Mangalore city. 25 respondents are from institutions and 25 from those living in families. The aim is to draw a comparison between the problems faced by the elderly in each of these places. The objectives are to assess the problems faced by the elderly and to know their opinion on their stay. The respondents were selected adopting a simple random method of sampling.

Psychiatric patients have got an increased morbidity and mortality to other physical health problem. The most problem they are facing is the lifestyle factors such as the use of substances and the decreased physical activity. These patients are mainly restricted to their home. If mental ill patients do not create any problems to the family members and their neighbouring families, the family members are happy and not so much bother about the patients. And if they are not creating any problems for others, family members are not bothered or motivated to treat the mentally ill patients. Hence the lack of motivation from the other family members results in mentally ill patients showing the symptoms of the high risk of being affected by other health problem. There is the availability of treatment to the mentally ill patient. There was only a little availability of the treatment facilities for the psychiatric patients. So the lack of services available and the most vulnerable nature made them more adherent to the problems. There is a direct relationship between the physical and mental health of the patients. In this study the researcher dealing with only the minor issues such as substance abuse, obesity, hypertension, diabetes along with the mental illness, and it would be a way to understand the problems of these patients. The main aim of the study is to study the problems of mentally ill patients and the objectives are; to study the physical health status of the mentally ill patients; and to study the lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcoholism affected the life of mentally ill. The detail studies of 5o intake patients from the hospital where the psychiatric department exist are taken. The interview schedule is used and more observation and case records were referred to get the history. Secondary data is also considered for the research study.

Down the ages, we see disability is as curse or punishment. With the development of science and social change, disability is seen as a societal problem rather than individual problem and solution became focused on removing the barriers to social change, not just medical care. The persons with a disability encounter discrimination; they tend to alienate themselves from society as they feel unwanted and rejected. It affects the psycho social condition of persons with disabilities. The human person is a complex entity composed of two distinct phenomena, the physique, and the psyche, commonly called body and mind. It is both common knowledge and scientific theory that a person’s mental life and emotional reactions are influenced by his physical condition as well as his social and physical environment. This research paper aims to present Psycho-Social problems faced by a person with a disability. And the objectives are to study the profile of the physically disabled and psycho social problems of the disabled. This study is descriptive in nature where data is collected from both primary and secondary source. 25 respondents were selected for the study and interview schedule is used to collect information.

Women prefer to work part time job than full time because of various constraints, who have more family responsibility than male. They suffer from low salary, unemployment which lead them lower status in the society. This paper undertakes the study on the needs and constraints of women entrepreneur. And explore the relevance of self-employment, training, and motivate to start self-employment and to become a successful entrepreneur. The aim is to give detail picture about the need and constraints of women entrepreneurs in Dakshina Kannada. And the objectives are: To study the profile of the respondents; To explore the relevance of training, focussing on the factors responsible for relative success and failure of self employment; To identify the Social and Economic condition of the respondents before and after starting Self Employment; To know the impact of Self Employment training and the constraints to become successful entrepreneurs and the measures to overcome the problems. This is the descriptive study conducted in Dakshina Kannada District. The sampling consisted of 50 self-employed urban women and was selected through the accidental and snow ball sampling method.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the leading cause of death in children under age five, in many parts of Africa and South East Asia. The interval between exposure to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the development of AIDS is shorter in children than in adults. Infants infected with HIV have a high chance of developing AIDS within one year and dying before age three. In the remainder, AIDS progresses more slowly; the average child patient survives to adolescence. In the past, the world has faced many pandemics like cholera and plague. At the turn of the 20th century, the world faced influenza pandemic [1]. Every fifty to sixty years, the world has faced a new disease that has been of the nature of an epidemic. These diseases have left a trail of death and morbidity. There has been widespread fear and stigma attached to the victims due to ignorance and fear. As the diseases have progressed people have made efforts to study the issues. They have found the cause, spread, cures, and vaccines to prevent the spread of the disease. The aim of the study is to know the Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Psychosocial Development of Children and the objectives are to study the knowledge and awareness about HIV/AIDS. And to study the psychosocial problems faced by the children. In this regard, the researcher conducted a survey of 50 samples of children below the age group of 18 from the community.

Religion and spiritual beliefs have been frequently associated with greater psychological well-being among illness populations, little is known about the specific benefits individuals’ receive from pooja and meditations. Our culture says it is necessary to remember God Constantly while doing our daily duties and tasks. We can make God as our companion; we can talk to Him, Consult Him, demand His help and guidance. People even force and blame Him for the difficulties they face in their day-to-day life. Along with this sometimes general notion of the human being is that, when difficulties come, it is the God who is not pleased with their act and even think that a curse from him, especially when the person is suffering from chronic illnesses. Religion can also be a product of coping when a person is in stress and can increase their religious faith. As part of an individual's general orienting system, religion influences how individuals appraise situations, participate in activities, and develop goals for themselves in particular when faced with difficult situations. The main aim of this paper is to know the influence of religion and spirituality on HIV positive people and the objectives are to understand the religious patterns and practices they follow especially at the time of crisis Secondly to identify the use of religion and spirituality as a coping mechanism during a chronic incurable illness like HIV/AIDS. The Research Design will be Exploratory in nature.

The unorganized labour could be described as those who have not been able to be organized in pursuits of common objective because of constraints, such as casual nature of employment, ignorance, and illiteracy. The small size of establishments with low capital investment per person employed, scattered nature of establishment and superior strength of the employer operating singularly or in combination. Labour engaged in informal sectors, being unorganized, have weak bargaining power and have been deprived of reasonable wages and working conditions. It is a common complaint that the benefits of labour legislation have not reached rural and unorganized labour. Unlike the modern sector, where wages are usually protected by labour legislations and trade union activity in the informal sector, there is an easier entry, but less job security and lower earnings. The people working in the unorganized sector are mostly middle-class people. Unorganized laborers work under the close supervision, control of employers and they do not have a common employer. They face many problems like Low productivity, due to lack of skills and proper tools, No protection from the minimum wage legislative and Exploitation by middlemen/ contractors. This Study is conducted with 50 respondents, 25 female, and 25 male sales personnel. The Objectives are; to understand the working conditions of the respondents and to explore the possible progressive changes in the working conditions of the respondents. Both primary and secondary data is collected in this study.

Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is one of the most effective diseases which is associated with different terms and concept like labeling, stereo typing, separating and discriminating the people who are positive. Even though, there is a reason, causes and preventive measures of HIV/AIDS society has considered the positive people are very dangerous and treated them as useless, as social evil and God’s curse etc and also discriminate them. This different attitude of publics have made them to keep themselves isolate from family, community and society. Due to this strong social stigma the positive people try the maximum part of their life in maintaining the secrecy. The present paper deals with demographic status of HIV/AIDS positive people i Dakshina Kannada and their degree of interaction in the family, community and society and also the problems they going to face in their day to day life. The researcher had collected information from various centers, hospitals, agencies and support group. The methodology is used in this study is field survey, interview and case studies method. 25 cases have been studied in depth. The main objectives are to know the impact of HIV on the people, family and in society, and to find out perception of peoples attitude, stigma and discrimination towards the HIV positive people.

In Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), the HIV virus attacks the immune system, which defends the human body against pathogens. When there is balance against the immune system, the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) become more susceptible to opportunistic infections (OIs). The District of Dakshina Kannada is not exceptional from the above mentioned burning problems of HIV/AIDS infections. Due to its larger rate of national and international migration drastic change in the lifestyle of the people, improvement in industrialization and urbanization directly or indirectly contributing to transmission of virus. In this paper, the researcher had made an attempt to examine the Technology and e-applications, its effects on the people in creating awareness with regard to HIV/AIDS. The researcher’s main aim is to know both the traditional methods and the present Technologies, and its effect in creating awareness and prevention of HIV/AIDS. The target audiences are general public-youth between the age group of 19- 29 years. By adopting field survey and interview researcher collected 25 samples, studied in depth and analyzed them systematically.

In Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic, today has become not only a public health issue but also one that is seriously affecting the dynamics of the social, cultural, economic and developmental pace of the society. India has a population of 1.2 billion people, around half of whom are adults in the sexually active age group. The first AIDS case in India was detected in 1986 and since then HIV infection has been reported in all states and union territories. Estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS, 2009 People living with HIV/AIDS is 2.39 million. Adult (15 years or above) HIV prevalence is 0.31%. Previously it was thought that around 5 million people were living with HIV in India - more than in any other country. Better data, including the results of a national household survey conducted in 2005-2006, led to a major revision of the prevalence estimate in July 2007. It is now thought that around 2.39 million people in India are living with HIV. Of these, an estimated 39% are female and 4 % are children. HIV prevalence in India may have declined slightly in recent years, though the epidemic is still growing in some regions and population groups. AIDS the killer diseases of the century is spreading with enormous rapidly and has now emerged as serious socio-economic and public health problems. The aim of the study is to find out changing scenario of Health Problems due to HIV infection. The objectives are to find out the socio-economic background of the respondents and to know the health issues of the positive people. The fifty samples 25 male and 25 female were selected from ART centre of Dakshina Kannada Districts at Karnataka State, India for this study.

Any organization, whether NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) or Government, involved in the rural or urban development is making concerted efforts in diverse activities. Some NGO’s are involved in helping weaker sections of the society such as small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers, reservation castes, while others engage in, setting up schools and hospitals in the rural areas, provision of better nutrition to children, health intervention, family welfare, organizing vocational training to enable youth and special programmes formulated for senior citizens. Srinivas Institute of Rural Reconstruction Agency (SIRRA) is one such NGO engaged in Rural Welfare activities for the past Ten years. This NGO is formed under the aegis of A. Shama Rao Foundation, which is well known in the field of quality education services, and sponsored over nineteen colleges. SIRRA has a team of experienced trainers and resource persons who would always guide the rural development activities in Dakshina Kannada District. With the rich knowledge, skills and contacts gained, SIRRA organized various programme and provides opportunity for student Social Workers to practice their field practicum. This was done in the collaboration with Srinivas Institute of Medical Science and Research centre, Mangalore. SIRRA organized number of community outreach programmes, medical camps, street plays, awareness programmes etc. for the disadvantaged sections of the society. This study explores the intervention activities and its impact on the society, through the case study.

In Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), the HIV virus attacks the immune system, which defends the human body against pathogens. When there is balance against the immune system, the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) become more susceptible to opportunistic infections (OIs). With the bodies immune system is not capable of defending itself against Opportunistic Infections, the PLHA ultimately submit to them. In developed countries, the cost of antiretroviral (ARVs) has been borne completely by the state; as a result, there has been a decrease in the number of deaths on account of HIV in the past 15 years. On the other hand, the number of deaths in developing countries due to HIV continues. In this paper, the researchers have made an attempt to examine the status of health of women in urban areas with respect to HIV infection. With this specific aim tried to know the reasons for the HIV/AIDs infection and its effect, consequence on women health particularly. By adopting field survey, interview and case studies methods, 50 samples have been taken and analyzed them systematically

In India, single parents mean father or mother the one who is living alone with their children without his/her partner, because of death, divorce, or separation. In a case of divorce/separation generally, the mother is given custody of the children. Divorce is the most street-full experience that one can have in adulthood. It can be also extremely upsetting to children. Life is hard for most single parent families in India. Yet many people choose to divorce or separation rather than remain in an unhappy relationship, even though they know the difficulty of adjustments. A single parent need not be the natural mother or father of the child as some individuals choose to become the single parent by adopting the child. The biological parents are unable to take care of the child due to sickness, a death of one or both parent, an inability of the extended family to care for the child or parental abandonment, extra-marital affairs etc. Most of the time if a mother is alive; she retains the custody of her child or children. In this paper, the attempts have made to list out the problems of single-parent father and mother separately and the problems faced by the teenagers of the single parents its impact and the management of the situation in detail. The study is conducted based on both primary and secondary data and exploratory method with 50 teenagers from Dakshina Kannada district with snow ball sampling method. The interview schedule is used to collect data.

Poverty is associated with women due to unemployment, ill health, Mal nutrition and high fertility. The women are employed for lower income, hard and long working hours but lower access to support services and welfare facilities. Adding to this the major challenges of the some sector at present society is the HIV/AIDS (Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome) infection. This dread disease is common in all sectors of the people without any discrimination but the effect is more on those who live in poverty especially women. They suffer in greater numbers and to a great degree than men. At the same time, it is women who bear the primary responsibility to lead the livelihood, education, nutrition, health in the family. Diet and nutrition are important factors in the promotion and maintenance of good health throughout life. But those people who are HIV positive have to take more concern about their health and the family. The economic condition, the personal preferences and beliefs, cultural traditions, as well as geographical, environmental and social factors are related each other on the infected person’s health condition. The main aim of this research is to study the livelihood, Health and nutrition among HIV positive families especially women. The objectives are (i) to study the condition and the problems faced by the HIV/AIDS infected families and (ii) the Management of problems with the help of support system provided by Government and Non Government organizations in the society to overcome the problems. The researcher adopted simple random sampling method using structured interview schedule with 50 samples. Both primary and secondary method is used to collect information.