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With the exponential growth of digital data, there is a pressing need for innovative storage media and techniques. DNA molecules, due to their stability, storage capacity, and density, offer a promising solution for information storage. However, DNA storage also faces numerous challenges, such as complex biochemical constraints and encoding efficiency. This paper presents Explorer , a high-efficiency DNA coding algorithm based on the De Bruijn graph, which leverages its capability to characterize local sequences. Explorer enables coding under various biochemical constraints, such as homopolymers, GC content, and undesired motifs. This paper also introduces Codeformer , a fast decoding algorithm based on the transformer architecture, to further enhance decoding efficiency. Numerical experiments indicate that, compared with other advanced algorithms, Explorer not only achieves stable encoding and decoding under various biochemical constraints but also increases the encoding efficiency and bit rate by ¿10%. Additionally, Codeformer demonstrates the ability to efficiently decode large quantities of DNA sequences. Under different parameter settings, its decoding efficiency exceeds that of traditional algorithms by more than two-fold. When Codeformer is combined with Reed–Solomon code, its decoding accuracy exceeds 99%, making it a good choice for high-speed decoding applications. These advancements are expected to contribute to the development of DNA-based data storage systems and the broader exploration of DNA as a novel information storage medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) supplementation on immunization and nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism of Qinchuan beef cattle were studied. [Method] Eighteen healthy 14-month-old female cattle with similar body weight of (298 ± 9.78) kg were selected for feeding experiments with two protein levels (13.23%(A1) and (10.59%(A2)) and three SC levels (0(B1), 4x108 CFU/kg(B2) and 8x108 CFU/kg(B3)). Nitrogen and phosphorus conents of feces and urine were determined using total feces (urine) collection method and blood samples were collected before morning feeding at the end of the trial, which lasted for 55 days. [Result] ➀ During 11-55 d of the experimental period, dietary supplementation of 8x108 CFU/kg SC significantly increased eed intake of Qinchuan beef cattle (P<0.05). The feed intake of Qinchuan beef cattle in group A1 B3 was he highest, which was significantly higher than that in group A1B1. ➁ TG content of Qinchuan beef cattle n group B3 was significantly lower than that in group B1 (P<0.05), and serum total protein, albumin, globulin, IgG and IgM of Qinchuan beef cattle in group A2B3 were significantly higher than those in group A2B1 (P<0.05). ➂ Compared with group B1, the apparent digestibility of CP and NDF in group B3 was ncreased by 8.44% and 16.90% (P<0.05), respectively. The apparent digestibility of CP, OM and ADF n group A2B3 was the highest. ➃ Compared with A2B1 group, the manure and urinary nitrogen emissions of Qinchuan beef cattle in A2B3 group were decreased by 31.28% and 19.67%, while nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen deposition rate were increased by 7.66% and 62.57%, respectively. ➄ The fecal phosphorus of Qinchuan beef cattle in B2 and B3 groups was significantly lower than that in B1 group, and phosphorus igestibility and deposition rate of Qinchuan beef cattle in group A2B3 were 35.96% and 45.94% higher han those in group A2B1 (P<0.05). [Conclusion] Dietary supplementation of 8 x 108 CFU/kg SC imroved feed intake, immune level and nutrient digestibility, while reduced nitrogen and phosphorus emisions of Qinchuan beef cattle. It is suggested to supplement 8x108 CFU/kg SC to diets of Qinchuan beef attle with 10.59% CP level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The craniofacial bones provide structural support for the skull and accommodate the vulnerable brain tissue with a protective cavity. The bone tissue undergoes constant turnover, which relies on skeletal stem cells (SSCs) and/or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their niches. SSCs/MSCs and their perivascular niche within the bone marrow are well characterized in long bones. As for cranial bones, besides bone marrow, the suture mesenchyme has been identified as a unique niche for SSCs/MSCs of craniofacial bones. However, a comprehensive study of the two different cranial stem cell niches at single‐cell resolution is still lacking. In addition, during the progression of aging, age‐associated changes in cranial stem cell niches and resident cells remain uncovered. In this study, we investigated age‐related changes in cranial stem cell niches via single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq). The transcriptomic profiles and cellular compositions have been delineated, indicating alterations of the cranial bone marrow microenvironment influenced by inflammaging. Moreover, we identified a senescent mesenchymal cell subcluster and several age‐related immune cell subclusters by reclustering and pseudotime trajectory analysis, which might be closely linked to inflammaging. Finally, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and cell–cell communications were analyzed during aging, revealing potential regulatory factors. Overall, this work highlights the age‐related changes in cranial stem cell niches, which deepens the current understanding of cranial bone and suture biology and may provide therapeutic targets for antiaging and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]