Search

Bainong sterility (BNS) is a thermo‐sensitive genic male sterile wheat line, characterised by anther fertility transformation in response to low temperature (LT) stress during meiosis, the failure of vacuole decomposition and the absence of starch accumulation in sterile bicellular pollen. Our study demonstrates that the late microspore (LM) stage marks the transition from the anther growth to anther maturation phase, characterised by the changes in anther structure, carbohydrate metabolism and the main transport pathway of sucrose (Suc). Fructan is a main storage polysaccharide in wheat anther, and its synthesis and remobilisation are crucial for anther development. Moreover, the process of pollen amylogenesis and the fate of the large vacuole in pollen are closely intertwined with fructan synthesis and remobilisation. LT disrupts the normal physiological metabolism of BNS anthers during meiosis, particularly affecting carbohydrate metabolism, thus determining the fate of male gametophytes and pollen abortion. Disruption of fructan synthesis and remobilisation regulation serves as a decisive event that results in anther abortion. Sterile pollen exhibits common traits of pollen starvation and impaired starch accumulation due to the inhibition of apoplastic transport starting from the LM stage, which is regulated by cell wall invertase TaIVR1 and Suc transporter TaSUT1. Summary statement: The manuscript provides new insight into the role of carbohydrate metabolism in regulating anther development and the molecular mechanisms underlying pollen abortion in a thermo‐sensitive genic male sterile winter wheat line under low temperature during meiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subgenome asymmetry (SA) has routinely been attributed to different responses between the subgenomes of a polyploid to various stimuli during evolution. Here, we compared subgenome differences in gene ratio and relative diversity between artificial and natural genotypes of several allopolyploid species. Surprisingly, consistent differences were not detected between these two types of polyploid genotypes, although they differ in times exposed to evolutionary selection. The estimated ratio of shared genes between a subgenome and its diploid donor was invariably higher for the artificial allopolyploid genotypes than those for the natural genotypes, which is expected as it is now well-known that many genes in a species are not shared among all individuals. As the exact diploid parent for a given subgenome is unknown, the estimated ratios of shared genes for the natural genotypes would also include difference among individual genotypes of the diploid donor species. Further, we detected the presence of SA in genotypes before the completion of the polyploidization events as well as in those which were not formed via polyploidization. These results indicate that SA may, to a large degree, reflect differences between its diploid donors or that changes occurred during polyploid evolution are defined by their donor genomes. Key words: asymmetric evolution, subgenome asymmetry, diploid donor, polyploids, progenitor. L'asymetrie des sous-genomes (AS) est generalement attribuee a l'acquisition, au cours de l ' evolution, de reponses differentes a divers stimuli entre les sous-genomes presents chez un polyploide. Dans ce travail, les auteurs ont compare les differences entre sous-genomes pour ce qui est du ratio de genes et de la diversite relative entre genotypes naturels et artificiels chez plusieurs especes allopolyploides. Etonnamment, des differences ont regulierement n'ont pas ete detectees entre ces deux types de genotypes polyploides bien qu'ils different dans la duree de leur exposition a la selection. Le ratio estime de genes partages entre un sous-genome et le genome de l'espece ancestrale etait invariablement plus eleve chez les allopolyploides artificiels que chez les genotypes naturels, un resultat attendu puisqu'il est bien connu que plusieurs genes ne sont pas presents chez tous les individus d'une espece. Comme le parent diploide exact n'est pas connu pour un sous-genome donne, les ratios estimes de genes partages avec les genotypes naturels pourraient egalement inclure des differences entre genotypes distincts de l'espece diploide ancestrale. De plus, les auteurs ont detecte la presence dAS chez des genotypes avant le terme de la polyploidisation de meme que chez ceux qui n' etaient pas issus de la polyploidisation. Ces resultats indiquent que l 'AS pourrait, en grande partie, refleter des differences entre les especes diploides ancestrales ou que les changements survenus au cours de l ' evolution des polyploides sont definis par les genomes ancestraux. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : evolution asymetrique, asymetrie des sous-genomes, diploide ancestral, polyploide, progeniteur., Introduction Polyploidy, forming new species by enveloping two or more genomes within a single nucleus, is a prominent speciation process. Previous studies show that polyploidization was likely involved in the [...]

This article is based on the core pathogenesis of yin-yang poisoning recorded in the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and clarifies the characteristics of "yin poisoning" and "yang poisoning" as considered during the Han and Tang dynasties. It is found that the classification criteria for the two are based on the manifestation of syndromes rather than the cold and heat of the pathogenesis. By analyzing the syndrome of yin-yang poisoning in the Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and combining the records with people's understanding of the efficacy of various medicinals in Shengma Biejia Decoction during the Han and Tang dynasties, it is demonstrated that the core pathogenesis is stagnation, mainly reflected in three aspects: accumulation of toxins, stagnation of qi and blood, and stagnation of yang qi. Among these, the degree and location of stagnation of yang qi are the reasons for the difference between yin poisoning and yang poisoning. The disease of yang poisoning is characterized by sufficient yang qi in the body, obstruction of pathogenic factors on the surface, and intense competition between vital qi and evil qi. Therefore, yang stagnation on the surface is more severe and leads to heat symptoms. The disease of yin poisoning is characterized by deficient yang qi in the body, an inability to resist pathogen, and the deepening of evil qi. The yang qi is suppressed by depression and is relatively mild, making it unable to circulate and warm the body, resulting in cold symptoms. Therefore, when treating yang poisoning, ZHANG Zhongjing used medicinals that were pungent, warm and dispersed to relieve the yang depression on the surface. If the yang depression was dispersed, the heat would naturally dissipate. When treating yin poisoning, only internal medicine is used to relieve internal yang qi stagnation, and when yang qi is extended, cold will naturally disappear. In summary, we aimed to enhance our understanding of the efficacy of Shengma Biejia Decoction from the perspectives of promoting the dispersion of toxins, promoting blood circulation, and promoting yang stagnation, in order to provide new ideas for the clinical use of this formula and expand its application scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]