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The Workshop on pathways to climate-aware advice (WKCLIMAD) met in the autumn of 2021 to develop a proposal for an advisory framework that accounts for the influences of climate change on aquaculture, fisheries, and ecosystems. The workshop worked through online sessions with over 40 participants.Climate-informed advice should be provided through a risk-based framework that considers magnitude and likelihood of impacts, effectiveness and feasibility of measures. A wealth of data, tools and methods exists to on-ramp the advice. However, it is important to consider how these are utilised. To provide robust climate-informed advice, there is a need to identify and rank climate impacts and the associated risks, and match adaptation measures with public policy objectives. There must be a balance between actionable advice and reporting of uncertainty.The next steps for ICES should be to evaluate these three recommended additions to the advice framework/principles:• Development of a framework for spatial knowledge and advice, that includes definitions of temporal and spatial scale of management challenges.• Proactive solicitation of experts and stakeholders in relevant fields. Co-production of knowledge with iterative feedback, accounting for the plurality of knowledge and participation mechanisms.• Formulation of a plan for outputs, and communication, from the start of process, including allocation of sufficient resources to deliver advice.Greater emphasis needs to be placed on the communication and co-creation of advice.Climate-informed advice should include an assessment of current conditions in relation to the desired state. This requires not just an evaluation of the current state of the system, but the likely and/or desired future state of the fisheries/aquaculture system. This will also require greater effort on scoping of future scenarios of ecosystem state, and potential management measures for adaptation, and some mitigation. Advice should document the expected effects of specific management actions, giving attention to the potential distribution of management costs and benefits. Advice should be produced in response to requests but also be proactively produced by ICES. WKCLIMAD provides ICES with definitions, language and terminology that align with, and build on, those of the IPCC and calls on ICES to consistently use this terminology. The workshop also provides example lists of drivers, impacts, measures and potential actions.ICES needs to attract expertise from beyond its traditional areas of ecosystem and population dynamics and oceanography. Engagement with the plurality of the knowledge base is required, as a mean to refine goals, explore trade-offs between management objectives, as well as to build a common understanding and build knowledge about the system and efficient pathways of action to governance. WKCLIMAD considered that to provide credible climate-informed advice, the evidence base needs to be strengthened in the following scientific fields:• future scenarios of management options and ecosystem state• risk, vulnerability and resilience analysis of species, ecosystems, and human communities• spatial planning information and models• trade-offs among potential actions, and incentives for best practice sharing including technological developments• carbon accounting across the system• monitoring and early-warning systems

The evolving nature of the COVID-19 pandemic necessitates timely estimates of the resultant perturbations to anthropogenic emissions. Here we present a novel framework based on the relationships between observed column abundance and wind speed to rapidly estimate the air-basin-scale NOx emission rate and apply it at the Po Valley in Italy using OMI and TROPOMI NO2 tropospheric column observations. The NOx chemical lifetime is retrieved together with the emission rate and found to be 15–20 h in winter and 5–6 h in summer. A statistical model is trained using the estimated emission rates before the pandemic to predict the trajectory without COVID-19. Compared with this business-as-usual trajectory, the real emission rates show three distinctive drops in March 2020 (−42 %), November 2020 (−38 %), and March 2021 (−39 %) that correspond to tightened COVID-19 control measures. The temporal variation of pandemic-induced NOx emission changes qualitatively agrees with Google and Apple mobility indicators. The overall net NOx emission reduction in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic is estimated to be 22 %.

An iterative image processing method is proposed to improve the performance of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model for diagnosing fatty liver. A dataset that contains 17,400 ultrasound images of liver are used in this paper. These liver image samples are preprocessed for noise reduction and texture enhancement firstly. Then the processed image samples are used for training CNN model LeNet-5. According to the accuracy of the trained LeNet-5, the optimal combination of noise reduction and enhancement is obtained. The experimental results show that the accuracy of LeNet-5 model based on original data set is 80.58% and area under the Receiver Operation Characteristic (ROC) Curve value (AUC) is 0.574. And the optimal image processing combination is Butterworth low pass (BLP) and Exposure based Sub Image Histogram Equalization (ESIHE). The model accuracy is 10.01% higher than original data set, and reaches 90.59%. The AUC value of the optimal model has reached 0.845, which is 0.271 higher than the AUC value of the original model. Therefore, iterative image processing is a feasible method to improve the performance of CNN model in diagnosing fatty liver.