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The present paper provides an overview of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Kazakhstan and focuses in more detail on two major cities, Astana, the new capital and Almaty, the former capital of the country. Legislation, current management policy, facilities and infrastructure, as well as typical solid waste quantity and composition are presented and analysed in detail in the light of the recently approved long-Term waste management plan. The analysis is supported by the implementation of a Decision Support Tool (DSS), which provides insights in waste management needs and supports comparison and ranking of Integrated Waste Management (IWMP) alternatives. Finally, a certain IWMP plan is proposed, which could be used as a basis for further detailed feasibility studies.

This paper deals with selection of optimum amount heat to be recovered during Total Site integration and utility targets for external heating, cooling, refrigerating etc. The methodology provides the calculation of minimum capital investment during heat integration of industrial site. It uses heat transfer area targets, utility distribution with overall cost of retrofit. Heat transfer area is calculated for different regions with use of intermediate utility and direct heating and cooling. Minimal temperature difference between Total Site profiles is analysed. Minimum of total heat transfer area for Total Site recovery is calculated for array of minimal temperature differences. The utility consumption, numbers of units and material of equipment are analysed too and minimum total cost for retrofit project of site recovery system is calculated. The case study shows heat recovery improvement on 1.94 MW. Site heating demands is reduced on 37.3 % and cooling capacity reduction is 39.6 %. The implementation of retrofit EUR 777, 474 and payback time is 11.96 months.

As a result of the increasing number of distributed energy resources (DER) in the electrical grid and their commitment to future market participation, control strategies for the optimal operation of DER gain importance. For this scenario a microgrid is a promising approach and forms a solution to this challenge. Microgrids are subsystems of the distribution grid including distributed generation (DG) units, storage devices and controllable loads, and can operate either connected or isolated from the utility grid. Ensuring a smooth, reliable and economic operation of a microgrid requires an energy management system that dynamically fits the production to the consumption in combination with storage. Quick response of the energy management strategy is crucial for a microgrid as compared to a conventional energy system. In this paper, a formulation of the environomic power dispatch approach in microgrids is proposed which uses multiobjective optimisation. The application aims to fulfill the time varying energy demand while minimising the costs and emissions of the local production and imported energy from the utility grid. With the introduction of a storage device, stored energy is controlled to balance the power generation of renewable sources, cover the overall microgrid demand and to optimise the overall power exchange between utility grid and microgrid. Operational constraints such as generator limits, start-up, operation and maintenance costs and the intermittency of renewable energy sources (RES) are to be satisfied. A representative microgrid structure is studied as an example and some simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the microgrid environomic power dispatch approach.

The work presented in this paper describes a novel multi-phase discharge and dispersion model capable of predicting the near-field fluid dynamics and phase-transition phenomena associated with accidental CO2 releases. Also presented in this paper are previously unpublished data describing the near-field structure of a number of largescale CO2 experimental releases, obtained through the EU-FP7 CO2PipeHaz (2009) project. The calculations employed an adaptive finite-volume grid algorithm to solve the Favre-averaged fluid-flow equations. This equation set was closed with the inclusion of both a two-equation k-e model and a second-moment Reynolds stress model to represent turbulent fluctuations. Results demonstrate the superior performance of the Reynolds stress transport model when compared to its compressibility-corrected counterpart.