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59. Quantification of cable deformation with time domain reflectometry--implications to landslide monitoring

Author

Lin, Chih-Ping, Tang, Shr-Hong, Lin, Wen-Chin, and Chung, Chih-Chung

Subjects
Deformations (Mechanics) -- Evaluation, Stability -- Evaluation, Slopes (Physical geography) -- Mechanical properties, Landslides -- Observations, Landslides -- United States, Environmental monitoring -- Methods, Telecommunication cables -- Mechanical properties, Earth sciences, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology
Abstract

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) technology has become a valuable tool for detecting displacements and locating shear planes in rock or soil slopes. It is based on transmitting an electromagnetic pulse into a coaxial cable grouted in rock or soil mass and watching for reflections of this transmission due to cable deformity induced by the ground deformation. Early detection of localized shear deformation in soft soils and quantifying the shear displacement using TDR remains a challenging work. The TDR response due to localized shear deformation is affected by cable resistance, soil-grout-cable interaction, and shear bandwidth. A comprehensive TDR wave propagation model considering cable resistance is introduced to model TDR response to cable deformity. Effects of the influencing factors on the relationship between the reflection spike and the shear displacement are investigated through laboratory tests and numerical simulations. The implications to enhancing TDR response and quantifying shear displacement are stressed. Practical suggestions are made, including procedure for correcting resistance effect, selection of cable and grout, and how to quantify shear displacement using TDR. CE Database subject headings: Deformation; Slope stability; Displacement; Cables; Landslides; Monitoring.

Published
2009

61. Geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering education during the pandemic

Author

Jiang, Ning-Jun, primary, Hanson, James L, additional, Della Vecchia, Gabriele, additional, Zhu, Cheng, additional, Yi, Yaolin, additional, Arnepalli, Dali N, additional, Courcelles, Benoit, additional, He, Jia, additional, Horpibulsuk, Suksun, additional, Hoy, Menglim, additional, Takahashi, Akihiro, additional, Arulrajah, Arul, additional, Lin, Chih-Ping, additional, Dowoud, Osama, additional, Li, Zili, additional, Gao, Zhiwei, additional, Hata, Toshiro, additional, Zhang, Limin, additional, Du, Yan-Jun, additional, Goli, Venkata Siva Naga Sai, additional, Mohammad, Arif, additional, Singh, Prithvendra, additional, Kuntikana, Ganaraj, additional, and Singh, Devendra N, additional

Published
2021
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65. Frequency domain versus travel time analyses of TDR waveforms for soil moisture measurements

Author

Lin, Chih-Ping

Subjects
Soil moisture, Reflectance spectroscopy -- Usage, Earth sciences
Abstract

When time domain reflectometry (TDR) is applied to the field characterization of soil moisture, the waveforms have typically been analyzed using travel time along the wave guide. The apparent dielectric constant traditionally determined by the travel time analysis using a tangent-line method does not have a clear physical meaning and is influenced by several system and material parameters. The frequency domain analysis, however, can determine the actual frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity and can be performed using a very short probe. This study presents a numerical modeling approach for common unmatched TDR probes to analyze the TDR signals in the frequency domain. This approach is also adopted to examine how TDR bandwidth, probe length, probe impedance, dielectric relaxation, and electrical conductivity affect travel time analysis. Simulation results indicated that, although the effects of TDR bandwidth and probe length could be quantified and calibrated, the calibration equation for soil moisture measurements was still affected by dielectric relaxation and electrical conductivity, because of differences in soil texture and density. The effects of density can be removed by adding a density term to the calibration equation. Correlating with water content the dielectric permittivity at frequencies between 500 MHz and 1 GHz, rather than the apparent dielectric constant, can minimize the influence of soil texture.

Published
2003

79. Applicability and limitations of time domain reflectometry bridge scour monitoring system in general field conditions.

Author

Wang, Kai and Lin, Chih-Ping

Subjects
REFLECTOMETRY, DIELECTRIC loss, DATA reduction, TIME management, COMPUTER simulation
Abstract

A real-time and durable system for scour process monitoring with sufficient spatial precision is in pressing need for bridge safety management. In light of this, an innovative bundled time domain reflectometry sensing cable was recently proposed to enhance the time domain reflectometry technique for scour monitoring. However, current development only dealt with the construction of bundled sensing cable and the corresponding new data reduction method. Before it can be put into practical use, issues related to the effect of hydrological conditions, long-distance measurement, and actual field implementation are yet to be investigated. This study used both numerical simulations and laboratory experiments to examine the time domain reflectometry signals in response to both scour and deposition in different water-level conditions. As a result, the first guideline of waveform classification and interpretation is newly proposed to validly determine scour depth under various field conditions. Since field measurements often come with significant signal attenuation from resistance loss of long cable and dielectric and conductive loss in the sensing section, numerical simulations and a series of full-scale experiments were also conducted to assess the time domain reflectometry scour measurement range. The maximum measurement range of the latest time domain reflectometry scour sensing cable was found to be about 6 m. Within this range, the maximum error of scour estimation is within 0.2 m. Considering the new findings, a field time domain reflectometry scour monitoring system using the bundled time domain reflectometry sensing cable was designed accordingly and implemented at a bridge for the first time. The monitoring system successfully captured the scour process during a storm event and revealed some practical issues for future improvement as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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90. SAGEEP 2017 papers with only a paragraph abstract

Author

Dickey, Kira, primary, Finn, Carol, additional, Holbrook, W. Steven, additional, Bedrosian, Paul, additional, Auken, Esben, additional, Pedersen, Jesper, additional, Carr, Bradley, additional, Sims, Ken, additional, Lowenstern, Jacob, additional, Hurwitz, Shaul, additional, Munday, Timothy, additional, Davis, Aaron, additional, Soerensen, Camilla, additional, Abraham, Jared, additional, Kalinski, Michael, additional, Miyamoto, Kit, additional, Cameron, Kathleen, additional, Cannia, James, additional, Asch, Ted, additional, Ball, Lyndsay, additional, Cromwell, Geoffrey, additional, Buesch, David, additional, Miller, David, additional, Densmore, Jill, additional, Bach, Torben, additional, Pallesen, Tom Martlev, additional, Jacobsen, Rikke, additional, Triumf, Carl-Axel, additional, Persson, Lena, additional, Dahlqvist, Peter, additional, Hansen, Thomas Mejer, additional, Gulbrandsen, Mats Lundh, additional, Mulè, Shane, additional, Smiarowski, Adam, additional, Smith, David, additional, Hudson, Mark, additional, Legault, Jean, additional, Plastow, Geoffrey, additional, Eadie, Timothy, additional, Prikhodko, Alexander, additional, Tishin, Pavel, additional, Brown, Bill, additional, Oliver, James, additional, Dahlin, Torleif, additional, North, Ryan, additional, Silverstein, Jay, additional, Thompson, Robert, additional, Momayez, Moe, additional, Heath, Gail, additional, Bauman, Paul, additional, McClymont, Alastair, additional, Freund, Richard, additional, Seligman, Jon, additional, Jol, Harry, additional, Reeder, Philip, additional, Beam, Erika, additional, Mitchell, Kevin, additional, Crowder, Robert, additional, Phillips, Stephanie, additional, Johnson, Carole, additional, Robbins, Gary, additional, Lane, John, additional, Culig, Mike, additional, Davis, Nathan, additional, Paine, Jeffrey, additional, Collins, Edward, additional, Black, Andrew, additional, Nielson, Travis, additional, Bradford, John, additional, Flinchum, Brady, additional, Grana, Dario, additional, Zhang, Ye, additional, Parsekian, Andrew, additional, Richter, Daniel, additional, Harmon, Ryan, additional, Szutu, Daphne, additional, Randell, Jackie, additional, Barnard, Holly, additional, Singha, Kamini, additional, Kotikian, Maneh, additional, Paige, Ginger, additional, Carey, Austin, additional, Khalil, Mohamed, additional, Orubu, Akpofure, additional, Speece, Marvin, additional, Seyfried, Mark, additional, Glas, Robin, additional, Lautz, Laura, additional, McKenzie, Jeffrey, additional, Moucha, Robert, additional, Mark, Bryan, additional, Andersen, Theis Raaschou, additional, Schaefer, Kevin, additional, Chen, Albert, additional, Jafarov, Elchin, additional, Ludwig, Sarah, additional, Liu, Lin, additional, Michaelides, Roger, additional, Natali, Sue, additional, Panda, Santosh, additional, Schaefer, Sean, additional, Minsley, Burke, additional, Pastick, Neal, additional, Wylie, Bruce, additional, Kass, M. Andy, additional, Creighton, Andrea, additional, Jones, Benjamin, additional, Babcock, Esther, additional, Bondurant, Allen, additional, Arp, Christopher, additional, Ajo-Franklin, Jonathan, additional, Lindsey, Nathaniel, additional, Dou, Shan, additional, Wagner, Anna, additional, Bjella, Kevin, additional, Daley, Thomas, additional, Freifeld, Barry, additional, Ulrich, Craig, additional, Gelvin, Arthur, additional, Ekblaw, Ian, additional, Martin, Eileen, additional, Kuroda, Seiichiro, additional, Mohammadi, Mohammad, additional, Hickey, Craig, additional, Hayashi, Koichi, additional, Lorenzo, Juan, additional, Craig, Mitchell, additional, Morrison, Martial, additional, Delisser, Terrance, additional, Parkman, Kevin, additional, Stephens, Isaac, additional, Robbins, Bryant, additional, Mundell, John, additional, Brumbaugh, Ryan, additional, Kunkel, Forrest, additional, Hon, Kevin, additional, Cox, Jason, additional, Munsey, Jeffrey, additional, LeFebvre, Jeanne, additional, Carnevale, Mario, additional, Decker, Kathryn, additional, Karaoulis, Marios, additional, de kleine, marco, additional, Robbins, Austin, additional, Plattner, Alain, additional, Guenther, Thomas, additional, LaBrecque, Douglas, additional, Brigham, Russell, additional, LaBrecque, Daniel, additional, Robinson, Judy, additional, Slater, Lee, additional, Nguyen, Dung, additional, Smith, Nathan, additional, Kessouri, Pauline, additional, Buckman, Christopher, additional, Mankowski, Len, additional, Ngui, Yin Jeh, additional, Lin, Chih-Ping, additional, Lin, Chun-Hung, additional, Groom, Ross, additional, Lei, Yang, additional, Sheehan, Jacob, additional, Dornfest, Robin, additional, Sirles, Phil, additional, Kolawole, Folarin, additional, Atekwana, Estella, additional, Laó-Dávila, Daniel, additional, Abdelsalam, Mohamed, additional, Ivey, Toni, additional, Chindandali, Patrick, additional, Salima, Jalf, additional, Kalindekafe, Leonard, additional, Ismail, Ahmed, additional, Sickbert, Tim, additional, Pickens, Cullen, additional, Beckendorff, David, additional, Mayle, Micah, additional, Ngalamo, Jeannot, additional, Nyalugwe, Victor, additional, Aghayan, Afshin, additional, Monarco, Dominic, additional, Pfeiffer, Jim, additional, Haramy, Khamis, additional, Kidanu, Shishay, additional, Torgashov, Evgeniy, additional, Anderson, Neil, additional, Land, Lewis, additional, Laymon, Doug, additional, Wise, Matthew, additional, Hallman, David, additional, Cook, Jeffrey, additional, Steelman, Colby, additional, Capes, Donovan, additional, Pehme, Peeter, additional, Kennedy, Celia, additional, Parker, Beth, additional, Ikard, Scott, additional, Payne, Jason, additional, Teeple, Andrew, additional, Banta, Ryan, additional, Stanton, Gregory, additional, Ward, Adam, additional, Gooseff, Michael, additional, McKenna, Thomas, additional, Nyquist, Jonathan, additional, Toran, Laura, additional, O'Neill, Paul, additional, Devlin, Kelly, additional, Claes, Niels, additional, Walvoord, Michelle, additional, Day-Lewis, Frederick, additional, Jepsen, Steven, additional, Rover, Jennifer, additional, Voss, Clifford, additional, Briggs, Martin, additional, Kulongoski, Justin, additional, Adams, Josip, additional, Holmquist-Johnson, Christopher, additional, Hanson, Leanne, additional, Struckhoff, Matthew, additional, Kropidlowski, Stefan, additional, Doll, William, additional, Muller, Edward, additional, Oliver, Mark, additional, Francke, Jan, additional, Danforth, Myles, additional, Stanford, Charles, additional, Everett, Mark, additional, Bowling, Roy, additional, Laya, Juan Carlos, additional, deSmet, Timothy, additional, Grote, Katherine, additional, Hajiani, Payman, additional, Sammy, Somaria, additional, Stewart, Robert, additional, Fletcher, Andrew, additional, Hussey, Sean, additional, Hrencher, Braden, additional, Campbell, Nathan, additional, Aneke, Christian, additional, Harding, Jordan K., additional, Klazinga, Dylan, additional, Cahill, Aaron, additional, Endres, Tony, additional, Kennedy, Jeff, additional, Travis, Rebecca, additional, Norton, Stuart, additional, Ham, Brian, additional, Federico, Ric, additional, Lund, Anders, additional, Ntarlagiannis, Dimitrios, additional, Bekins, Barbara, additional, Cozzarelli, Isabelle, additional, Liu, Hsing-Chang, additional, Pettifer, Geoff, additional, Richards, Garth, additional, Jenke, Graham, additional, Lester, Neil, additional, Cherry, John, additional, Jalinoos, Frank, additional, Sauck, William, additional, Qian, Rongyi, additional, Chandarana, Upasna, additional, Morelli, Gianfranco, additional, Tayyab, Haroon, additional, An, Zhiyuan, additional, Fage, Isaac, additional, Best, Melvyn, additional, Ryan, Shawn, additional, Cote, Chad, additional, Chen, Rujun, additional, Yao, Hongchun, additional, Shen, Ruijie, additional, Zhao, Xuefeng, additional, Sun, Shaoqin, additional, Yin, Qian, additional, Krahenbuhl, Richard, additional, Li, Yaoguo, additional, Wagner, Sean, additional, Crook, Nigel, additional, Cubbage, Brian, additional, Rucker, Dale, additional, Anand, Vivek, additional, Hein, Annette, additional, Larsen, Jakob Juul, additional, Dlugosch, Raphael, additional, Müller-Petke, Mike, additional, Kirkland, Catherine, additional, Phillips, Adrienne, additional, Grunewald, Elliot, additional, Walsh, David, additional, Codd, Sarah, additional, Irons, Trevor, additional, Heath, Jason, additional, McPherson, Brian, additional, Ampomah, William, additional, Rose-Coss, Dylan, additional, Walsh, Dave, additional, Keating, Kristina, additional, Gazo, Nikolas, additional, Smith, Richard, additional, Grombacher, Denys, additional, Chapa, E. Michael, additional, Obert, Arnd, additional, Fukushima, Eiichi, additional, Altobelli, Stephen, additional, Conradi, Mark, additional, Nedwed, Timothy, additional, Palandro, David, additional, Thomann, Hans, additional, Sowko, Nicholas, additional, Song, Seo Young, additional, Jang, Hangilro, additional, Kim, Bitnarae, additional, Nam, Myung Jin, additional, Vales, David, additional, Kozlowski, Andres, additional, Bird, Brian, additional, Keller, Austin, additional, Milinic, Bojan, additional, Moriarty, Sarah, additional, Richardson, Ashley, additional, Sherrod, Laura, additional, Jang, Hannuree, additional, Avci, Emine, additional, Yuksel, Fethi Ahmet, additional, Avci, Kerim, additional, Gorucu, Mahmut Ziya, additional, Donmez, Sevket, additional, Sabunis, Kivanc, additional, Saito, Hirotaka, additional, Iwasaki, Toshiki, additional, Tobe, Yukio, additional, Nagai, Nobuhito, additional, James, Stephanie, additional, Screaton, Elizabeth, additional, Russo, Raymond, additional, Panning, Mark, additional, Alamooti, Moones, additional, Aydin, Adnan, additional, Domenzain, Diego, additional, Mead, Jodie, additional, Vignoli, Giulio, additional, Jørgensen, Flemming, additional, Zaremba, Nicholas, additional, Smith, Christopher, additional, Nelson, Paul, additional, and Newlander, Khori, additional

Published
2017
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93. Multiple Reflection Analysis of TDR Signal for Complex Dielectric Spectroscopy.

Author

Lin, Chih-Ping, Ngui, Yin Jeh, and Lin, Chun-Hung

Subjects
*DIELECTRICS, *TIME-domain reflectometry, *ELECTROMAGNETIC measurements, *PERMITTIVITY measurement, *ELECTRONIC probes
Abstract

Most dielectric spectroscopy techniques require careful system calibration, tedious measurement, specially designed probes, precise input source, and some even involved complicated inversion models. This paper proposed a rapid, robust, and model-free multiple reflection analysis (MRA) of time-domain reflectometry (TDR) signals to measure the complex dielectric permittivity (CDP) spectrum. The key to MRA approach is to decompose the first top reflection and the subsequent multiple reflections from TDR signal and to compare their spectral ratio (MRA ratio). This ratio was theoretically derived from the transmission line theory and found to be independent of source function and impedance mismatches in the leading sections. Based on this theoretical formulation, the CDP spectrum can be uniquely inverted from the measured MRA ratio through optimization and an iterated initial guess method. Numerical evaluations and experimental verifications had proven that MRA is a reliable algorithm for measuring CDP spectrum covering 10 MHz–1 GHz. Factors influencing the reliable frequency region were discussed and recommendations on enhancing CDP measurement was proposed for highly dispersive materials. The MRA approach enables dielectric spectroscopy to be conveniently conducted in both laboratory and field, without complicated system setup and calibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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97. Surface-wave Seismology for Engineering and Environmental Geophysics (Ken Stokoe Honorary Session) #2

Author

Mi, Binbin, primary, Xia, Jianghai, additional, Shen, Chao, additional, Sheehan, Jacob, additional, Sirles, Phil, additional, Ivanov, Julian, additional, Miller, Richard D., additional, Morton, Sarah, additional, Peterie, Shelby, additional, Hayashi, Koichi, additional, Cakir, Recep, additional, Dragovich, Joe D., additional, Schilter, Joseph, additional, Walsh, Timothy J., additional, Stoker, Bruce A., additional, Gao, Lingli, additional, Pan, Yudi, additional, Martin, Antony, additional, Carpenter, David, additional, Yong, Alan, additional, DiMatteo, Antonio, additional, Roughley, Cari, additional, Craig, Mitchell, additional, Wang, Ao, additional, Yin, Xiaofei, additional, Ikeda, Tatsunori, additional, Tsuji, Takeshi, additional, Lin, Chih-Ping, additional, Lin, Chun-Hung, additional, Chang, Yu-Cheng, additional, Tsoflias, Georgios, additional, and Morton, Sarah L., additional

Published
2015
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99. Real-Time Determination Of Soil Type, Water Content, and Density Using Electromagnetics

Author

Drnevich, Vincent P., Lin, Chih-Ping, Yi, Quanghee, and Lovell, Janet Elaine

Subjects
water content, density, dry density, SPR-2201, gravels, Time Domain Reflectometry, permitivity, Civil Engineering, apparent dielectric constant, sands, silts, compaction, electromagnetic wave propagation, clays, conductivity, soils
Abstract

The primary objective of this study was to explore the potential use of electromagnetic characteristics of soils using the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique to identify physical properties of soils. Three fundamental studies in this exploration are the frequencydependent electromagnetic properties of soils, the wave propagation in a TDR system, and the inverse analyses of TDR waveforms. The three-phase model for soils was extended to a four-phase model so as to account for the interface effect and hence the soil fineness. The physical parameters of the four-phase model are related to the frequency-dependent dielectric permitivity of the soil through a semiempirical volumetric mixing model. A spectral analysis method was developed to simulate wave propagation in the TDR system in a realistic way. Inverse analysis based on the material model and the wave propagation model was formulated using Bayesian statistics to calibrate the TDR system and to infer material properties from the measured TDR waveform. A TDR probe system was used to measure the dielectric properties of soils in a compaction mold and in the field. An experimental program was carried out to make TDR measurements of 5 different soils with different water contents and densities. The result of the inverse analysis matched the TDR waveform very well and determined the dielectric spectrum of soils. With the ability to measure the dielectric spectrum of soils, the apparent dielectric constant at a particular frequency can be calculated. Results showed that the apparent dielectric constant at 1 GHz gave much better correlation with soil water content and density than the apparent dielectric constant obtained by measuring the time between reflections from the soil surface and the one from the end of the probe. Additional work was done to assess the effects of temperature of the soil on measured dielectric constant and it showed that temperature effects were relatively small and could be accounted for in a systematic way. The use of the method for soils having large particle sizes was examined and it was found that the method was applicable for particle sizes passing the 19 mm (3/4-in.) sieve as long as the percentage of particles in the larger size range was limited. Finally, the method was examined for use with stabilizing additives for soil. While test results were obtained modified soils, the measured apparent dielectric constant changed with time after compaction whereas the water content by oven drying did not change appreciably. It is conjectured that changes in apparent dielectric constant are sensitive to the hydration caused by these additives. Thus, the use of the TDR method can be a tool to monitor changes in soils containing additives. Detailed study of this phenomenon is continuing.

Published
2001

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