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Genus Malus Mill. Gardeners Dictionary Abridged, 4 th Ed., Vol. 2 : Malus (Miller 1754). Pyrus sect. Malus Tourn., Institutiones Rei Herbariae Vol. 3: tab. 406 (Tournefort 1700). – Pyrus sect. Malus Tourn. ex DC., Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Vol. 2: 635 (de Candolle 1825). – Pyrus subgen. Malus (Tourn.) Focke, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3 rd Ed., 3 (3): 24 (Focke 1888). Type species Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Description Trees or shrubs, deciduous or semi-evergreen. Branches terete, generally unarmed. Leaves unifoliate, alternate, petiolate, stipular. Lamina oval to ovate, margin crenate to serrulate, serrate or lobed. Inflorescence umbellate or corymbose. Flowers usually 3‒6, pedicellate. Stamens 15‒50, with yellow anthers and white filaments. Hypanthium bowl-shaped, glabrous or pubescent. Petals 5, suborbicular to obovate, white to red, with 5 sepals persistent or caducous. Styles 3‒5, connate at base, glabrous or pubescent. Ovary inferior, 3‒5-locular, with 2 ovules in each locule. Pome stone cells present in a few species. Seeds semicircular or spindly, black or brown, 1 or 2 in each locule. Chromosome number x = 17, usually diploid, triploid, tetraploid, and polyploid. Distribution Widely distributed in North temperate zone. Key to species 1. Microphyll (225‒2025 mm 2) most common..................................................................................... 2 – Notophyll (2025‒4500 mm 2) most common.................................................................................. 20 2. Insertion points of lamina base on either side of petiole are symmetrical........................................ 3 – Insertion points of lamina base on either side of petiole are asymmetrical.................................... 17 3. Leaf margin generally unlobed, or lobed in young leaves................................................................ 4 – Leaf margin distinctly lobed, or divided......................................................................................... 13 4. Lamina base cuneate or rounded...................................................................................................... 5 – Lamina base rounded, truncate, wide-cuneate or cordate................................................................. 9 5. Lamina elliptic to ovate, elliptic ovate or triangular ovate............................................................... 6 – Lamina obovate, oblong to oval or rotund........................................................................................ 7 6. Tree; leaf apex retuse to caudate; abaxial blade puberulous or glabrescent; umbel............................................................................................................................................... 1. M. baccata (L.) Borkh. – Small tree or shrub; leaf apex acute, rounded or obtuse; blade glabrous or villous on midvein, sometimes lobed; corymb........................................................... 20. M. angustifolia (Aiton) Michx. 7. Young leaves piliferous, then glabrescent; small pome, with maximum diameter no more than 4.5 cm............................................................................................................................................... 8 – Abaxial blade puberulous in adult leaves; sepals caducous; styles 3 or 4, with dense tomentum at base; pome ca 3.0‒8.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or coniform, yellow or green................................................................................................................................... 4. M. kirghisorum Al.Fed. & Fed. 8. Small tree or shrub; hypanthium densely lanuginous; sepals densely puberulous, persistent; styles 5, rarely 4, basally densely puberulent; pome solitary, ca 2.5‒4.5 cm in diameter........................................................................................................................................ 3. M. sieversii (Ledeb.) M.Roem. – Tree; hypanthium glabrous; sepals abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous; styles 3‒5, glabrous; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.3 cm in diameter........................................................................................................................................... 11. M. xiaojinensis M.H.Cheng & N.G.Jiang 9. Lamina ovate, broadly ovate to elliptic ovate or rotund................................................................. 10 – Lamina ovate to oblong or triangular ovate.................................................................................... 12 10. Leaf margin occasionally lobed, apex acuminate or acute; hypanthium densely lanuginous; styles 5, basally puberulous.......................................................... 14. M. tschonoskii (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid. – Leaf margin unlobed, apex usually acuminate; hypanthium puberulous or glabrous; styles 5, basally glabrous............................................................................................................................................11 11. Small tree or shrub; lamina glabrous; umbel; pome solitary, ca 2.0‒ 3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow.......................................................................................................... 7. M. sylvestris (L.) Mill. – Tree; lamina puberulous or glabrous; corymb; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal, yellow to red, with fruit spots.............................................................. 17. M. prattii (Hemsl.) C.K.Schneid. 12. Small tree or shrub; lamina puberulous, sometimes 3-lobed, rarely 5-lobed; umbel; hypanthium puberulous or glabrous; sepals caducous; styles 3‒5, basally densely puberulent; pome ca 0.6‒0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose or oblate, yellow or red......... 8. M. toringo (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese – Small tree; lamina glabrous or puberulous, sometimes lobed; corymb; hypanthium densely puberulous; sepal persistent; styles 5, pubescent at base; pome ca 2.0‒3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow.......................................................... 21. M. ioensis (Alph.Wood) Britton 13. Lamina palmately lobed or divided................................................................................................ 14 – Lamina pinnately lobed or divided................................................................................................. 15 14. Tree; lamina base rounded or cuneate, apex acute, pubescent on abaxial blade, lobed; sepals persistent; styles 5, pubescent at base; pome ca 1.0 cm in diameter, oval or obovate.................................................................................................................................. 23. M. florentina (Zuccagni) C.K.Schneid. – Small tree or shrub; lamina base cordate or cuneate, apex acute or acuminate, puberulous, 3-lobed; sepals caducous or persistent; styles 4 or 5, glabrous; pome ca 0.8‒1.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red................................................................................... 26. M. komarovii (Sarg.) Rehder 15. Lamina base usually wide-cuneate, sometimes rounded or cordate; umbelliform corymb (appearance resembles umbel)............................................................................................................................ 16 – Lamina base usually rounded or cordate, sometimes cuneate; corymb; sepals abaxially glabrous or puberulous, adaxially densely puberulous, persistent; styles 5, pubescent at base; pome ca 2.5‒3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow............................................................... 22. M. coronaria (L.) Mill. 16. Lamina elliptic to ovate, piliferous, pubescent on midvein, usually 3-lobed or divided, sometimes unlobed; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.3 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal to subglobose, yellow...................................................................................................................................... 10. M. toringoides (Rehder) Hughes – Lamina oval to ovate, puberulous when young, then abaxially glabrescent, usually 3‒5-divided; pome ca 0.6‒0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red...... 12. M. transitoria (Batalin) C.K.Schneid. 17. Indumentum on young leaves, then glabrescent............................................................................. 18 – Indumentum on abaxial blade or midvein, sometimes glabrous.................................................... 19 18. Lamina oval to ovate, usually aubergine in young leaves, base cuneate, rarely rounded, apex acuminate, rarely retuse, discolorous; umbel; styles 3, rarely 4, basally puberulent; pome ca 0.8‒0.9 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red............................................. 2. M. hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehder – Lamina elliptical to oval, base cuneate or cordate, oblique, apex acuminate or acute, rarely obtuse, sporadically 3-lobed; umbelliform corymb; styles 2‒5 (3‒4), glabrous; pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, coniform, yellow to red.................................................... 6. M. fusca (Raf.) C.K.Schneid. 19. Lamina oblong to orbicular, base cuneate; styles 5, glabrous or with dense tomentum at base, stigma clavate; pome ca 2.0‒3.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or coniform, yellow or red...................................................................................................................................... 5. M. orientalis Uglitzk. ex Juz. – Lamina elliptic to ovate, base rounded, cordate or cuneate; styles 4 or 5, basally crinite; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, tapering, red.......................................... 9. M. rockii Rehder 20. Insertion points of lamina base on either side of petiole are symmetrical...................................... 21 – Insertion points of lamina base on either side of petiole are asymmetrical; lamina oblong to ovate, base rounded or cuneate, apex acute or acuminate, pubescent when young then glabrescent, or glabrous; styles 5, pubescent at base; pome ca 2.5‒5.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red............................................................................................................................. 25. M. doumeri (Bois) A.Chev. 21. Leaf margin generally unlobed, sometimes lobed or divided......................................................... 22 – Leaf margin distinctly lobed, or divided, occasionally unlobed..................................................... 23 22. Small tree; lamina oval to ovate, base rounded, pubescent on midvein and abaxial blade; styles 4, glabrous; pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or pyriform, yellow to red................................................................................................... 13. M. sikkimensis (Wenz.) Koehne ex C.K.Schneid. – Tree; lamina oval to oblong, base cordate, rounded or truncate, villous on abaxial blade, rarely 3‒5-lobed; styles 3‒5, glabrous; pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, red or yellow, with fruit spots........................................................................................ 19. M. ombrophila Hand. -Mazz. 23. Lamina palmately lobed or divided, ovate, base cordate, pubescent on abaxial blade; umbel; styles 5, pubescent at base; pome ca 1.0‒2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or ellipsoidal, red........................................................................................................ 24. M. trilobata (Labill. ex Poir.) C.K.Schneid. – Lamina pinnately lobed or divided................................................................................................. 24 24. Sepals persistent.............................................................................................................................. 25 – Sepals caducous, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous; lamina oval to ovate, base rounded, truncate or cordate, puberulous or glabrous, usually 3-lobed; styles 3, rarely 2 or 4, glabrous or puberulous; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal, yellow to red, with fruit spots........................................................................................................... 16. M. kansuensis (Batalin) C.K.Schneid. 25. Small tree or shrub; lamina usually oval, sometimes elliptical, base rounded, truncate or cordate, apex acute or obtuse, with dense pubescence on midvein, usually 3‒6-lobed; styles 3 or 4, glabrous; pome ca 0.8 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red, with white fruit spots................................................................................................................................................... 15. M. honanensis Rehder – Tree; lamina oval to oblong, base cordate, rounded or truncate, apex acuminate, acute or obtuse, pubescent on abaxial blade, usually 3‒5-lobed; styles 5, glabrous; pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, oblate or oval, red, with white fruit spots.............................................................................................................................................................. 18. M. yunnanensis (Franch.) C.K.Schneid., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Miller P. 1754. Gardeners Dictionary Abridged 4 th Ed., Vol. 2. Rivington, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 79061","Tournefort J. P. 1700. Institutiones Rei Herbariae Vol. 3. E Typographia Regia, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 713","de Candolle A. P. 1825. Rosaceae. In: Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis Vol. 2: 525 - 639. Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 286","Focke W. O. 1888. Rosaceae. In: Engler A. & Prantl K. (eds) Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3 rd Ed. 3 (3): 1 - 396. W. Engelmann, Leipzig. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4635"]}

9. Malus rockii Rehder Figs 25–26 Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 14 (3): 206 (Rehder 1933). Pyrus rockii (Rehder) M.F.Fay & Christenh., Plant Gateway’s The Global Flora: A Practical Flora to Vascular Plant Species of the World. Vol. 4: 118 (Christenhusz et al. 2018). – Type: CHINA • Yunnan, west of Talifu, Mekong watershed, on the road to Young-chang and Tengyueh beyond Lampba, along watercourses; alt. 7000 ft; Sep.-Oct. 1922; fr; J.F. Rock 6842; type: A [A00026653]!; isotype: US[US00097446]! Pyrus baccata γ himalaica Maxim., Bulletin de l’Académie impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 19: 171 (Maximowicz 1874). – Malus baccata var. himalaica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 721, fig. 397s (Schneider 1906b). – Malus baccata subsp. himalaica (Maxim.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). Examined specimens CHINA – Chongqing • Shizhu; 1 May 1978; fr; W.H. Wang 309; CDBI • Nanchuan; 20 Apr. 1996; fl; Z.Y. Chen 17984; PE • Chengkou; 1 Jul. 1958; fr; T.L. Dai 105708; CDBI. – Guangxi • Quanzhou; 1 Jun. 2005; fr; Q. Li 0654; PE. – Shaanxi • Foping; 7 Jul. 1952; fr; B.Z. Guo 1592; CDBI • ibid.; 1 Jun. 1952; fr; K.J. Fu 4541; CDBI. – Sichuan • Kangding; 19 May 1961; fl; S. Jiang et al. 2860; PE • Ganzi; 18 Jul. 1961; fr; S. Jiang et al. 9448; PE • Zhaojue; 2 Apr. 1982; fl; Jiang et al. 19A; PE • Longquanshan; 1 Mar. 1979; fl; B.C. Gao 8775; CDBI • Yanyuan; 25 Apr. 2007; fl; Y.Y. Gen, D.H. Zhu & X.J. Li 20070223; WCSBG. – Tibet • Jilong; 7 Sep. 1990; fr; B.S. Li et al. 13565; PE • Chayu; 28 Jul. 1980; fr; Ni et al. 0877; PE • Bomi; 27 Jun. 1965; fr; J.S. Ying & D.Y. Hong 650338; PE • ibid.; 11 May 1976; fl; Qingzang Zhibei Group 11655; PE • Jilong; 2 Jun. 1972; fl; Xizhang zhongcaoyao Expedition 84; PE. – Yunnan • Deqin; s.d.; fr; G. Forrest 12846; IBSC • Weixi; 20 Jul. 1981; fr; Institute of Beijing botany Hengduanshan Team 01720; PE • ibid.; 20 Sep. 1974; fr; P. Zhang 74084; PE • Zhongdian; 14 Jun. 1981; fl; Qingzang- Hengduanshan Team 1028; PE • Jingdong; 24 Jul. 2003; fr; G.P. Yang 117; PE • Dali; 17 Sep. 2009; fr; Z.J. Yin et al. 2419; PE. Description Tree, 8‒10 m high. Branches terete, crinite when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.3 cm long, crinite. Lamina 5.3‒7.2 (12) × 2.9‒3.7 cm, elliptic to ovate, base rounded, cordate or cuneate, oblique, apex acuminate, margin serrulate, blade puberulous abaxially or on midvein. Inflorescence umbellate, with 4‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.3 cm long, lanuginous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals lanceolate-triangular, abaxially puberulous or glabrous, adaxially densely puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.4 × 0.9 cm, white, obovate. Stamens 20‒25, unequal. Styles 4 or 5, longer than stamens, basally crinite. Pome ca 1.0‒1.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, tapering, red. Carpopodium ca 3.8 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits in September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests on slopes or in valleys; 1500‒3800 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Chinging, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan) (Fig. 25). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51, 54, 68. Note Flora of China (Ku & Spongberg 2003) considered Pyrus baccata var. himalaica Maxim. and Malus rockii Rehder as nomenclatural synonyms. We agree with this treatment., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 43-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Rehder A. 1933. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 14 (3): 199 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185280","Maximowicz C. J. 1874. Diagnoses des nouvelles plantes du Japon et la Mandjourie, XVe decade. Bulletin de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 19: 158 - 186.","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34."]}

1c. Malus baccata var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid. Figs 9–10 Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 721 (Schneider 1906b). Pyrus baccata var. mandshurica Maxim. (Pirus baccata β mandshurica Maxim.), Bulletin de l’Académie impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg 19: 170 (Maximowicz 1874). – Malus mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom. ex Skvortsov, Izvestiya glavnogo botaniceskago Sada SSSR 25: 146 (Skvortsov 1926). – Malus baccata subsp. mandshurica (Maxim.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). – Type: CHINA • Mandshurica austro-orientalis, Bay Guérin sinus Victoriae; 1860; fl, fr; Maximowicz s.n.; lectotype: NY [NY00415893]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P03339959]! Malus sachalinensis Juz., Flora USSR Vol. 9: 371 (Juzepczuk 1939). – Malus baccata subsp. sachalinensis (Juz.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). – Malus mandshurica subsp. sachalinensis (Juz.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike, genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 28 (Likhonos 1974). – Malus mandshurica var. sachalinensis (Juz.) Ponomar., Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 62 (6): 829 (Ponomarenko 1977). – Type: RUSSIA • Sakhalinskaya Oblast, Insula Sachalin; Jun. 1860; fr; Fridericus Schmidt s.n.; lectotype: LE [LE01082068]!, here designated; isolectotype: LE [LE01082066]! Examined specimens CHINA – Anhui • Jinzhai; 18 May 1985; fl; G. Yao 9007; NAS • Huangshan; 16 May 1979; fl; M.B. Deng & G. Yao 79179; NAS • Shexian; 16 May 1959; fr; Anonymous 1749; NAS. – Beijing • Wofosi; 24 Apr. 1962; fl; Renguo 34; PE. – Chongqing • Beibei; 8Apr. 1996; fl; S.Y. Jiang 96004; CDBI • Wulong; 17 Jun. 2012; fr; Wulong Team 500232-307; IMC. – Gansu • Changxian; 23 Aug. 1939; fl, fr; W.Y. Hsia 6294; PE. – Guangdong • Ruyuan; 10 Apr. 1934; fl; X.P. Gao 54078; NAS. – Guizhou • Suiyang; 26 Apr. 1989; fl; K.M. Lan 8900890; GZAC • Wudang; 22 Jul. 2004; fr; Wudang Team 14722-520112140722045LY; GZTM. – Hebei • Shexian; 3 May 2014; fl; Team 16 130426140503012LY; HBNU. – Henan • Lingbao; 12 Jun. 2016; fl; C.S. Zhu et al. 150512013; AU • ibid.; 10 Aug. 2014; fr; C.S. Zhu et al. 14081067; AU. – Heilongjiang • Haerbin; 1 Jun. 2004; fr; C.M. Tan et al. HEI014; JJF • locality unknown; 28 May 1950; fl, fr; C.Y. Wu 180; PE • Northeast agronomical forest farm; 18 May 1951; fl, fr; W. Wang & Z. Wang 225; PE. – Hubei • Huanggang; 28 Apr. 2015; fl; Z.W. Wang WZW01358; CSH • 28 Apr. 2015; fr; B.J. Ge et al. GBJ04557; CSH • Wuhan; 1983; fr; C.Q. Wang 72; CCAU. – Jilin • Antu; 8 Jun. 1960; fr; C.S. Wang et al. 4684; IBK • Changbaishan; 1955; fr; Genxin team 24; CAF. – Liaoning • Jinxian; 1 May 1984; fl, fr; J.Q. Deng 7; PE. – Qinghai • Xining; 19 May 1990; fl; Z.H. Zhang 5938; HNWP • ibid.; 4 Aug. 1990; fr; Z.H. Zhang 5464; HNWP. – Shandong • Xiashan; 17 Jul. 2012; fr; S.H. Hui & H. Ming 223; SDFGR • Weihai; 13 Apr. 2012; fl; Y.M. Fang 070; SDFGR • Qingdao; 16 Aug. 2012; fr; D.K. Zang 121413; SDFGR. – Shanxi • Taiyuan; 26 Apr. 1990; fl; Z.Y. Li & H.Q. Li 904001-2; SXU [SXU- SD00014345] • Luyashan; 28 Aug. 1959; fr; X.Y. Liu 15919; HSIB. – Shaanxi • T’aipeishan; 18 Jul. 1933; fl, fr; T.P. Wang 1495; PE, NAS, NKU • Taipaishan; 21 Apr. 1939; fl; K.T. Fu 2972; IBK • ibid.; 15 May 1937; fl; T.P. Wang 6759; IBK. – Shanghai • Xuhui; 16 Jun. 2011; st; H.Q. Li et al. SDP02865; CSH • Changning; 13 Apr. 1950; fl; F.X. Liu & J.X. Tan 56; NAS. – Sichuan • Bazhong; 23 Apr. 2015; fl; Y. He & H. Tian GWS201504121, GWS201504139; BNU • Emeishan; Oct. 1931; fr; F.T. Wang 23671; NAS. – Zhejiang • Tianmushan; 21 Jun. 1957; fr; X.Y. He 22345; NAS, HHBG • ibid.; 20 May 1957; fl; Deng et al. 4007; NAS. JAPAN – Shinano • Kakuma Osa-son; 16 Sep. 1952; fr; Miyoshi Furuse 25712; PE. RUSSIA – Primorakaja • Wladiwostok; 20 May 1906; fl; H.A. ПаЛЬчевЄКій [H.A. Pal’chyevyekіy] 2357; PE. SOUTH KOREA – locality unknown ; 18 May 1911; fl; G. Palph & M.D. Mills s.n.; PE • ibid.; 20 May 1909; fl; G. Palph & M.D. Mills s.n.; PE. Description Tree, 10‒15 m high; branches terete, densely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole 1.8‒4.1 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 5.8 × 3.3 cm, oval to ovate, base cuneate, apex retuse to caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially puberulous or glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3‒6 flowers. Pedicel 1.4‒4.8 cm long, usually puberulous. Hypanthium glabrous or puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, caducous. Petals ca 1.2 × 6.7 cm, white, obovate. Stamens 15‒20, unequal. Styles 4 or 5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 0.7× 0.6 cm, subglobose, red. Carpopodium ca 3.3 cm long, majority puberulous. Phenology Flowers from May to June. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forest on slopes, mountain summits and in valleys; 100‒2000 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), Japan (Nagano, Shinano), North Korea, South Korea, and Russia (Fig. 9). Chromosome number 2n = 34. Note The Latin word ‘manshurica’ is used by some herbaria, but we unified it to ‘mandshurica’ according to the priority principle (i.e., Malus baccata var. mandshurica = Malus mandshurica = Malus manshurica). In addition, the lectotype designated by Langenfeld (1991: 158) (RUSSIA • Novik Bay on the Russian island, near Vladivostok; 25 May and 28 Aug. 1860; fl, fr; Maximowicz s.n.; lectotype: LE) is invalid, so we designated a new one here on the basis of Maximowicz’s record., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 19-23, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Maximowicz C. J. 1874. Diagnoses des nouvelles plantes du Japon et la Mandjourie, XVe decade. Bulletin de l'Academie imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg 19: 158 - 186.","Skvortsov B. V. 1926. Izvestiya glavnogo botaniceskago Sada SSSR 25: 146.","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Juzepczuk S. V. 1939. Rosales and Saraceniales. In: Komarov V. L. (ed.) Flora USSR Vol. 9. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad [Saint Petersburg].","Ponomarenko V. V. 1977. Specific compositon of wold growing apple trees in the USSR and centers of their genetic diversity. Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 62 (6): 820 - 831.","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

22. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. Figs 51–52 Gardeners Dictionary, 8 th Ed .: Malus no. 2 (Miller 1768). Pyrus coronaria L., Species Plantarum Vol. 1: 480 (Linnaeus 1753). – Type : COUNTRY UNKNOWN • s.d.; Linnaeus s.n.; holotype: LINN [LINN-HL647-5]! Malus bracteata Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 230 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus bracteata L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Malus coronaria var. bracteata (Rehder) Likhonos, Kul’turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14: 34 (Likhonos 1983). – Type: USA • Campbell, Dunklin County; 22 Apr. 1912; fl; B.F. Bush 6631A; lectotype: A [A00026590]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [00026588]!, GH [GH00026589]! Malus coronaria var. dasycalyx Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 52–53 (Rehder 1920). – Pyrus coronaria var. dasycalyx (Rehder) Fernald, Rhodora 49: 232 (Fernald 1947). – Type : USA • Ohio Toledo, Maumee River bank, Walbridge Park; 28 Sep. 1914; fr; R.E. Horsey 253; lectotype: A [A00026594]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A00026593, A00026595]! Malus coronaria var. dasycalyx f. charlottae Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 53 (Rehder 1920). – Type: USA • Illinois, Waukegan; 1 Jun. 1919; fl; E.P. Dewolf s.n.; lectotype: A [A00026591]!, here designated. Malus coronaria var. hoopesii Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 142 (Rehder 1911b). – Malus platycarpa var. hoopesii (Rehder) Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 227 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus platycarpa var. hoopesii L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type : USA • Massachussetts, Boston, Jamaica Plain, cultivated at the Arnold Arboretum; 9 Oct. 1903; fr; Anonymous s.n.; lectotype: A [00026634]!, here designated. Malus coronaria var. puberula Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 229‒230 (Rehder 1913b). – Malus angustifolia var. puberula (Rehder) Rehder, Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 23: 261 (Rehder 1914). – Pyrus angustifolia var. puberula (Rehder) L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type : USA • Louisiana, Winnfield, Winn Parish; 6 Apr. 1913; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; lectotype: A [A00026579]!, here designated; isolectotype: A [A00026580]! Malus fragrans Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 228 (Rehder 1913b). – Type: USA • New York, Ontario County, Canandaigua; 19 May 1911; fl.; B.H. Slavin 2; lectotype: A [A01861241]!, here designated; isolectotype: A[A01861269]! Malus fragrans var. elongata Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 229 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus elongata (Rehder) Ashe, Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 34 (3): 139 (Ashe 1918b), nom. nud. – Malus elongata (Rehder) Ashe, Bulletin of the Charleston Museum 12 (5): 38 (Ashe 1916). – Malus coronaria var. elongata (Rehder) Rehder, Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 23: 261 (Rehder 1914). – Pyrus coronaria var. elongata L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Type: USA • North Carolina, Highlands, Macon County, Highlands; 20 May 1911; fl; T.G. Harbison 625; holotype: NCU [NCU00043395]!; isotype: A [A00026601, A00026602]! Malus glabrata Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 225, tab. 188 (Rehder 1913a). – Malus coronaria var. glabrata (Rehder) Likhonos, Kul’turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14: 33 (Likhonos 1983). – Type : USA • North Carolina, Buncombe; 29 Apr. 1911; fl; T.G. Harbison 522; holotype: NCU [NCU00043536]!; isotype: A [A00026603, A00026604]!, NCU [NCU00043537]! Malus glaucescens Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 139, tab. 187 (Rehder 1911a). – Malus coronaria var. glaucescens (Rehder) Likhonos, Kul’turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14: 33 (Likhonos 1983). – Type: USA • New York, Rochester, Maple Grove Park; 25 May 1904 and 1905; fl; J. Dunbar s.n.; type: A, designated by Rehder 1913: 139. Malus lancifolia Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 141, t. 157 (Rehder 1911b). – Pyrus coronaria var. lancifolia (Rehder) Fernald, Rhodora 49: 232 (Fernald 1947). – Malus coronaria var. lancifolia (Rehder) C.F.Reed, Phytologia 63 (5): 410 (Reed 1987). – Type : USA • Missouri, Jackson, Courtney; 29 Apr. 1906; B.F. Bush 3869; lectotype: A [A00026630]!, here designated; isolectotype: GH [GH00026631]!, NY [NY01163660]! Malus platycarpa Rehder, Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 227, pl. 189 (Rehder 1913b). – Pyrus platycarpa L.H.Bailey, Rhodora 18: 154 (Bailey 1916a). – Malus coronaria var. platycarpa (Rehder) Likhonos, Kul’turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14: 33 (Likhonos 1983). – Type: USA • North Carolina, Macon County, Franklin, Tennessee Valley; 22 Apr. 1911; fl; T.G. Harbison 503; type: A [A00026632, A00026633]! – Malus platycarpa var. parvula Ashe, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 49 (9): 268 (Ashe 1922). – Type: USA • Georgia, Habersham County; Oct. 1913; W.W. A s.n.; herbarium unknown. Pyrus carolinensis Ashe, Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 34 (3): 138 (Ashe 1918b). – Malus carolinensis Ashe, Bulletin of the Charleston Museum 14 (2): 10 (Ashe 1918a). – Type: USA • North Carolina, Transilvana County, Mills River; 26 Sep. 1917; st; W.W. Ashe 60; lectotype: NY [NY01163662]!, here designated; isolectotype: NCU [NCU00000344, NCU00000345]! Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Alabama • Valleyhead; 11 Oct. 1911; st; T.G. Harbison s.n.; A • Piedmont; 1 Nov. 1941; st; C. Dorman s.n.; A. – Delaware • New Castle; 15 May 1937; fl; R.R. Tatnall 3296; GH • near Stanton; 13 May 1897; fl; Anonymous s.n.; A [01861073]. – Georgia • Rabun; 2 Jun. 1916; st; T.G. Harbison H1228; A. – Illinois • Waukegan; 22 Jun. 1920; fl; E.P. Dewolf s.n.; A. – Kentucky • Olympia Spring; 11 Sep. 1913; st; C.S. Sargent s.n.; A. – Louisiana • near Winnfield; 6 Apr.; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; A. – Michigan • Oakland; 2 Jun. 1931; fl; O.A. Farwell 8877; GH. – New York • Ontario; 20 Sep. 1990; fr; Professor Zhen-Long Yan 1067; PE. – North Carolina • Clay; 18 May 1980; fl; D.E. Boufford et al. 22098; HHBG, PE, SZ. – Ohio • Lorain; 13 May and 14 Aug. 1913; fl, fr; F.O. Grover s.n.; NAS • Fairfield; 24 Sep. 1914; st; R.E. Horsey 223; A • Mahoning; 27 May 1917; fl; R.E. Horsey 631; A. – Pennsylvania • Stromberg; 22 May; fl; C.S. Sargent s.n.; A [01861497]. – Virginia • Tip Top; 25 May 1914; fl; T.C. Harbison 1615; A. Description Small tree or shrub, 5‒10 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.6‒2.3 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina ca 4.6‒5.6 × 2.8‒3.5 cm, oblong to ovate, base cordate, rounded or cuneate, equilateral, apex acute, rounded or obtuse, margin biserrate or entire, blade glabrous or puberulous, sometimes lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4‒6 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.0‒ 3.3 cm long, crinite or glabrous. Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous or puberulous, adaxially densely puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 1.2‒1.9 × 0.7‒1.3 cm, white, pink or premium pink, obovate to oblong. Stamens ca 20, unequal, with pink or purple anther. Styles 5, as long as or longer than stamens, pubescent at base. Pome ca 2.5‒3.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow. Carpopodium ca 1.2‒4.0 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Phenology Flowers from April to June. Mature fruits from September to November. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in forests and shrubs in open areas of valleys, beside streams or roadsides; 50‒1000 m a.s.l. Distribution United States (Fig. 51). Chromosome numbers 2n = 34, 51, 68., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 76-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Miller P. 1768. Gardeners Dictionary, 8 th Ed. Rivington, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 541","Linnaeus C. 1753. Species Plantarum Vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae [Stockholm].","Rehder A. 1913 b. Malus platycarpa, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 227 - 232. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Bailey L. H. 1916 a. Nomenclatorial transfers. Rhodora 18: 152 - 160.","Likhonos F. D. 1983. Kul'turnaya Flora SSSR Vol. 14. Leningra.","Rehder A. 1920. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 2 (1): 44 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 185141","Fernald M. L. 1947. Minor transfers in Pyrus. Rhodora 49: 229 - 233.","Rehder A. 1911 b. Malus lancifolia, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 141 - 143. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Rehder A. 1914. Einige neuere oder kritische Geholze. Mitteilungen der deutschen dendrologischen Gesellschaft 23: 257 - 263.","Ashe W. W. 1918 b. Additions to the arborescent flora of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 34 (3): 130 - 140.","Ashe W. W. 1916. Notes on Pomaceae of upper South Carolina. Bulletin of the Charleston Museum 12 (5): 37 - 43.","Rehder A. 1913 a. Malus glabrata, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (4): 225 - 226. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Rehder A. 1911 a. Malus glaucescens, Rehd. In: Sargent C. S. (ed.) Trees & Shrubs Vol. 2 (3): 139 - 140. Mifflin, Boston, Houghton. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60428","Reed C. F. 1987. New combinations required for the Flora of Central Eastern United States. Phytologia 63 (5): 409 - 412.","Ashe W. W. 1922. Notes on trees and shrubs of the Southeastern United States. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 49 (9): 265 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2480228","Ashe W. W. 1918 a. Notes on trees. Bulletin of the Charleston Museum 14 (2): 9 - 12."]}

25. Malus doumeri (Bois) A.Chev. Figs 57–58 Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 170: 1129 (Chevalier 1920). Pyrus doumeri Bois, Bulletin de la Société botanique de France 51: 113 (Bois 1904). – Docynia doumeri C.K.Schneid., Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 180 (Schneider 1906a). – Eriolobus doumeri (Bois) C.K.Schneid., Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 728 (Schneider 1906b). – Docynia indica var. doumeri (Bois) A.Chev., Revue de Botanique appliquée et d’Agriculture tropicale 22: 379 (Chevalier 1942). – Type : VIETNAM • Annam, Lang-bian, on border of forest; alt. 2000 m; st; M. Auguste d’André s.n.; type: P [P01819344]! Malus formosana Kawak. & Koidz., Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 25 (292): 146 (Kawakami 1911). – Pyrus formosana Kawak. & Koidz. ex Hayata, Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30 (Art. 1): 100 (Hayata 1911). – Pyrus formosanus Kawak. & Koidz., A List of Plants of Formosa: 34 (Kawakami 1910). – Malus doumeri var. formosana (Kawak. & Koidz.) S.S.Ying, Memoirs of the College of Agriculture; National Taiwan University 31 (1): 33 (Ying 1991). – Type : CHINA • Taiwan, Hakku-taisan; 1 Sep. 1910; st; U. Mori s.n.; lectotype: IT, here designated; isotype: IBSC [IBSC0004357]! Pyrus laosensis Cardot, Notulae Systematicae (Paris) 3: 345 (Cardot 1918). – Malus laosensis (Cardot) A.Chev., Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 170: 1129 (Chevalier 1920). – Docyniopsis laosensis (Cardot) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 196 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Docynia indica var. laosensis (Cardot) A.Chev., Revue de Botanique appliquée et d’Agriculture tropicale 22: 379 (Chevalier 1942). – Type : LAOS • Xieng Kouang et Napé; s.d.; fr; C.J. Spire 540; lectotype: P [P00781058]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P00781059, P00781060]! Pyrus melliana Hand.-Mazz., Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematischenaturwissenschaftliche Klasse 60: 96 (Handel-Mazzetti 1923). – Malus melliana (Hand.-Mazz.) Rehder, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 20 (4): 414 (Rehder 1939). – Type : CHINA • Guangdong, Tsatmukngao, Lianping; alt. 500‒1000 m; 15 Jul. 1920; fr; R. Mell 657; holotype: WU [WU0059420]!; isotype: A [A00032498]! Malus asiatica var. argutiserrata Hu & F.H.Chen, Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 1 (2): 225 (Hu & Chen 1951). – Type : CHINA • Jiangxi, Xiushui Xian; 7 Jul. 1950; fr; Y.G. Xiong 6669; holotype: PE [PE00004596]! Malus leiocalyca S.Z.Huang, Guihaia 9 (4): 305 (Huang 1989), syn. nov. – Pyrus leiocalyca (S.Z.Huang) M.F.Fay & Christenh., Plant Gateway’s The Global Flora: A Practical Flora to Vascular Plant Species of the World. Vol. 4: 110 (Christenhusz et al. 2018). – Type : CHINA • Fujian, Chongan Xian, on the way from Yongguan to Huangganshan; alt. 1300 m; 2 May 1981; fl; Wuyi Expedition 2414; holotype: IBSC; isotype: FJSI [FJSI01268, FJSI012682]!, IBG, PE [PE00952781]! Examined specimens CHINA – Fujian • Wuping; 10 Sep. 1983; fr; Meihuashan Team 151; FJSI, IBSC • Congan; 12 Aug. 1979; fr; Wuyi Exp 00061; PE • ibid.; 23 Jul. 1974; fr; 236-6 Team 829; PE • Guangze; 24 Aug. 1981; fr; P. Lin 8276; AU • Wuyishan; 19 Aug. 1984; fr; H.Y. Zou et al. 20058; CSFI • Yongan; 7 Dec. 1932; st; T.S. Wang 1304; AU • Shaowu; 2 Oct. 1936; fr; H.C. Zhou 5135; IBSC • Nanping; 21 May 1932; st; J. He 2035; PE. – Guangdong • Meizhou; 5 Oct. 2004; fr; X.F. Zeng ZXF00682; CZH • ibid.; 21 May 2011; st; X.F. Zeng ZXF11007; CZH • Gaozhou; 23 Jul. 1959; fr; P.C. Zhou 10307; PE • Meixian; 26 Jun. 1957; fr; X.G. Li 201068; PE • Dabu; 9 Jun. 1957; fr; L. Deng 11960; PE • Ruyuan; 29 Jun. 1957; fr; Y.G. Liu 000563; PE • Ta ching; 6 Dec. 1927; st; W.Y. Chun 4840; PE • Guangzhou; 9 Feb. 1953; fl; S.Q. Chen 8199; PE • Heyuan; 28 Jun. 1958; fr; Z.F. Wei 120682; NAS, IBK, KUN, PE. – Guizhou • Leigongshan; 5 Sep. 1959; fr; Qiannan Team 4002; PE, NAS • Zhenfeng; 24 Oct. 1930; fr; Y. Tsiang 4399; PE • Libo; 22 Apr. 2018; fr; R. Qiu 201810055; QNUN. – Hunan • Pingjiang; 21 Apr. 2012; fl; J.X. Li et al. 1674; CSFI • Yizhang; 21 Oct. 1956; fr; L.H. Liu 198; NAS • Xinning; 16 Jul. 1980; fr; Z.C. Luo 391; PE, HUSF • Zhijiang; 24 May 1959; fr; P.X. Tan 62505; FJSI, IBK, IBSC. – Jiangsu • Nanjing; 9 May 1983; fr; D.X. Zuo s.n.; NAS • Lianyungang; 21 Jul. 1984; fr; D.X. Zuo et al. 501; NAS • Fuxi; 17 Aug. 1981; fr; F.Y. Yuan 11109; IBK. – Jiangxi • Linchi; 19 Jul. 1979; fr; D.C. Wu 79-023; PE • Xiushui; 1 Aug. 1947; fr; Y.G. Xiong 05439; PE • Suichuan; 24 Sep. 1963; fr; J.S. Yue et al. 4290; PE • ibid.; 9 Nov. 1965; fr; S.S. Lai et al. 5604; IBSC • Jinggangshan; 23 Sep. 1958; st; J. Xiong 2716; PE, LBG • ibid.; 15 Sep. 1979; fr; S.S. Lai, J.L. Wang & S.C. Zhang 113; LBG • Wugongshan; 22 Sep. 1954; fr; Jiangxi Expedition 1457; PE • Xunwu; 20 Jun. 1956; fr; Xiertongxue 1096; IBSC • Xinfeng; 22 Jul. 2018; fr; Z.B. Tang, W.W. Hu & L. Yang T180722039; GNNU. – Sichuan • Muli; 14 Oct. 1982; fr; F.D. Pu & G. Yao 143; NAS. – Shaanxi • Luojiacun; 14 May 1931; fr; Anonymous 22137; NAS. – Taiwan • Xinzhu; 16 Mar. 1999; fl; G.Z. Yang et al. 5428; PE • Taizhong; 28 Feb. 2001; fl; C.W. Wang & C.Y. Li 04716; PE • ibid.; 5 Jun. 2001; fr; C.M. Wang 05014; PE • Sintikusyu Tikutogun; 13 Oct. 1940; st; Suzuki Tokio ST 20727; PE. – Yunnan • Funing; 25 May 1940; fr; C.W. Wang & Y. Liu 89611; PE • locality unknown; s.d.; fl, fr; Anonymous s.n.; PE [00927626]. – Zhejiang • Lonagquan; s.d.; fr; R.H. Shan et al. 5777; NAS • ibid.; 4 Dec. 1927; fr; W.Y. Chun 5840; NAS • ibid.; 28 Aug. 1957; st; C.F. Zhang & Z.Z. Huang 37; PE • Jingning; Nov. 1958; fr; S.Y. Zhang et al. 24395; NAS • Kaihua; 2 Jun.1990; fr; Xu, Mei & Chen 0846; ZM • Lishui; 18 Apr. 2016; fl; Q.F. Zahng et al. ZX00141; CSH • Xianju; 18 May 1960; fr; Anonymous 7998; NAS • Wuyi; 4 Jul. 1985; fr; X.W. Zheng J8313-135; PE • Suichang; 2 May 1959; fr; M.L. She et al. 25791; NAS. LAOS • Xieng Kouang; s.d.; Dr. Spire 1568; P • Tran-ninh; s.d.; Pidance 2; P. Description Small tree or shrub, 4‒10 (15) m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Lamina ca 9.4 × 3.8 cm, oblong to ovate, base rounded or cuneate, oblique, apex acute or acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade pubescent when young then glabrescent, or glabrous. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4‒5 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.5‒3.0 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium puberulous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially puberulous, adaxially densely crinite, persistent. Petals yellowish-white, ovate. Stamens ca 30, unequal. Styles 5, pubescent at base. Pome ca 2.5‒5.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, yellow to red. Carpopodium ca 2.3 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Phenology Flowers in May. Mature fruits from August to September. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests in valleys or mountainous regions; 700‒2400 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (Fig. 57). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 83-87, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Chevalier A. 1920. Recherches sur les amygdalees et les pommiers des parties froides de l'Indo-Chine et du sud de la Chine. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 170: 1127 - 1129.","Bois D. G. J. M. 1904. Une nouvelle especes de pommier (1), le Pirus doumeri originaire du Lang-Bian (Annam). Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France 51: 113 - 117. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00378941.1904.10829098","Schneider C. K. 1906 a. LXVIII. Species varietatesque pomacearum novae. Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis 3: 218 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / fedr. 19060034006","Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Chevalier A. 1942. Les possibilites de l'Indochine du Nord en cultures fruitieres. Revue de Botanique appliquee et d'Agriculture tropicale 22: 363 - 391. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / jatba. 1942.1712 Christenhusz M. J. M., Fay M. F. & Byng J. W. 2018. Plant Gateway's The Global Flora: A Practical Flora to Vascular Plant Species of the World. Vol. 4 Special Edition: GLOVAP Nomenclature Part 1. Plant Gateway Ltd., Bradford.","Kawakami T. 1911. A new Malus of Formosa. Shokubutsugaku zasshi [Botanical Magazine] 25 (292): 145 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.15281 / jplantres 1887.25.292 _ 145","Hayata B. 1911. Materials for a flora of Formosa. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30 (Art. 1): 1 - 471.","Kawakami T. 1910. A List of Plants of Formosa. Bureau of Productive Industry, Govt. of Formosa, Taihoku. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11038","Ying S. S. 1991. Miscellaneous notes on flora of Taiwan (XIV). Memoirs of the College of Agriculture; National Taiwan University 31 (1): 18 - 39.","Cardot J. 1918. Rosacees nouvelles d'extreme orient. Notulae Systematicae (Paris) 3: 345 - 355.","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189","Handel-Mazzetti H. R. E. 1923. Plantae novae sinenses. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 60: 95 - 101.","Rehder A. 1939. New species, varieties and combinations from the herbarium and collections of the Arnold Arboretum. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 20 (4): 409 - 431. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 325787","Hu H. H & Chen F. H. 1951. Notulae ad Floram Kiangsiensem I. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 1 (2): 221 - 229.","Huang S. Z. 1989. Study of the original plants of Chinese drug Shanzha. Guhaia 9 (4): 303 - 310."]}

Liu, Jian-quan, Gao, Xin-fen (2022): A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae). European Journal of Taxonomy 853: 1-127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019

19. Malus ombrophila Hand.-Mazz. Figs 45–46 Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 63: 1, 8 (Handel-Mazzetti 1926). Pyrus ombrophila (Hand.-Mazz.) M.F.Fay & Christenh., Plant Gateway’s The Global Flora: A Practical Flora to Vascular Plant Species of the World. Vol. 4: 114 (Christenhusz et al. 2018). – Type: CHINA • Yunnan, toward the end of the Tibeto-Birman river Nu Jiang (Salween) and Dulong Jiang (Djioudjiang), in the warm temperate valley Tjiontson-lumba below Tschamutong; alt. 2250‒2650 m; 28 Jun. 1916; fr; Handel-Mazzetti 9119; holotype: WU [WU0059445]! Examined specimens CHINA – Beijing • Haidian; 20 Apr. 1962; fl; Renguo 67; PE • ibid.; 28 Aug. 1962; fr; Renguo 54; PE. – Chongqing • Chengkou; 23 Sep. 1958; fr; T.L. Dai 106040; PE. – Sichuan • Yanyuan; 9 May 1960; fl; S. Jiang et al. 5644; PE • Meigu; 21 Aug. 1959; fr; Chuanjingzhi 1913; PE • ibid.; 22 Oct. 1993; fr; Z.J. Ren 3921; PE • Luding; 22 Sep. 1953; fr; X.L. Jiang 37915; IBK • Leibo; 12 Aug. 1972; fr; 236 Renwuzu 0688; PE • Emeishan; 25 Jul. 1997; fr; G.Z. Li 15518; PE • Tah-liang-shan; 1 Sep. 1934; fr; T.T. Yu 3955; PE. – Tibet • Bomi; 3 Sept 1980; fr; Ecology Department Plateau Group 14870; PE • ibid.; 26 Sep. 2009; st; C.R. Zaxi & L. Xi ZhongY 730; KUN • Motuo; 1 Sep. 1980; fr; W.L. Chen 14591; PE • Chayu; 7 Oct. 2007; fr; Z.D. Fang, G. He & Q.E. Yang XZ-684; SABG • Milin; 9 Aug. 2012; fr; Yarlung Zangbo Expedition Team 783; BJM. – Yunnan • Gongshan; 31 Aug. 1940; fr; K.M. Feng 7209; PE • ibid.; 25 Jun. 1982; fl, fr; Qingzang Team 7531; PE • ibid.; 8 May 2018; fl; H.B. bai & X. He 533324180508128LY; SABG • Weixi; 19 Jul. 1981; fr; Institute of Beijing Hengduanshan Team 01693; PE • ibid.; Aug. 1935; fr; C.W. Wang 68690; PE, NAS • ibid.; 13 Jun. 1940; fl; K.M. Feng 4515; PE • Lijiang; 7 Nov. 1955; fr; K.M. Feng 21656; PE • Kiukiang; 3 Aug. 1937; fr; T.T. Yu 19595; PE • Deqin; 16 Jul. 1940; fr; K.M. Feng 5433; PE • ibid.; 7 Jun. 1937; fl; T.T. Yu 8521; PE. Description Tree, 10‒15 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 2.1‒3.0 cm long, puberulous. Lamina ca 8.1‒8.8 × 4.0‒ 4.8 cm, oval to oblong, base cordate, rounded or truncate, equilateral, apex acuminate, acute or obtuse, margin serrulate, blade abaxially villous, rarely 3‒5-lobed. Inflorescence corymbose, with 4‒12 flowers. Pedicel ca 1.7 cm long, puberulous. Hypanthium densely puberulous. Sepals triangular, puberulous, persistent. Petals ca 0.6 × 0.4 cm, white, ovate. Stamens 15‒20, unequal. Styles 3‒5, glabrous. Pome ca 1.5‒2.0 cm in diameter, subglobose, red or yellow, with fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.7 cm long, puberulous. Phenology Flowers in June. Mature fruits in August. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests in valleys; 2000‒3500 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan) (Fig. 45). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 69-71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Handel-Mazzetti H. R. E. 1926. Plantae novae sinenses, diagnosibus brevibus descriptae. 39. Forts. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 63: 1."]}

4. Malus kirghisorum Al.Fed. & Fed. Figs 15–16 Trudy Yuzhno-Kirgizskoy ekspedicii 1: 220 (Fedorov & Fedorov 1949). Malus sieversii subsp. kirghisorum (Al.Fed. & Fed.) Likhonos, Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 23 (Likhonos 1974). – Malus sieversii var. kirghisorum (Al.Fed. & Fed.) Langenf., Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga: 174 (Langenfeld 1991). – Type: KYRGYZSTAN • Dzhalalabad, Тоi-taipan, on the right bank of the river Aktasch in a juglandin forest; 25 Sep. 1944; Al. Theodorov s.n.; lectotype: LE, designated by Langenfeld 1991: 174. Examined specimens UNITED STATES – Illinois • Lisle; 30 Apr. 2001; fl; S. Packard & P. Steinhouse 9243 V01; KUN [KUN0937410]. (Seeds wild collected from Tien Shan Kirgiz, SSR, USSR, cultivated in the Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, USA. Description Tree, 10‒14 m high. Branches terete; annotinal bud with sparse spines, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 0.9 cm long, puberulous. Lamina 8.0‒10.0 × 4.0‒6.0 cm, oblong to oval, base cuneate, equilateral, apex acuminate or obtuse, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially puberulous. Inflorescence umbellate, with 3‒5 flowers. Pedicel ca 3.0 cm long, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Hypanthium densely lanuginous. Sepals triangular-lanceolate to triangular, longer than calyx tube, puberulous, caducous. Petals ca1.3 × 0.8 cm, white or light pink, obovate. Stamens 15‒20, unequal. Styles 3 or 4, longer than stamens, with dense tomentum at base. Pome ca 3.0‒8.0 cm in diameter, subglobose or coniform, yellow or green. Phenology Flowers from April to May. Mature fruits from July to October. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing at the edge of the forest on slopes or in valleys. Distribution Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (Fig. 15)., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Fedorov Al. A. & Fedorov An. A. 1949. Apple trees of southern Kirgizia. Trudy Yuzhno-Kirgizskoy ekspedicii 1: 218 - 253.","Likhonos F. D. 1974. Obzor vidov v rode Malus Mill.: geografiya i sistematika. (A survey of the species in the genus Malus Mill.: geography and systematics.). Trudy po prikladnoi botanike genetike i selektsii 52 (3): 16 - 34.","Langenfeld V. T. 1991. Yablonya. Morfologichyeskaya evolyutziya, filogyeniya, geografiya, sistyematika roga (Apple Trees: Morphological Evolution, Phylogeny, Geography and Systematics of the Genus). University of Latvia, Riga."]}

17. Malus prattii (Hemsl.) C.K.Schneid. Figs 41–42 Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1: 719 (Schneider 1906b). Pyrus prattii Hemsl., Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 1895 (97): 16 (Hemsley 1895). – Docyniopsis prattii (Hemsl.) Koidz., Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 196 (Koidzumi 1934b). – Type: CHINA • Sichuan, west Szechuen and Tibetan frontier, chiefly near Tachienlu; alt. 9000‒13 000 ft; Dec. 1890; A.E. Pratt 93; lectotype: K [K000758434]!, here designated; isolectotype: P [P01819343]! Malus baoshanensis G.T.Deng, Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University 9 (1): 47 (Deng et al. 1991). – Type : CHINA • Yunnan, Baoshan, Shabaxiang, Lijiasi; 29 May 1990; fl; G.T. Deng 9002; type: SAU. Malus prattii var. glabrata G.Z.Qian, Bulletn of Botanical Research 25 (2): 132 (Qian & Tang 2005). – Type : CHINA • Sichuan, Baoxing, Daqiangpeng; alt. 2750 m; 14 Apr. 1983; fl; X.S. Zhang & Y.X. Ren 5385; holotype: CDBI [CDBI10043762]!; isotype: CDBI [CDBI10043763, CDBI10043764, CDBI10043765]!, PE [00953187]!, SZ [00203448]!, SAU. Examined specimens CHINA – Chongqing • Nanchuan; 1 Oct. 1957; fr; J.H. Xiong & Z.L. Zhou 93784; PE • ibid.; 29 Sep. 1957; fr; J.H. Xiong & Z.L. Zhou 93722; PE • ibid.; 9 Jul. 1957; fr; G.F. Li 62561; NAS, PE, IBSC, SZ. – Guizhou • Fan-tsing Shan; 9 Aug. 1931; fr; S.S. Sin 51519; IBSC • Songtao; 7 Jul.1959; fr; Qianbei Team 1357; SHM. – Sichuan • Luding; 12 Aug. 2010; fr; J.I. Jeon et al. SI1473; PE • ibid.; 21 Jun. 1980; fr; Z.A. Liu 22579; IBSC • Tianquan; 29 Aug. 1963; fr; Chuangxi Team (K.J. Guan & W.C. Wang et al.) 2105; PE • ibid.; 15 jun. 1959; fr; Chuanjingzhi-Sichuan College of Agriculture Botany (58) 00990; PE • ibid.; 4 Aug. 1982; fr; D.Y. Peng 45926; IBSC • ibid.; 19 Sep. 1953; fr; X.L. Jiang 37826; IBK • Mianning; 20 Jul. 1959; fr; S.G. Wu 2043; PE • Shimian; 1955; fr; C.J. Xie 41965; IBSC • ibid.; 1955; fr; C.J. Xie 42054; PE • Emeishan; 1 Jul. 1952; fr; J.H. Xiong, X.S. Zhang & X.L. Jiang 31408; IBK • ibid.; 6 Aug. 1957; fr; G.H. Yang 56463; PE, SZ • ibid.; 27 Aug. 1935; fr; T.H. Tu 683; PE • Baoxing; 1 Jun. 1958; fl; Sichuan College of Agriculture 5385; CDBI • Ebian, 13 Oct. 1939; fr; T.N. Liou & C. Wang 1420; PE • Yaan; 19 Aug. 1978; fr; Lushan Team 78-0768; SM • Congzhou; 30 Jul. 2015; fr; W.B. Ju et al. AZH00382; CDBI. – Yunnan • Weixi; 11 May 1982; fl, fr; Qingzang Team 6444; PE • ibid.; 20 May 1940; fl, fr; K.M. Feng 4041; PE • ibid.; Aug. 1935; fr; Q.W. Wang 68174; PE • ibid.; Jun. 1935; fl, fr; W.Q. Wu 64070; PE. Description Tree, 8‒10 m high. Branches terete, pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves petiolate, petiole ca 1.9‒2.3 cm long, puberulous or glabrous. Lamina ca 8.0‒9.1 × 4.3‒5.1 cm, oval to oblong, base rounded or truncate, equilateral, apex acuminate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade puberulous or glabrous. Inflorescence corymbose, with 5‒8 flowers. Pedicel ca 2.2 cm long, glabrous or puberulous Hypanthium puberulous or glabrous. Sepals triangular, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, persistent or caducous. Petals ca 0.6 × 0.4 cm, white, orbicular. Stamens ca 20, unequal. Styles 5, rarely 4, as long as stamens, glabrous. Pome ca 1.0‒ 1.5 cm in diameter, ellipsoidal, yellow to red, with fruit spots. Carpopodium ca 2.6 cm long, glabrous. Phenology Flowers in June. Mature fruits in August. Habitat Terrestrial, seasonally green, growing in mixed forests; 1400‒3500 m a.s.l. Distribution China (Chongqing, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) (Fig. 41). Chromosome number 2n = 34., Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on pages 63-66, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Schneider C. K. 1906 b. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde Vol. 1. Gustav Fischer, Jena. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 194","Hemsley V. B. 1895. Decades Kewenses. Plantarum Novarum in Herbario Horti Regii Conservatarum. Decas XII. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 1895 (97): 15 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 4111415","Koidzumi G. 1934 b. A synopsis of the genus Malus. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 3 (4): 179 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.18942 / bunruichiri. KJ 00002594189","Deng G. T., Li D. F. & Li Y. T. 1991. A new species of Malus genus in Yun-Nan. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University 9 (1): 47 - 51.","Qian G. Z. & Tang G. G. 2005. Two new varieties of the genus Malus Miller from China. Bulletin of Botanical Research 25 (2): 132 - 133."]}

1. Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. Figs 5–6 Theoretisches-praktisches Handbuch der Forstbotanik und Forsttechnologie Vol. 2: 1280 (Borkhausen 1803). Description Tree or small tree. Branches terete, piliferous or glabrous. Leaves petiolate, petiole puberulous or glabrescent. Lamina oval to ovate, base cuneate, apex retuse to caudate, margin crenate to serrulate, blade abaxially piliferous or glabrescent. Inflorescence umbellate. Pedicel piliferous or glabrous. Hypanthium glabrous. Sepals lanceolate, abaxially glabrous, adaxially puberulous, caducous. Petals white, obovate. Stamens 15‒20, unequal. Styles 3‒5, longer than stamens, glabrous. Pome subglobose. Carpopodium piliferous or glabrous. Distribution Widely distributed in Asia (Fig. 5). Chromosome number 2n = 34. Key to varieties of Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. 1. Trees, 10‒15 m; styles 4 or 5............................................................................................................ 2 – Small trees, 4‒6 m; branchlets pendulous; styles 3 or 4.................. b. var. gracilis (Rehder) T.C.Ku 2. Branchlets, leaf, sepals, pedicel and calyx tube pubescent....................................................................................................................................................... c. var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid. – Branchlets, leaf, sepals, pedicel and calyx tube glabrous............................................ a. var. baccata, Published as part of Liu, Jian-quan & Gao, Xin-fen, 2022, A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), pp. 1-127 in European Journal of Taxonomy 853 on page 15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019, http://zenodo.org/record/7501371, {"references":["Borkhausen M. B. 1803. Theoretisches-praktisches Handbuch der Forstbotanik und Forsttechnologie Vol. 2. Georg Friedrich Heyer, Giessen und Darmstadt."]}