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Los grupos de psicoterapia constituyen una de las modalidades de intervención más eficaces para la mejora de la calidad de vida de las mujeres con cáncer de mama. Pero, además de los contenidos, en una dinámica grupal se dan otro tipo de procesos que pueden influir en la eficacia de la intervención. El objetivo del presente estudio es conocer más a fondo los microprocesos de ayuda y no ayuda según la percepción de las propias pacientes. Los principales resultados de este estudio con una muestra de 50 pacientes muestran que los aspectos de ayuda percibidos como más significativos tienen que ver con los componentes relacionales del propio grupo así como con el establecimiento de una buena alianza terapéutica, mientras que la percepción de no ayuda se asocia sobretodo a la excesiva individualidad y objetivos no compartidos. Los resultados obtenidos permiten también señalar otros factores relevantes para una intervención eficaz., Psychotherapy groups represent one of the most effective types of intervention for improving the quality of life of women with breast cancer. However, apart from the content of group sessions themselves, other types of events related to the group dynamics can influence on the outcome of the intervention. The aim of this study is to gain a deeper knowledge of the meaningful and non-meaningful events based on the opinions of patients. The main results obtained from a sample of 50 patients show that the most significant aspects of meaningful events observed are to do with the relationships formed within the group itself, together with a good therapeutic support, whilst the perception of non meaningful events is mostly associated with an excessive individuality and unshared goals. The results obtained also point to other relevant factors to achieve an effective intervention.

En este artículo se revisa la concepción constructivista de la emoción como parte del proceso de atribución de significado a la experiencia. Se discuten los principales enfoques contemporáneos de la emoción, y en especial el de la Psicología de los Constructos Personales (PCP). Por último, se elaboran algunas de las implicaciones de lo antedicho para la psicoterapia.

A psychoeducational approach is proposed as an alternative to exclusively therapeutic work with older adults in recreational settings. An integrative rationale based on personal construct theory and some general guidelines for the group leader are presented. Two possible psychoeducational group formats (guided autobiography and coping skills) are discussed.

This article presents an intensive study of the outcome and process of the psychotherapeutic treatments conducted at the Blanquerna Psychotherapy Service in Barcelona. It analyzes in detail the relation between outcome (improvement) and process (therapeutic alliance). Specifically, it discusses (a) the therapeutic process in terms of the relation between therapeutic alliance and psychotherapy outcome and (b) the effects of the temporary weakening of the therapeutic alliance and temporary symptomatic relapse on therapeutic outcome and process. Two hundred thirty-nine clients were included in the study, and the assessment instruments were the CORE Outcome Measure and the short version of the Working Alliance Inventory. In addition to good outcome of psychotherapy and maintenance of therapeutic change after treatment, the results also demonstrated the significance of different aspects of the therapeutic alliance as predictors of the therapeutic outcome and process.

In this study, we evaluated the impact of defense style (DS) on outcome and its relation to the therapeutic alliance. Women with postpartum depression were allocated to a brief psychotherapeutic intervention. To evaluate DS and the therapeutic alliance, the Defense Style Questionnaire and the Working Alliance Inventory were employed. The main outcome was the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score at end point; anxiety and retention in treatment were also evaluated. Fifty-nine patients were included; 46 completed the therapy and 65.4% responded (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score

Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), a noncachexia variant of Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV) were co-inoculated as two-, three-, four-, and five-viroid mixtures to Clementine trees grafted on trifoliate orange to evaluate their effect on symptom expression, tree growth, and fruit yield. Most trees infected with CEVd-containing viroid mixtures developed exocortis scaling symptoms, as did CEVd alone, whereas most trees infected with HSVd- or CVd-IV-containing mixtures developed bark-cracking symptoms. Trees infected with mixtures containing both CEVd and CVd-IV revealed the existence of antagonism between these two viroids in terms of the expected bark-scaling and cracking symptoms. Synergistic interactions also were identified in trees infected with certain viroid combinations that, in spite of lacking CEVd, expressed exocortis-like scaling symptoms. Viroid interactions also affected the expected response of trees in terms of vegetative growth and fruit yield. Trees infected with viroid combinations containing CEVd or CVd-III were smaller and produced less fruit than trees infected with mixtures not containing these viroids. Viroid interactions on scion circumference and cumulative fruit yield, in terms of additivity of their effects, were statistically confirmed using a factorial analysis of variance model with two mean estimation approaches. In single-viroid infections, CEVd, CVd-III, and, to a lesser extent, CBLVd consistently and significantly reduced tree size and fruit yield. Conversely, HSVd and CVd-IV slightly increased fruit yield and reduced scion circumference. Rare and not consistent significant interactions were detected with the five-, four-, and three-viroid combinations. Antagonistic interactions between CEVd and CVd-III or CBLVd and CVd-III were revealed over the years with consistent significance. The antagonistic interaction between CEVd and CVd-IV was highly significant over the years when additional viroids were present; however, this antagonism appeared much later in the case of an exclusive interaction. HSVd and CVd-IV showed a consistent and significant synergistic interaction on yield only when both viroids were exclusively present. These results demonstrate antagonistic or synergistic relationships between citrus viroids depending on the viroid mixtures present in the host.

Optimized reaction conditions for the mono- and beta,beta-diarylation of electron-deficient alkenes in aqueous media catalyzed either by a p-hydroxyacetophenone oxime-derived palladacycle or by palladium(II) acetate under phosphine-free conditions and in the presence of (dicyclohexyl)methylamine as base are described. Regioselective monoarylation of unsubstituted and substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds takes place with aryl iodides at 120 degrees C in water. Aqueous N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) as additive, and the palladacycle as catalyst are the most efficient conditions for the coupling with aryl bromides, good stereoselectivities being also obtained in the arylation of crotonates and itaconates, whereas cinnamic derivatives afford lower steroselectivity, with the exception of cinnamic acid and nitrile. beta,beta-Diarylation of unsubstituted alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds can be controlled by using higher loading of the palladacycle and can be performed in refluxing water for aryl iodides, whereas DMA must be used for aryl bromides. Microwave irradiation can be used in the monoarylation of tert-butyl acrylate with aryl iodides in water or the coupling between ethyl cinnamate and aryl bromides in aqueous DMA.

The Heck reaction under phosphane free conditions using oxime-derived palladacycles or Pd(OAc)2 as catalysts is a general methodology for the synthesis of methoxylated (E)-stilbene derivatives. Couplings can be performed either with (dicyclohexyl)methylamine as base and TBAB in aqueous DMA or in neat water and with Et3N as base in DMA in air and under thermal and microwave conditions. The arylation of different styrenes are performed with 3,5-dimethoxyiodobenzene to afford a series of important biologically active (E)-stilbene derivatives containing the 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl moiety, including resveratrol, piceatannol and pinosilvine, which are efficiently prepared with high regioselectivity and total stereoselectivity (TON up to 104).

This article reports the reliability and validity of the Coping Style and Resistance subscales of the Systematic Treatment Selection Self-Report (STS-SR) scale after its translation to Spanish. The English versions of the STS system identify eight empirically derived patient variables that have been found to moderate the effects of various classes of mental health treatment procedures. Research on these dimensions as treatment indicators, as assessed both by clinicians and through patient self-reports, indicates that they increase the efficiency and effectiveness of treatment among English-speaking samples. This article reports a study of the convergent and discriminant validity of two of the subscales, Coping Style and Trait Resistance. The subscales were translated English into Spanish and administered to large Spanish and Argentinean subject pools, along with established measures of the same and related constructs. Results revealed that both scales possessed good internal consistency and adequate discriminant validity. The implications of these findings are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.

Single viroid sources were selected from the viroid collection maintained at IVIA to evaluate the field performance of infected trees. The assays were conducted in Corsica and Spain using the same viroid sources. Trifoliate orange seedlings infected with CEVd showed severe stunting, yellow blotching of the twigs and the bark scaling symptoms characteristic of the exocortis disease. Bark scaling and stunting symptoms were also observed when trifoliate orange was used as a rootstock. Trifoliate orange seedlings infected with three different sources of CVd-II (IIa, IIb and llc) showed characteristic bark cracks also observed when trifoliate orange was used as a rootstock. Only CVd-IIb and CVd-IIc variants induced cachexia symptoms on tangelo Orlando seedlings and on the scion of clementine trees grafted on trifoliate orange. The two apscaviroids, CVd-I and specially CVd-III caused a considerable reduction in size of trifoliate orange seedlings also observed when this species was used as a rootstock. No bark symptoms appeared associated with CVd-I and CVd-III infections. CVd-IV infection also caused bark cracking symptoms and size reduction on clementine trees grafted on trifoliate orange but these effects were not apparent on trifoliate orange seedlings. The results of these studies confirm that only CEVd induces the exocortis symptoms as initially described. The bark cracking symptoms and the reduced size resulting from infection with other citrus viroids should not be equated with "exocortis". (Resume d'auteur)

From a personal construct point of view, writing autobiographical texts becomes a relevant therapeutic ingredient for elderly individuals. If conducted in a context of a group, as Birren proposes [1, 2]; it promotes self-awareness, self-disclosure, and the capacity of generating alternative views of life's experiences. In a group of elderly volunteers from a recreational society of Barcelona (Spain), the guided autobiography method was used to foster the reconstruction of the participant's past life experiences. The degree of reconstruction was assessed through a design that included the administration of a repertory grid at the initial and tenth (last) session. A parallel assessment was applied to a control group of participants with similar demographic characteristics. An adaptation of the method proposed by Feixas for the analysis of autobiographical texts was used to assess the assigned writings of the participants for each session [3]. Results show a significant and gradual change in the construing system of those participants in the autobiographical group. Thus, the distance of the elements self-ideal/self and self-ideal/others significantly decreased in comparison to the control group. It is suggested that the guided autobiography is an adequate therapeutic tool to promote the reconstruction of experience in aged individuals.