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Drawing on some preliminary findings of an ongoing research project on second-generation Argentinean migrants and their language use and social mobility in Catalonia, this paper focuses on the link between social mobility and ethnic mobilization. Using findings from interviews with migrants that came to Spain in the 1970s and 1980s as well as their children who have grown up in Spain, we demonstrate the degree of integration and labor market participation by both generations. Our research also emphasizes the roles political action and language learning play in their integration.

Reactions occurring within each one of two mixtures, a mixture of deuterated dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO-d6, with CH3I (system I) and another mixture of DMSO-d6 with CH3I, NaOH and water (system II), were monitored by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy). The analysis of the spectra as a function of reaction time revealed the formation of methoxy-bis(trideuteromethyl)sulfonium iodide, 3; the precipitation of hexadeuterated trimethyloxosulfonium, 2a; a methyl exchange between DMSO-d6 and 2a to produce trideuterated dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO-d3, 4, and nona-deuterated trimethyloxosulfonium iodide, 2b; and the production of small quantities of methanol, 5, trideuterated dimethylsulfide, 6, and dimethyl ether, 7, in both systems. Only system II precipitated deuterated [Na4(DMSO-dx)15][(I3)3I], 1a, a green solid with metallic shine that corresponds to an isotopomer of 1, which is produced by the self-assembly of DMSO and CH3I in the presence of NaOH and water.

PMCID: PMC4902134, The exceptional porosity of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) could be harnessed for countless practical applications. However, one of the challenges currently precluding the industrial exploitation of these materials is a lack of green methods for their synthesis. Since green synthetic methods obviate the use of organic solvents, they are expected to reduce the production costs, safety hazards and environmental impact typically associated with MOF fabrication. Herein we describe the stepwise optimisation of reaction parameters (pH, reagent concentrations and reaction time) for the room temperature, water-based synthesis of several members of the CPO-27/MOF-74-M series of MOFs, including ones made from Mg(ii), Ni(ii), Co(ii) and Zn(ii) ions. Using this method, we built MOFs with excellent BET surface areas and unprecedented Space-Time Yields (STYs). Employing this approach, we have synthesised CPO-27-M MOFs with record BET surface areas, including 1279 m2 g-1 (CPO-27-Zn), 1351 m2 g-1 (CPO-27-Ni), 1572 m2 g-1 (CPO-27-Co), and 1603 m2 g-1 (CPO-27-Mg). We anticipate that our method could be applied to produce CPO-27-Ni, -Mg, -Co and -Zn with STYs of 44 kg m-3 per day, 191 kg m-3 per day, 1462 kg m-3 per day and a record 18720 kg m-3 per day, respectively., This work was supported by the Spanish MINECO (project PN MAT2012-30994) and the EC (project FP7 ERC-Co 61594). I. I. acknowledges the Spanish MINECO for a Ramón y Cajal grant. ICN2 acknowledges support of the Spanish MINECO through the Severo Ochoa Centres of Excellence Program (Grant SEV-2013-0295).

En este artículo se analizan las estrategias de coordinación lingüística de cinco escenarios empresariales situados en Cataluña (España) afectados desigualmente por la movilidad de los factores de producción. Analizamos los regímenes lingüísticos de cada uno de estos escenarios, prestando especial atención a los criterios lingüísticos de selección y promoción de personal. A partir de los datos obtenidos establecemos dos tipologías de empresas en las que se enfatizan de forma diferenciada la eficacia comunicativa y el control de los recursos por medio de la discriminación lingüística. This article deals with the strategies of linguistic coordination of four business models located in Catalonia (Spain) unequally affected by the mobility of production factors. We analyze the linguistic regimes of each one of these models paying special attention to the linguistic criteria for personnel selection and promotion. Using the data collected, we establish two types of companies with differentiated strategies of control and communicative efficiency through practices of linguistic discrimination.

In this work we report on a combined macro, micro and nanoscale investigation where electronic transport properties through La⅔Sr⅓MnO3 (LSMO) microfabricated bridges, in which nano-sized resistive states are induced by using a conducting scanning probe microscope (C-SPM), are analyzed. The strategy intentionally avoids the standard capacitor-like geometry, thus allowing the study of the electronic transport properties of the locally modified region, and approaches the integration of functional oxides in low dimensional devices while providing macroscopic evidence of nanoscale resistive switching (RS). The metallic and ferromagnetic LSMO is locally modified from its low resistance state (LRS) to a high resistance state (HRS) when a bias voltage is applied on its surface through the conducting tip, which acts as a mobile electrode. Starting from a metallic oxide the electroforming process is not required, thus avoiding one of the major drawbacks for the implementation of memory devices based on RS phenomena. The application of a bias voltage generates an electric field that promotes charge depletion, leading to a strong increase of the resistance, i.e. to the HRS. This effect is not only confined to the outermost surface layer, its spatial extension and final HRS condition can be modulated by the magnitude and duration of the potential applied, opening the door to the implementation of multilevel devices. In addition, the half-metallic character, i.e. total spin polarization, of LSMO might allow the implementation of memory elements and active spintronic devices in the very same material. The stability of the HRS and LRS as a function of temperature, magnetic field and compliance current is also analyzed, allowing the characterization of the nature of the switching process and the active material.

The title compound, [Zn{(CH3)2SO}6]I4, is a one-dimensional supramolecular polymer along a threefold rotation axis of the space group. It is built up from discrete [Zn{(CH3)2SO}6]2+units connected through non-classical hydrogen bonds to linear I42−polyiodide anions (C—H...I = 3.168 Å). The ZnIIion in the cation has an octahedral coordination geometry, with all six Zn—O bond lengths being equivalent, at 2.111 (4) Å. The linear polyiodide anion contains a neutral I2molecule weakly coordinated to two iodide ions.

A new complex with the molecular formula [Na(4)(DMSO)(15)][(I(3))(3)(I)] represents the first example of Na(+) coordinated solely by DMSO. The triiodide (I(3)(-)) and iodide (I(-)) anions form an infinite linear chain running throughout the crystal.

A pesar de ser uno de los conceptos más recurrentes entre la comunidad científica y en los discursos políticos, la cohesión social carece de una definición rigurosa y compartida que aglutine toda su complejidad. En el presente artículo, a partir de una revisión de las distintas aportaciones científicas, se definen tres dimensiones de la cohesión social: la cultural, la redistributiva de recursos y la relacional (capital social). Estas tres dimensiones se contrastan con los discursos políticos subyacentes en las políticas migratorias europeas, españolas y catalanas. En todos ellos se identifica una voluntad de construir un marco de referencia común, que reconozca la diversidad cultural, como también la necesidad de garantizar el acceso a los derechos básicos como un medio hacia la cohesión social. Se concluye que las tres dimensiones se encuentran en menor o mayor medida en los discursos políticos, diferenciándose más en su priorización que de forma sustantiva. Despite being one of the most used concepts by the scientific community and in political discourses, social cohesion lacks of a rigorous and shared definition. In this article, based on a literature review, three dimensions of social cohesion are defined in relation to cultural diversity, the redistribution of resources and social capital. These dimensions are contrasted with the political discourses underlying migration policies at the European, Spanish and Catalan level. The authors conclude that the three dimensions are to greater or lesser extent present in the political discourses, although they differ in priorities rather than in the substantive core.

9 páginas, 9 figuras., Water molecules strongly interact with freshly cleaved (011) surfaces of L-alanine single crystals at low relative humidity (below 10%) promoting diffusion of L-alanine molecules. Species mobility is enhanced above ∼40% leading to the formation of two-dimensional islands with long-range order through Ostwald ripening. Scanning force microscopy experiments reveal that both, islands and terraces, are identical in nature (composition and crystallographic structure) but a relevant friction asymmetry appearing upon water–surface interaction evidences that orientation dependent properties exist between them at the molecular level. We interpret this observation as due to water incorporation in the topmost surface crystal structure. Eventually, for high humidity values, surface dissolution and roughening occur., This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Spain), through projects FIS2009- 08355, MAT2010-20020, and CONSOLIDER CSD2007- 00041 (NANOSELECT) and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (SGR 00909). J.J.S. thanks the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) for a JAE DOC PhD grant and A.V. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ramón y Cajal Program.

International audience; Dense silicon nitride (SiN) composites with various amounts (0 - 8.6 vol%) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are electrically characterised by combining macroscopic dc-ac and nanoscale conductive scanning force microscopy (C-SFM) measurements. In this way, a coherent picture of the dominant charge transport mechanisms in SiN/MWCNTs composites is presented. A raise of more than ten orders of magnitude in the electrical dc conductivity compared to the blank specimen is measured for MWCNTs contents above 0.9 vol%. Semiconductor and metallic-like behaviours are observed depending on both the temperature and the MWCNTs content. Macroscopic measurements are further supported at the nanoscale by means of C-SFM. The metallic-type conduction is associated to charge transporting along the nanotube shells, whereas the semiconductor behaviour is linked to hopping conduction across nanotube-nanotube contacts and across intrinsic defect clusters within the nanotubes.

Exploiting the capability of preparing nanostructured bifunctional terminated SrTiO(3) substrates (SrO and TiO(2)), the surface properties have been locally tuned by employing a double bottom-up strategy which combines the use of chemically nanopatterned substrates with molecular self-assembly. The dynamics of surface diffusion that allows SrO and TiO(2) chemical-termination nano-patterning of the SrTiO(3) is first addressed. Second, termination-dependent heterogeneous nucleation is used to demonstrate that stearic acid selectively grows on the TiO(2) terminated terraces. This adsorption improves the frictional properties and modifies the surface contact potential. The possibility of simultaneously tailoring at the nanoscale different surface properties of widely employed oxide substrates is promising for building up new devices useful for emerging applications.

This article deals with the strategies of linguistic coordination of four enterprise models located in Catalonia (Spain), unequally affected by the mobility of factors of production. We analyze the linguistic regimes of each one of these models paying special attention to the linguistic criteria of selection and promotion of personnel. Based on the data obtained, we identify two typologies of companies, each one with a different degree of emphasis on communicative efficiency and on strategies of control through practices of linguistic discrimination.

We show that the surface of (001)-oriented La0.18Sr0.82Al0.59Ta0.41O3 (LSAT) single-crystalline substrates can be self-ordered as to become a laterally long-range ordered pattern of nanometric stripes of distinct composition. Atomically flat and periodically modulated, the resulting surface exhibits concomitant interface energy variations with an upper growing epilayer. By exploiting combined selective growth and epitaxial strain, these nanostructured substrates are used as templates to promote the self-formation of one-dimensional arrays of SrRuO3 dots.

The European Union is undergoing important transformations on both the normative and the identity level. The «Others» in Europe are no longer merely those who do not hold citizenship of one of the member states of the Union. In the new European immigration context, «Otherness» as defined on a legal basis the foreigner has been complemented by a culturally and an ethnically coloured definition. This paper analyses the construction of categories and identity classifications underlying new forms of inclusion and exclusion that are to be found in the context of the emergence of Europe as a legal, political and cultural entity. It will 1 Este articulo es el resultado de discusiones y encuentros para la preparacion de una investigacion en el Centro Migrations, Asylum and Multiculturalism (MAM, www.ulb.ac.be/crt/mam), de la Universidad Libre de Bruselas. Quiero dar las gracias a A. Azzi, E. Bribosia, Ph. Debruycker, D. Jacobs, P. Petit, I. Rorive y M. Sanchez-Mazas. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.186 on Sun, 09 Oct 2016 04:23:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

In this article we analyze patterns of emigration and return to Mexican communities located in traditional migratory regions and in new emigration communities. The traditional communities of origin are located in the states to the far west of Mexico and the new origin communities are located to the south of Mexico City or in states near the Mexico.S. border. We estimate discrete time event history models predicting the likelihood of departure and return on first trips to the United States, and departure and return on subsequent trips. In both sets of communities we find that social capital is crit cal in raising the odds of departure on a first trip, but declines in importance in predicting the odds of departure on later trips, which are influenced more This content downloaded from 157.55.39.58 on Tue, 11 Oct 2016 04:55:45 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms .LAS S. MASSEY, JORGE DURAND Y FERNANDO RIOSMENA primer viaje, pero declina su importancia para predecir las probabilidades de partida de los viajes siguientes, que estan mas influenciados por el capital humano relativo a la migracion. Los migrantes de ambos grupos de comunidades usan la migracion internacional como medio para financiar la adquisicion de viviendas y de negocios, pero los migrantes de nuevas comunidades emisoras buscan primero negocio y luego las propiedades inmobiliarias, mientras que entre los de comunidades tradicionales es a la inversa. Los esfuerzos por parte de los Estados Unidos de impedir las migraciones entre Mexico y Estados Unidos militarizando la frontera han fallado, especialmente entre los migrantes de comunidades emisoras tradicionales que tienen tradiciones migratorias muy establecidas y acceso al capital humano y social especifico a la migracion. by migration-related human capital. Migrants from both sets of communities use international migration as a means of financing the acquisition of homes and businesses, but migrants from the new origin communities seek businesses first and then homes while among those from traditional communities it is the reverse. The efforts made by the United States to prevent Mexico-U.S. migration by militarizing the border have failed, especially among migrants from traditional sending communities with wellestablished migratory traditions and great access to migration-specific human and social capital.

Este articulo examina la contradiccion que esta en el fondo de las politicas de inmigracion italianas y espanolas entre las llamadas a la integracion y la marginalidad asociada con el estatus temporal y contingente de la inmigracion. Argumento aqui que esta tension es estructural y refleja una contradiccion subyacente en la economia politica de estas sociedades postfordistas. En la segunda parte de este articulo examino esta misma tension en la politica de inmigracion de los Estados Unidos, y exploro las formas en las que las propuestas actuales de reforma llevarian a la politica de inmigracion de este pais mas cerca de las de Espana e Italia. Hago notar que mientras que la tension entre marginalizacion de los inmigrantes e integracion ha caracterizado siempre la politica ABSTRACT

Summary Two cases of aneurysm with double rupture into the gastrointestinal tract are reported. The first case was an aortic aneurysm which perforated into the ascending colon and into the third portion of the duodenum; the second was a false aneurysm arising from the left common iliac artery, which perforated into the third portion of the duodenum and into the ileum. Both cases should be considered as extreme rarities.