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1998年1月及び1999年6月に静岡県で,また2001年には佐賀県で施設栽培のトルコギキョウに,葉にえそやえそ輪紋等の症状が発生した.これら発病株からウイルスを分離し,T2, T3, SGA及びSG1分離株を得た.4分離株の汁液接種によりトルコギキョウで原病徴が再現された.T2及びT3分離株の宿主範囲は狭く,13科25種の植物のうちで,3科4種のみに全身感染した.T2及びSG1分離株はミカンキイロアザミウマでは媒介されず,ネギアザミウマのみにより媒介された.発病株を電子顕微鏡で観察した結果,平均粒子径85nmの球状粒子が認められた.DAS-ELISA法でT2及びT3分離株ともにIYSV抗体と強く反応したが,TSWV及びINSV抗体には反応しなかった.4分離株のヌクレオキャプシドタンパク質のアミノ酸配列を解析した結果,T2及びSG1分離株はオランダで発生したIYSVと相同性がそれぞれ97.8%, 97.1%であり,T3及びSGA分離株はブラジルで発生したIYSVとのそれが97.4%, 97.8%であった.以上から,4分離株をIYSVと同定した.本病害をえそ輪紋病と命名する.IYSVのトルコギキョウへの病原性は系統により多少異なることと,IYSVに対するトルコギキョウの感受性には品種間差があることが明らかとなった.

The electrolytic decomposition of an amaranth dyestuff solution using several combinations of electrodes with diamond and platinum is reported. It is observed that a portion of the amaranth is decomposed on the cathode surface while the other portion is decomposed to lower molecular weight components on the anode surface. The decolourizing rate is higher at diamond electrodes used as the anode and the cathode than with other combinations. This electrode combination also shows a rapid decrease in total organic carbon concentration. Acetic acid and oxalic acid are detected as the intermediate substances, and CO2 gas is generated as a final product corresponding to the decrease in the oxalic acid concentration.

The structural properties of epitaxial L10 ordered FePt(001) films, grown by molecular beam epitaxy (alternating deposition of Fe and Pt atomic layers) on buffer-Pt/seed-Fe/GaAs(001) have been studied by in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction and by ex situ x-ray scattering as a function of the growth conditions. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction intensity oscillations measured during FePt layer growth provide evidence for island growth at Ts = 200° C and quasi layer-by-layer growth at Ts = 350° C. From small-angle and wide-angle x-ray scattering it was found that the degree of epitaxy depends critically on morphology of the seed layer and the substrate roughness. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the long-range order parameter increases from near zero for films grown at 200°C to 0.65 for films grown at 350°C. This confirms the fact that the order parameter is mainly determined by the surface mobility of the atoms which is controlled experimentally by the substrate temperature.

Theoretical and experimental issues connected with exchange-bias and exchange-spring behaviour are briefly reviewed, and the potential of conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy, including the 57Fe probe layer technique, to reveal the spin structure in layered systems is emphasized. First experimental results are reported for the new exchange-bias system FeSn2/Fe and for the exchange-spring system Sm–Co/Fe.

Studies of transplacental transfer of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) suggest that the developing human fetus may be a sensitive target for AFB(1) injury. Because AFB(1) requires metabolic activation to the reactive AFB(1)-8,9-exo-epoxide (AFBO) to exert its carcinogenic effects, ontogenic and interindividual differences in AFB(1) biotransformation enzymes may underlie susceptibility to AFB(1)-induced cell injury. The present study was initiated to compare the rates of in vitro AFB(1)-DNA and AFB(1)-protein adduct formation among a panel of 10 adult and 10 second-trimester prenatal livers and to examine the relationship among AFB(1) metabolizing enzyme expression and AFB(1) binding. Mixtures of cytosolic and microsomal proteins from prenatal and adult livers catalyzed the formation of AFB(1)-DNA and AFB(1)-protein adducts at relatively similar rates, although greater individual variability in AFB(1) adduct formation was observed in adult tissues. Extensive interindividual variation among adult tissues was observed in the expression of the AFB(1) activation enzymes cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2), CYP3A4/5, and lipoxygenase (LO). Prenatal CYP3A7 expression was also highly variable. LO expression was eightfold higher in prenatal liver tissues than adults, whereas the expression of the AFBO detoxification enzyme microsomal epoxide hydrolase was twofold higher in adult liver. The levels of the polymorphic glutathione S-transferase M1 (hGSTM1-1), which may potentially protect against AFBO injury, were higher in the hGSTM1-1-expressing tissues of adults in relation to prenatal livers. In general, there was not a strong relationship among AFB(1)-DNA or AFB(1)-protein adduct formation and expression levels of individual AFB(1) metabolizing enzymes. In summary, despite the presence of marked individual and ontogenic differences in the expression of AFB(1) metabolizing enzymes, human second trimester prenatal liver tissues compared to adults do not exhibit a marked sensitivity to the in vitro formation of macromolecular AFB(1) adducts.

Room temperature stabilization of up to 3.5 ML epitaxial metastable a-Sn at the Si(1 1 1)-(7 � 7) surface is reported. The a-Sn layers remain stabilized at the interface even after the deposition of thick Sn layers that undergo the a-Sn ! b-Sn transformation. Additionally,a small decrease in the s-electron density at the 119 Sn nucleus is found for submonolayer of Sn at the Sn/Si(1 1 1)-(7 � 7) interface. The epitaxial relationship between thick b-Sn layers on Si(1 1 1) is also shown. The results were obtained by low and high energy electron diffraction and 119 Sn conversion electron

We investigate the radial dependence of the spectroscopic properties, in particular the Mg2, and H beta spectroscopic indices, in a sample of galaxies spanning a wide range of absolute luminosity in the Coma cluster. After allowing for the magnitude dependence of these indices, we find a significant gradient in Mg2, in the sense that galaxies in the core of the cluster have stronger Mg2. We find only weak gradients in and H beta. Using the model grids presented in an earlier paper in this series, we attribute the Mg2 gradient to changes in metal abundance. One possible mechanism to create this abundance gradient is pressure confinement by the intracluster medium of material from Supernova driven winds early in the history of the galaxies., Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, accepted by Ap. J. (main journal)

(0 0 1) Fe-films on GaAs and ZnSe substrates show steps in the hysteresis. For Fe on GaAs, which exhibits small damping in FMR (9–70 GHz), the step is attributed to the critical ratio, 0.58, of the uniaxial in-plane and crystalline anisotropy. For the 60 nm Fe-film on ZnSe, the step in the hysteresis loop is caused by different anisotropy at the top and bottom surfaces.

Surface active agent (surfactant) effect of the adsorbed oxygen atoms on epitaxial growth of fcc ultra thin films (Co, γ-Fe, Cr) on Cu(001), a Co/γ-Fe/Co trilayer on Cu(001) and a [Co/Cu] multilayer was investigated. The surfactant effect of oxygen atoms on the growth of fcc Co on Cu(001)-O reconstructed structure of (2√2 × √2) R45° was found by the RHEED observation. The non-equilibrium fcc structure of Fe was stable until 45 ML on the Cu(001)-O surface formed on Cu(001) single crystal, but 20 ML on the Cu(001)-O surface formed on Cu(001) buffer layer deposited on MgO(001). The surfactant effect was not observed for the non-equilibrium fcc Cr. The surfactant effect of oxygen atoms on the Co/γ-Fe/Co trilayer and [Co/Cu] 20 multilayer were observed. The surface reconstruction structure of Cu(001)-O(2√2 x √2)R45° is necessary for the oxygen surfactant effect on the epitaxial growths of fcc metals on Cu(001).

We examined the association between green tea consumption and mortality due to all causes, cancer, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, injuries, and other causes of death in a large-scale population-based cohort study in Japan.We studied 90,914 Japanese (aged between 40 and 69 years) recruited between 1990 and 1994. After 18.7 years of follow-up, 12,874 deaths were reported. The association between green tea consumption and risk of all causes and major causes of mortality was assessed using the Cox proportional hazards regression model with adjustment for potential confounders.Hazard ratios for all-cause mortality among men who consumed green tea compared with those who drank less than 1 cup/day were 0.96 (0.89-1.03) for 1-2 cups/day, 0.88 (0.82-0.95) for 3-4 cups/day, and 0.87 (0.81-0.94) for more than 5 cups/day (P for trend.001). Corresponding hazard ratios for women were 0.90 (0.81-1.00), 0.87 (0.79-0.96), and 0.83 (0.75-0.91; P for trend.001). Green tea was inversely associated with mortality from heart disease in both men and women and mortality from cerebrovascular disease and respiratory disease in men. No association was found between green tea and total cancer mortality.This prospective study suggests that the consumption of green tea may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality and the three leading causes of death in Japan.

Xenotransplantation with porcine islets is a promising approach to overcome the shortage of human donors. This is the first report of phase 1/2a xenotransplantation study of encapsulated neonatal porcine islets under the current framework of regulations for xenotransplantation in New Zealand.Newborn piglets were anesthetized and bled, and the pancreata were removed with the use of sterile technique and processed. Encapsulated neonatal porcine islets were implanted with the use of laparoscopy into the peritoneal cavity of 14 patients with unstable type 1 diabetes without any immunosuppressive drugs. The patients received encapsulated islets of 5,000 (n = 4; group 1), 10,000 (n = 4; group 2), 15,000 (n = 4; group 3), or 20,000 (n = 2; group 4) islet equivalents per kg body weight. Outcome was determined from adverse event reports, HbA1c, total daily insulin dose, and frequency of unaware hypoglycemic events. To assess graft function, transplant estimated function (TEF) scores were calculated. Sufficient or marginal numbers of encapsulated neonatal porcine islets were transplanted into streptozotocin-induced diabetic B6 mice as an in vivo functional assay.There were 4 serious adverse events, of which 3 were considered to be possibly related to the procedure. Tests for porcine endogenous retrovirus DNA and RNA were all negative. The numbers of unaware hypoglycemia events were reduced after transplantation in all groups. Four of 14 patients attained HbA1c 7% compared with 1 at baseline. The average TEF scores were 0.17, 0.02, -0.01, and 0.08 in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. The in vivo study demonstrated that a sufficient number of the transplanted group reversed diabetes with positive porcine C-peptide.Transplantation of encapsulated neonatal porcine islets was safe and was followed by a reduction in unaware hypoglycemia events in unstable type 1 diabetic patients. The mouse in vivo assessment data demonstrated certain graft function.

A basic design of enclosure and support facilities for the University of Tokyo Atacama observatory (TAO) 6.5-m telescope is described in this paper. The enclosure facility has a carousel shape with an open-space near the ground surface. The upper carousel rotates independently of the telescope. Horizontally opened slit doors, a dozen ventilation windows, wind and moon shields, and an overhead bridge-crane are equipped. For safety reasons, most of maintenance walkways are placed inside of the enclosure facility. An observation floor of the enclosure facility is connected to the support facility via a bridge for maintenance of observation instruments and a primary mirror of the telescope. Air inside of the enclosure and support facilities is exhausted to an underground tunnel.

This is the second paper in a series studying the photometric and spectroscopic properties of galaxies of different luminosities in the Coma cluster. The sample selection, spectroscopic observations and completeness functions are presented here. To study the spectral properties of galaxies as a function of their local environment, two fields were selected for spectroscopic observations to cover both the core (Coma1) and outskirts (ie. south-west of the core and centered on NGC4839)- (Coma3) of the cluster. Medium resolution spectroscopy (6-9 ��) was carried out for a total of 490 galaxies in both fields (302 in Coma1 and 188 in Coma3), using the WYFFOS multi-fiber spectrograph on the William Herschel Telescope. The galaxies cover a range of $12 < R < 20$, corresponding to -23 < M_R < -15 (H0=65 km/sec/Mpc). The redshifts are measured with an accuracy of 100 km/sec. The spectral line strengths and equivalent widths are also measured for the same galaxies and analysed in Poggianti et al (2001- paper III). A total of 189 (Coma1) and 90 (Coma3) galaxies are identified as members of the Coma cluster. An analysis of the colors show that only two members of the Coma cluster in our sample have B-R > 2. The completeness functions for the spectroscopic sample is presented., 27 pages, 11 Figures. Accepted for publication in Ap.J Suppl

(abr.) We present the analysis of the spectroscopic catalog of galaxies in the Coma cluster from Mobasher et al. This catalog comprises ~300 spectra of cluster members with magnitudes M_B=-20.5 to -14 in two areas of ~1 X 1.5 Mpc towards the center and the SW region of the cluster. In this paper the analysis is restricted to the 257 galaxies with no emission lines in their spectra. The strength of the age-sensitive indices is found to correlate with galaxy magnitude over the whole magnitude range. Similarly, the metallicity-sensitive indices anticorrelate with magnitude. By comparing the observed indices with model grids based on the Padova isochrones, we derive luminosity-weighted ages and metallicities. We present the distributions of ages and metallicities for galaxies in various magnitude bins. The mean metallicity decreases with galaxy magnitude and, at a given luminosity, appears to be generally lower for galaxies in the SW region of Coma as compared to the center of the cluster. A broad range of ages, from younger than 3 Gyr to older than 9 Gyr, is found in galaxies of any magnitude. However, systematic trends of age with luminosity are present among galaxies in the central field. In the central Mpc of Coma, a large fraction of galaxies at any luminosity (50-60% of the giants, >30 % of the dwarfs) show no evidence in their central regions of star formation occurred at redshift z, Comment: changes in sec.4.6, abstract, conclusions. ApJ in press

A continuous fcc-to-bcc crystallographic transition via a homogeneous tetragonal lattice deformation (Bain transformation) with increasing Fe coverage was observed in molecular-beam grown epitaxial Fe ultrathin films on Cu3Au(0 0 1), contrary to the usual case of a discontinuous martensitic transformation of Fe. With increasing Fe film thickness, a continuous compression of the interlayer distance perpendicular to the film plane and a simultaneous continuous expansion of the in-plane atomic distance was observed. We did not find evidence for the coexistence of fcc and bcc phases. In the ∼1–12 ML (monolayer) thickness range, the films do exhibit some atomic disorder and do not grow pseudomorphous, but form twisted crystallographic domains that are rotated in the film plane about the film normal direction. The atomic volume of tetragonal states was found to follow closely face-centered tetragonal (fct) or body-centered tetragonal (bct) “epitaxial lines” according to strain-energy calculations [Surf. Rev. Lett. 1 (1994) 15], including a crossover from ferromagnetic high-moment high-volume fct to bct Fe. The results were obtained by in situ X-ray photoelectron diffraction, high-energy electron diffraction, and 57 Fe conversion-electron Mossbauer spectroscopy. Correlated with the Bain transformation is a Fe spin reorientation from preferentially perpendicular (for fct) to in-plane (for bct) spin direction at 25 K.

A new ray-tracing simulation program, RIGTRACE, has been developed specifically for the X-ray optics range. It traces consecutively each ray, following its path from the source to the observation plane, and treats diffraction by a monochromator crystal by adopting the Darwin-Prins theory so that it may be seen how rays of slightly different energies and incident angles reach the plane. It is also possible to treat the case of the laboratory system, in which the optical elements are disposed close to each other. Examples of the application are provided.

The usefulness of 1 % terbinafine HCl (Lamisil®) cream for hyperkeratotic-type tinea pedis and its transfer into the horny layer were evaluated. Of the 36 patients enrolled in the study, 35 were retained for analysis and one was excluded due to inappropriate drug application. Hyperkeratotic-type tinea pedis was classified into three types: true hyperkeratotic-type, partial hyperkeratotic-type, and quasi-hyperkeratotic type. The overall clinical improvement rate was 95.5% (100% for true-, 80% for partial- and 96.2% for quasi-hyperkeratotic type). The overall fungal eradication rate was 88.6% (75% for true-, 100% for partial- and 88.5% for quasi-hyperkeratotic type). The overall efficacy rate was 88.6% (75% for true-, 100% for partial- and 88.5% for quasi-hyperkeratotic type). No adverse reactions were reported. Drug concentrations in the horny layer were 170.3, 228.5 and 249.2 ng mg -1 , respectively, 2, 4 and 12 weeks after starting the treatment. These concentrations are more than 50 000 times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentrations of terbinafine for dermatophytes. These findings indicate that terbinafine HCl (Lamisil®) cream is very useful for refractory hyperkeratotic-type tinea pedis when administered alone. The pharmacokinetic data also support the clinical and mycological findings.

The kinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) degradation in deionized water was studied under the influence of various environmental factors. The experiment was conducted with a solution of 10 μg aqueous OTC /mL in 600-mL glass beakers under controlled laboratory conditions. The aqueous concentration of OTC was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Low temperatures (4°C) favored high drug stability, and high temperatures (43°C) speeded OTC degradation, resulting in a very short half-life of 0.26 ± 0.11 d. Light exposure caused photodecomposition, reflecting degradation rates threefold higher than those under dark conditions. Acidic conditions (pH 3.0) favored drug stability (half-life = 46.36 ± 4.92 d), and alkaline conditions (pH 10.0) increased the degradation rate (half-life = 9.08 ± 4.22 d). The presence of a substrate (bentonite clay) resulted in an approximate 17% decrease in OTC concentration within 5 min of contact. Addition of organic matter (fish feed) along with the substrate ...

Concurrent relationships among measures of naming speed, phonological awareness, orthographic skill, and other reading subskills were explored in a representative sample of second graders. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that naming speed, as measured by the the rapid automatized naming (RAN) task, accounted for a sizable amount of unique variance in reading with vocabulary and phonemic awareness partialled out. The unique contribution of naming speed to reading was relatively stronger for orthographic skills, whereas the contribution of phonemic skills was stronger for nonword decoding. In further analyses, marked difficulties on a range of reading tasks, including orthographic processing, were seen in a subgroup with a double deficit (slow naming speed and low phonemic awareness) but not in groups with only a single deficit. These findings are broadly consistent with Bowers and Wolf's (1993a, 1993b; Wolf & Bowers, 1999) double-deficit hypothesis of reading disability.

The iron loss properties of the non-oriented silicon steel sheets as a function thickness, silicon contents, cutting angle and grain diameter were measured by single-sheet tester (SST). The specimens were excited by sinusoidal waveform (50 Hz), fundamental waveform (50 Hz) with a single high-order harmonic component and PWM waveform. The averaging loss of three directions is defined as ( L +2× C + T )/4 (called as A3D loss). The increase ratio of non-sinusoidal waveform exciting condition’s A3D loss against the sinusoidal waveform one was different despite the equal levels of the A3D loss under sinusoidal waveform exciting condition. This is because it depends on a difference of iron loss constitution.

Moccasin-type tinea pedis(MTTP) is a hardly curable superficial dermatomycosis primarily characterized by hyperkeratosis of the sole. In this study, we compared the usefulness of combination therapy of bifonazole (Mycospor cream) + 10% urea ointment (Urepearl) (overlapping application group = group I) with occlusive dressing therapy with the same agents (group II) in the treatment of MTTP, and obtained the following results. (1) The clinical improvement rate (percentage of "marked improvement" and "moderate improvement") was 60.4% in group I and 83.3% in group II. (2) The mycological eradication rate was 48.7% in group I and 82.1% in group II after 4 weeks of treatment and 90.9 and 96.9%, after 12 weeks of treatment, respectively. (3) The clinical utility rate (percentage of "very beneficial" and "beneficial") was 83.3% in group I and 93.8% in group II. These results indicate the superiority of both combination therapy of bifonazole + 10% urea ointment (overlapping application group) and occlusive dressing therapy with the same agents in terms of efficacy and safety for the treatment of MTTP, and suggest that they can be recommended for treatment of patients for whom it is difficult to use oral antimycotic agents or for patients who fail to respond to oral medications alone.

A 75-year-old non-working male living in Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture, had erythematous plaques with scales associated with follicular pustules in the head area extending from the occipital to right temporal regions about 1 month prior to his initial visit, when hair loss increased. The diagnosis was kerion Celsi. Trichophyton rubrum was isolated from scales and tissues taken from lesions in the head. Histopathological examinations showed irregular epidermal thickening with dense cell infiltration from the dermis to subcutaneous adipose tissues. Granulomatous reactions involving neutrophils, histiocytes and giant cells were seen mainly in the hair follicles. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Grocott-positive microbial elements were detected in the horny layer, and inside and outside the hair follicles. Pustules disappeared 1 week after starting the oral treatment with terbinafine (125 mg day-1). A cure was achieved 2 weeks after starting the treatment, with only slight scales remaining. No recurrence has been observed to date. Terbinafine was thought to be very effective and safe for kerion Celsi. We reviewed 27 cases of kerion Celsi reported in patients, aged at least 70 years, in Japan and found that the major characteristics of this disease in Japan include the following: (1) female cases outnumber male cases; (2) the causative organism was T. rubrum in 14 of 27 patients (51.9%); and (3) topical application of steroids often induces this disease in patients with superficial tinea capitis.

To clarify the clinical, neuropathological, and molecular characteristics of spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), two unrelated Japanese families with SCA6 were studied. A clinical feature of the two families was late onset "pure" cerebellar ataxia. Pathologically, three SCA6 brains consistently showed Purkinje cell dominant cortical cerebellar degeneration. Morphometric analysis showed that loss of the cerebellar granule cells and inferior olivary neurons were very mild compared with the severity of Purkinje cell loss. There was no obvious ubiquitin immunoreactive nuclear inclusions. All affected patients had identical expanded alleles, and the expansion was also homogeneously distributed throughout the brain without mosaicism. The present study showed that SCA6 is characterised by Purkinje cell dominant cortical cerebellar degeneration, highly stable transmission of the CAG repeat expansion, and lack of ubiquitin immunoreactive nuclear inclusions.

We have compared the auditory evoked potential index (AEPIndex) and bispectral index (BIS) for monitoring depth of anaesthesia in spontaneously breathing surgical patients. Twenty patients (aged 17-49 yr) undergoing day surgery were anaesthetized with computer-controlled infusions of propofol. The mean (SD and range) of each measurement was determined during consciousness and unconsciousness and at specific times during the perioperative period. Mean values for AEPIndex during consciousness and unconsciousness were 74.5 (SD 14.7) 36.7 (7.1), respectively. BIS had mean values of 89.5 (SD 4.6) during consciousness and 48.8 (16.4) during unconsciousness. AEPIndex and BIS were greater during consciousness compared with during unconsciousness. The average awake values of AEPIndex were significantly higher than all average values during unconsciousness but this was not the case for BIS. BIS increased gradually during emergence from anaesthesia and may therefore be able to predict recovery of consciousness at the end of anaesthesia. AEPIndex was more able to detect the transition from unconsciousness to consciousness.

The interface structure of Fe(Co)/AlOx/Fe ferromagnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) was studied. Junctions were prepared by the metal mask method on glass, MgO(001), and sapphire (1120) substrates, using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and ion beam sputtering (IBS). The surface of a lower-electrode Fe layer grown on single-crystal MgO and sapphire by MBE was rougher than that deposited on a glass substrate by IBS. Al oxide barrier layers were prepared by natural oxidation of Al metal or direct deposition of Al2O3. AFM observation showed that the flattest surface of Al oxide was obtained by the direct deposition of Al2O3. CEMS measurement revealed that 65% of Fe atoms at interfaces between Fe and AlOX were oxidized or alloyed when the Al layer was oxidized at 50°C for 48 hours in air. On the other hand, in the case of Fe(Co)/Al metal/Fe and Fe(Co)/Al2O3/Fe, only two ferromagnetic components, pure Fe and Fe(Co), were observed, suggesting the existence of pin holes in the Al or Al2O3 layer.

The property of core loss of the non-oriented silicon steel sheets as a function of thickness, silicon contents and grain size were measured by SST(Single Sheet Tester). The specimens were excited by sinusoidal wave, AC(50Hz) with a single high order harmonic component and PWM waveforms. Si contents influence scarcely the core losses of the specimen with 0.35mm thickness independent of excitation waveforms when the grain size was large. But, in case of the core losses of the specimen with 0.50mm thickness, Si contents influence on under PWM waveforms excitation and under ACSH waveforms excitation. It is supposed that the effects of high order harmonic component originated in non-sinusoidal excitation largely appear in the core loss on condition that the specimen is thicker, Si contents is lower and grain size is larger and that is mainly caused by the eddy current loss.

Microstructures of artificial superlattices of fcc-Fe/Cu (Au) having different magnetic properties have been studied by means of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The superlattice made on a very flat substrate whose saturation magnetization was about 25 emu/g Fe constituted a flat film with the step of < 1 nm at the interface between Fe and Cu (Au). On the other hand, the film on a slightly rough substrate having a larger magnetization showed a wavy contrast with a width of several hundred nanometers and a height of several tens of nanometers reflecting the geometry of the substrate. At the interfaces a wavy contrast with a width of several tens of nanometers and a height of several nanometers was observed. The difference of the microstructures in these two samples was mainly this wavy geometry at the interface inside the superlattice. The observed microstructure must play an important role influencing the magnetic property of the superlattice.

In this study, in addition to studying the efficacy and safety of the once-daily administration of 100-mg capsules of fluconazole over an 8-week administration period with six patients with hyperkeratotic-type tinea pedis, we also measured the serum and horny layer concentrations of fluconazole to study the mobility into the horny layer in diseased areas of the sole skin. The final overall efficacy and overall safety were both 100% (six out of six), and no side-effects, including abnormal laboratory changes, were observed in any of the patients. The drug mobility study revealed that in the horny layer of the skin a steady state was reached after 4 weeks of administration, with the mean concentration being 12.8 micrograms g-1. This concentration was a high concentration that was no less than 13 times the geometric mean MIC (0.972 microgram ml-1) for fresh clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum. Based on the above results, fluconazole is considered to be highly useful for treating various kinds of dermatomycosis, including hyperkeratotic-type tinea pedis.

Changes in intracranial pressure (ICP) resulting from head-down tilt (HDT) were studied in rabbits, and a possible role of edema formation in the change of ICP was examined. Animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and artificially ventilated. ICP was continuously monitored through a catheter inserted into the subarachnoid space. It increased depending on the tilt angle and decreased when the tilt angle was reduced. ICP elevated from 4.6 +/- 0.7 mmHg (mean +/- standard error of the mean) at horizontal prone position to 13.7 +/- 1.0 mmHg immediately after the onset of 45 degrees HDT and gradually reduced toward the pre-HDT baseline in the next 8 h. ICP decreased below the pre-HDT baseline value immediately after returning to the horizontal prone position, and gradually increased toward the baseline during the 2 h of recovery period. Histological examination (HE stain) demonstrated that exposure to 8 h of HDT did not cause remarkable edema in either the gray matter or the white matter in rabbits. Water content and specific gravity of brain tissues both were increased in the HDT group in comparison with the control group. These results suggest that edema formation plays little role in the elevation of ICP during the acute phase of HDT in rabbits.

At present, the photometric data for clusters at z ≲ 0.2 mainly come from photographic photometry. The lack of CCD data for such clusters is simply due to the fact that no CCD camera had been available until recently that covers the wide extension of clusters within a reasonable amount of observing time. We have developed a large mosaic CCD camera and conducted multicolor imaging observations of z ≲ 0.2 clusters using the 40-inch Swope telescope at Las Campanas Observatory.

To understand the mechanism of current-confined-path formation for the current-perpendicular-to-plane type of giant magnetoresistive devices, we have investigated the evolution of an Al monolayer on the Cu (111) surface both by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy and by molecular dynamics simulation. Ultrathin Al nano-clusters were formed on the plateaus and step (or plateau) edges of the Cu surface in the as-deposited state. Upon annealing at 300degC, Al atoms migrated toward the step edges by surface diffusion. As a consequence, nanometer-sized Cu channels not covered by Al clusters can be formed. These channels could serve as current-confined paths if subsequent mild Al oxidation is provided

We studied the effects of hypothermia and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on four depth of anaesthesia monitors; spectral edge frequency (SEF), median frequency (MF), bispectral index (BIS) and auditory evoked potential index (AEPIndex) in 12 patients during uneventful cardiac anaesthesia. Each variable was recorded simultaneously at 10 periods during anaesthesia. All four variables were not affected by the transition to CPB. During hypothermia, values of AEPIndex, MF and SEF were tightly distributed but values of BIS were very variable and overlapped with those before induction of anaesthesia. The variability decreased during rewarming. The values of AEPIndex throughout the anaesthesia never overlapped with those before induction of anaesthesia. The AEPIndex was the most stable and reliable as a depth of anaesthesia monitor among the four variables in cardiac bypass surgery.

Parity-violating spin rotation of neutrons in a 139La target was observed in the vicinity of the 0.734 eV p-wave resonance. The measured angle of rotation, φpnc(E), shows a large enhancement around the resonance. The data are fitted with a theoretical function from the s-p mixing models of the parity-violation enhancement, yielding a parity mixing matrix element xW = 1.04 ± 0.40 meV which is in agreement with those previously obtained from the longitudinal asymmetry in the p-wave resonance cross section.

The magnetoresistance (MR) effect of noble metal based Fe granular thin films has been investigated from the stand point of the magnetic cluster distribution in the film. Samples of Cu1-xFex and Au1-xFex were prepared by an ion beam sputtering metod. The MR ratios as a function of Fe content in Cu and Au matrices show maximum values around x=0.12 and 0.24, respectively. The number of Fe atoms belonging to the superparamagnetic clusters has been estimated from the analysis of magnetization curves. The MR ratio increased with the number of Fe atoms responsible for superparamagnetism per unit volume. This tendency can be explained by an universal curve for both systems. The MR ratio decreases with increasing temperature, but it remained around the Curie temperature (Tc). It is considered that this behavior is due to the increase of superparamagnetic Fe clusters around Tc.

The system-level reliability of solid-state drives (SSDs) is investigated with 1X, 2X and 3Xnm NAND flash memories. The reliability degradation of NAND with scaling is an serious issue. Advanced ECC with signal processing such as error-prediction low-density parity-check (EP-LDPC) and error recovery (ER) scheme will be needed in the future SSDs. In this paper, the NAND reliability information used for EP-LDPC and ER is examined. System-level reliability with conventional ECC and EP-LDPC is measured.

Morphological changes of coherent D03 and B2 precipitates in Fe-based alloys due to ageing just below the precipitation line have been investigated with transmission electron microscopy and energy calculations based on microelasticity theory. We have discovered for the first time that splitting phenomena take place in a system other than of Ni-based alloys under the influence of elastic interaction energy.

This study examined whether there are different subtypes of developmental dyslexia. The subjects were 51 dyslexic children (reading below the 30th percentile in isolated word recognition), 51 age-matched normal readers, and 27 younger normal readers who scored in the same range as the dyslexics on word recognition. Using methods developed by Castles and Coltheart (1993), we identified two subgroups who fit the profiles commonly termed “surface” and “phonological” dyslexia. Surface subjects were relatively poorer in reading exception words compared to nonwords; phonological dyslexics showed the opposite pattern. However, most dyslexics were impaired on reading both exception words and nonwords compared to same-aged normal readers. Whereas the surface dyslexics' performance was very similar to that of younger normal readers, the phonological dyslexics' was not. The two dyslexic groups also exhibited a double dissociation on two validation tasks: surface subjects were impaired on a task involving orthographic knowledge but not one involving phonology; phonological dyslexics showed the opposite pattern. The data support the conclusion that there are at least two subtypes of developmental dyslexia. Although these patterns have been taken as evidence for the dual-route model, we provide an alternative account of them within the Seidenberg and McClelland (1989) connectionist model. The connectionist model accounts for why dyslexics tend to be impaired on both exception words and nonwords; it also suggests that the subtypes may arise from multiple underlying deficits. We conclude that performance on exception words and nonwords is not sufficient to identify the basis of dyslexic behavior; rather, information about children's performance on other tasks, their remediation experiences, and the computational mechanisms that give rise to impairments must be taken into account as well.

A series of radon and 220 Rn surveys using passive radon 220 - Rn discriminative dosimeters were conducted in the Masutomi radium spa region, Yamanashi Prefecture, and at several subway stations in Metropolitan Tokyo. In Masutomi, the highest outdoor radon concentration was 569.8 ± 59.5 (SE) Bq m −3 and the lowest, 7.4 ± 0.1 (SE) Bq m −3 , while the highest outdoor 220 Rn concentration was 142.8 ± 52.7 (SE) Bq m −3 at 0.04 m above the ground. The outdoor 220 Rn concentrations at some survey sites increased as the ground surface approached. The highest radon and 220 Rn concentrations in the public bathhouse were 530.2 ± 74.4 (SD) Bq m −3 and 592.0 ± 226.8 (SD) Bq m −3 , respectively. Average indoor radon concentrations in the two houses in Masutomi, were 35.9 ± 2.9 (SE) Bq m −3 and 14.2 ± 1.4 (SE) Bq m −3 , respectively. Indoor and outdoor radon and 220 Rn concentrations within a square kilometer region in Masutomi showed the irregular distributions, which might be easily influenced by the local geology and meteorology at each survey site. Average radon concentrations at several subway stations in Metropolitan Tokyo were 10.9 ± 1.1 (SE) Bq m −3 , which was unexpected. Significant 220 Rn concentrations were not observed at all survey sites (except some platforms, where values ranged from 11–12 Bq m −3 ) since the ventilation system of all subway stations exchanged the stale air with the fresh air above ground entirely.

GMR effect of [Co–Fe/Cu] and [Co/Cu] multilayers has been investigated. The samples have been prepared by an ion beam sputtering method, an UHV-MBE or an oxygen surfactant assisted MBE (OSA-MBE) method. The MR ratios for samples of [Co–Fe/Cu](1 1 1), [Co–Fe/Cu](1 0 0) [Co/Cu](1 1 1) and [Co/Cu](1 0 0) are measured as a function of Cu layer thickness. Especially, it is first revealed that the MR ratio for [Co–Fe/Cu](1 0 0) is much larger than that for [Co–Fe/Cu](1 1 1). The very small MR ratio for [Co/Cu](1 0 0) is discussed.

The magnetoresistance of [Co/M/Fe 3 O 4 ](M=Pt, Cu, TiN) trilayer films has been investigated. The high-quality Fe 3 O 4 film prepared by the magnetron spattering method using Ar–H 2 gas has been used. The GMR effect has been observed only for [Co/Cu/Fe 3 O 4 ]. The GMR values are 0.1% and 0.7% at RT and 4.2 K, respectively. The magnetoresistance effect for trilayers using Fe 3 O 4 film is discussed, considering the current ratio among three layers.