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The design methodologies of water distribution building systems indicated by the technical standards in force in the most diverse countries are fundamentally empirical and tend to oversize the elements of the systems and even increase financial costs. The object of this article is a literature review of the works published in the main international event in building systems (CIB W62) referring to the methodologies for dimensioning water distribution systems to catalog the scientific contributions related to the theme, the from predetermined keywords. The use of the Mapping Study provided the cataloging of all the material, the classification by different aspects, the analysis of study trends and existing gaps, which are opportunities for new research. Through the results obtained, it was observed that the matter was the object of study throughout the evaluated period, and the articles are divided into two main axes: analysis of the water consumption profile and proposals for new sizing methods. The Monte Carlo simulation technique was the most used, but in recent years stochastic modeling has been gaining ground by european authors. Authors point to the possibility of improving the methods, especially in relation to the assertiveness of the simulated flow., Las metodologías de diseño de los sistemas edilicios de distribución de agua indicadas por las normas técnicas vigentes en los más diversos países son fundamentalmente empíricas y tienden a sobredimensionar los elementos de los sistemas e incluso a incrementar los costos financieros. El objeto de este artículo es una revisión bibliográfica de los trabajos publicados en el principal evento internacional en el área de sistemas constructivos (CIB W62) referentes a las metodologías para el dimensionamiento de sistemas de distribución de agua con el fin de catalogar las contribuciones científicas relacionadas con el tema. , el de palabras clave predeterminadas. El uso del Estudio de Mapeo proporcionó la catalogación de todo el material, la clasificación por diferentes aspectos, el análisis de las tendencias del estudio y los vacíos existentes, que son oportunidades para nuevas investigaciones. A través de los resultados obtenidos, se observó que el tema fue objeto de estudio durante todo el período evaluado, y los artículos se dividen en dos ejes principales: análisis del perfil de consumo de agua y propuestas de nuevos métodos de dimensionamiento. La técnica de simulación Monte Carlo fue la más utilizada, pero en los últimos años la modelización estocástica ha ido ganando terreno por parte de autores europeos. Los autores apuntan a la posibilidad de mejorar los métodos, especialmente en relación con la asertividad del flujo simulado., As metodologias de dimensionamento dos sistemas prediais de distribuição de água indicadas pelas normas técnicas vigentes nos mais diversos países são fundamentalmente empíricas e tendem a superdimensionar os elementos dos sistemas. O objeto deste artigo é a revisão de literatura dos trabalhos publicados no principal evento internacional da área de sistemas prediais (CIB W62) referentes as metodologias de dimensionamento dos sistemas prediais de distribuição de água, a fim de catalogar as contribuições científicas relacionadas ao tema, a partir de palavras-chave pré-determinadas. A utilização da metodologia de mapeamento bibliográfico proporcionou a análise das tendências de estudo e as lacunas existentes na literatura. Através dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que a matéria foi objeto de estudo ao longo do período avaliado, abrangendo os anos de 2000 a 2022. Os artigos analisados se dividem em dois principais eixos: análise do perfil de consumo de água e propostas de novos métodos de dimensionamento. A técnica de simulação Monte Carlo foi a mais utilizada, mas nos últimos anos a modelagem estocástica vem ganhando espaço por autores europeus. Autores apontam possibilidade para aprimoramento dos métodos, principalmente em relação a assertividade da vazão simulada.

Objective To assess whether pandemic-related restrictions with video-based interviewing increased geographic clustering of urology applicants matching at a residency program near where they were raised or attended medical school. Materials and Methods We utilized publicly available data from the urology match to compare dispersal patterns between applicants matching during the COVID-19 application cycle (2021) and those matching in the 5 prior application cycles (2016-2020). Variables included home state, undergraduate institution, medical school, and residency. Latitudes and longitudes were obtained for each institution and home state. The primary endpoint was distance (miles, as the most direct path) between medical school and residency program. We also assessed dispersal patterns by American Urological Association section. Results Of the 1965 applicants matching to a urology program between 2016 and 2021, medical school was identified for 1956 (99.7%) applicants, undergraduate program for 1551 (79%) applicants, and home state for 1351 (69%) applicants. Comparing the COVID-19 application cycle to the 5 prior application cycles, there was no significant difference in the median distance between medical school and residency, undergraduate university and residency, or home state and residency. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the proportion of applicants matching at their home institution, matching from medical schools without a home urology program, matching from medical schools with a historically low volume of urology applicants ( Conclusion Virtual interviewing and the loss of in-person clinical rotations did not significantly alter dispersal patterns or hamper an applicant's ability to match at program outside their geographic region.

Context: Variant-Rich Systems (VRSs), such as Software Product Lines or variants created through clone & own, aim at reusing existing assets. The long lifespan of families of variants, and the scale of both the code base and the workforce make VRS maintenance and evolution a challenge. Visualization tools are a needed companion. Objective: We aim at mapping the current state of visualization interventions in the area of VRS evolution. We tackle evolution in both functionality and architecture. Three research questions are posed: What sort of analysis is being conducted to assess VRS evolution? (Analysis perspective); What sort of visualizations are displayed? (Visualization perspective); What is the research maturity of the reported interventions? (Maturity perspective). Methods: We performed a systematic mapping study including automated search in digital libraries, expert knowledge, and snowballing. Results: The study reports on 41 visualization approaches to cope with VRS evolution. Analysis wise, feature identification and location is the most popular scenario, followed by variant integration towards a Software Product Line. As for visualization, nodelink diagram visualization is predominant while researchers have come up with a wealth of ingenious visualization approaches. Finally, maturity wise, almost half of the studies are solution proposals. Most of the studies provide proof-of-concept, some of them also include publicly available tools, yet very few face proof-of-value. Conclusions: This study introduces a comparison framework where to frame future studies. It also points out distinct research gaps worth investigating as well as shortcomings in the evidence about relevance and contextual considerations (e.g., scalability). This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, In- novation and Universities grant number RTI2018-099818-B-I00. Raul Medeiros enjoys a doctoral grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PRE2019-087324).

Industry 4.0 refers to the digital transformation in the manufacturing domain through new technology. Currently, it expands well beyond manufacturing, affecting many areas of life and posing implications for all types of business. This paper focuses on the relationships between Industry 4.0 and Healthcare which transitions to increased interconnectivity, automation and smart decision making. The integration context of Industry 4.0 into Healthcare is only partly understood. Little was done until now to consolidate what is known on the integration benefits and the challenges. This article reports results of a systematic mapping study that analysed 69 papers to extract knowledge about the concepts of Industry 4.0 and the emerging Healthcare 4.0., and the relationships between them. We found 10 different perspectives of Healthcare 4.0, ranging from strategic to tactical and operational levels. Next, our results show: (i) nine applications of Industry 4.0 in the Healthcare domain: Augmented Reality and Simulation, Autonomous Robotics, Cybersecurity, Big Data Analytics, Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, Additive Manufacturing and Systems Integration; and (ii) 10 benefits and nine challenges in Healthcare 4.0. The most frequently mentioned benefits are patients' diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, and financial benefits. The most researched challenges are data fragmentation, heterogeneity, complexity, and privacy.

The roles digital media-technologies play in raising public issues relating to emerging technologies and their potential for engaging publics with science and policy assessments is a lively field of inquiry in Science and Technology Studies (STS). This paper presents an analysis of controversies over proposals for the large-scale removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CDR). The study combines a digital method (web-querying) with document analysis to map debates about two CDR approaches: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and afforestation. In the first step, we locate actors using the web to engage with BECCS and afforestation and map their alignments in relation to competing framings of CDR. In a second step, we examine the devices deployed by UK-based actors to evidence and contest the feasibility of BECCS and afforestation. Our analysis shows that policy distinctions between “natural” and “engineered” CDR are used flexibly in practice and do not map neatly onto actor engagement with BECCS and afforestation. We highlight the predominance of cross-cutting techno-economic expertise and argue that framings of CDR as a solution to governing climate change may contribute to public disengagement from climate policy processes. The paper reflects on methods for studying controversies, publics, and issues emerging around processes of technoscientific assessment.

Numerous studies in different science fields have examined the various aspects of educational interventions designed to facilitate learning outcomes in students with dyslexia. The aim of this study was to present an overview of empirical research related to interventions aimed at primary school students with dyslexia. Mapping was conducted to identify studies on this topic published from 2015 to 2019 and included in the Scopus database. The descriptive data from 57 studies were analyzed to present a classification scheme of research design, type of educational intervention, implementation of technology in educational interventions, and aim of the intervention. The results indicated an increasing trend in the last 5 years in the publication of papers in researched areas related to educational interventions for students with dyslexia, with uneven representation among countries. The analyzed empirical studies were mostly analytic, using different designs, with a slightly higher prevalence of (quasi) experimental versus descriptive designs. As expected, the goal of most educational interventions was directed toward the development of (pre)reading skills, with a wider prevalence of structured language- based programs, followed by software specialized to support learning, whereas adaptations of instructional materials and innovative information and communication technology (ICT) were less used. Mapping indicated the frequent use of ICT in all educational interventions, and more evidence is needed for complex rigorous experimental designs and interventions related to teaching in the classroom, as well as interventions aimed at facilitating the self- regulation of students with dyslexia.

Coastal storms are an important driver of geomorphic change along Great Lakes shorelines. While there is abundant anecdotal evidence for storm impacts in the region, only a handful of studies over the last few decades have quantified them and addressed system morphodynamics. Annual to seasonal lake-level fluctuations and declining winter-ice covers also influence coastal response to storms, yet relationships between hydrodynamics and geomorphology are poorly constrained. Given this, the Great Lakes region lags behind marine coasts in terms of predictive modeling of future coastal change, which is a necessary tool for proactive coastal management. To help close this gap, we conducted a year-long study at a sandy beach-dune system along the western shore of Lake Michigan, evaluating storm impacts under conditions of extremely high water level and absent shorefast ice. Drone-derived beach and dune topography data were used to link geomorphic changes to specific environmental conditions. High water levels throughout the year of study facilitated erosion during relatively minor wave events, enhancing the vulnerability of the system to a large storm in January 2020. This event occurred with no shorefast ice present and anomalously high winter water levels, resulting in widespread erosion and overwash. This resulted in 20% of the total accretion and 66% of the erosion documented at the site over the entire year. Our study highlights the importance of both antecedent and present conditions in determining Great Lakes shoreline vulnerability to storm impacts.

OBJECTIVE To determine if prevalent approaches in acetabular fracture surgery provide enhanced anterior and cranial exposure in a cadaveric model. METHODS A Kocher-Langenbeck (K-L) approach (followed by a Gibson approach on the contralateral hip) was performed in the lateral position on 8 cadavers. A Steinmann pin was used to create holes outlining the bony surfaces available for instrumentation before and after a trochanteric osteotomy. All soft tissue was then removed from the pelvis, and a calibrated digital picture was taken. The surface area of the pelvis visualized through each approach was calculated and compared with the contralateral side to assess for a difference in exposure between the Gibson approach and the K-L approach. An increase in exposure of greater than 10% was considered significant. The extent of anterior exposure (with and without a trochanteric osteotomy) was then measured from the greater sciatic notch. RESULTS In 2 of 8 cadavers (25%), the Gibson approach yielded an increase in exposure when compared with a K-L approach. The addition of a trochanteric osteotomy yielded on average 1.6 cm (range, 0.7-2.6 cm) of increased anterior exposure in the K-L approaches and 1.5 cm (range 0.9-3.1 cm) in the Gibson approaches. CONCLUSION The Gibson approach did not reliably provide increased anterior exposure compared with a K-L approach in a cadaver model. A trochanteric osteotomy can be expected to add 1-2 cm of increased anterior exposure in both approaches.

In the past decade, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become a major research topic in robotics, despite their existence since 1915. UAVs can perform various activities efficiently and effectively; therefore, involving a group of UAVs in performing a certain task has become a growing research trend. Research involving multiple UAVs has been carried out in various areas such as force protection, warfare in the military, remote sensing, disaster response activities, and surveillance. While performing critical tasks, efficiency and robustness are important considerations that can be achieved by involving heterogeneous UAV teams with effective communication and coordination techniques. Communication among heterogeneous UAVs is an interesting and critical research area that needs to be thoroughly explored. In this research, an evidence-based approach is adopted to explore research carried out on multiple heterogeneous UAVs and their communication patterns while performing various activities. A mapping study research technique is employed to systematically collect, analyze, and assess the evidence available on the topic under discussion. The time period defined for this study was set from 2005 to 2019, and 46 primary studies were considered for thematic analysis. The findings show that research studies fall under the category of validation research by constructing simulations to provide a proof-of-concept implementation of the proposed solutions. The communication patterns among heterogeneous UAVs involve various components of UAV communication, networking, formation, and path planning. The application areas that were largely focused on were search, rescue, monitoring, and surveillance missions. The overall trend showed that interest in multiple heterogeneous UAV usage increases over time with a focus on UAV networks, formations, and path planning while considering communication as an implicit part of all these structures. This research has conducted an in-depth analysis of existing research on heterogeneous UAVs and provides classification and trends of various themes emerging within this research area.

To deeply investigate the pivotal roles of Auxin (mainly indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), it is essential to obtain the contents of IAA in different locations of plants. It is still a challenge to quantify the levels of IAA in different sites of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves because of the small sizes. In this study, a simple paper-based electroanalytical device coupled with microsampling was used to differentiate the IAA amounts in different locations of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. For the micro real sampling, the different areas of the thaliana leaves were retrieved by the Harris Uni-Core TM Miltex® with diameters: 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.0 mm. The results showed that the contents of IAA can be detected from circle samples with the diameter from 1.0 to 4.0 mm. With 1.5 mm diameter sampling, the levels of IAA could be obtained in different sites of cotyledon and the first true leaf of Arabidopsis thaliana at the seedling stage. Our results suggested that the highest IAA levels were in the near petiole and lowest IAA levels in the leaf tip, which roughly agreed with those in tobacco leaves based on HPLC-MS reported before. In addition, the microsampling has a minor impact on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana in the following especially for circle samples with the diameter 1.5 mm. This study revealed the potential application of microsampling coupled with a simple paper-based electroanalytical device for the mapping study of IAA in small plants or small tissue samples.

Bu çalışmada Angoff ve Madde Tepki Kuramına (MTK) dayalı Madde Haritalama yöntemleri ile belirlenen kesme puanlarının karşılaştırması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma için ÖSYM tarafından 2000-2012 yılları arasında, yılda iki kez yapılan ve akademik kadrolara atanma aşamasında puanları ön koşul olarak kabul edilen ÜDS’nin 2005 yılı Sosyal Bilimler İngilizce testi arşiv verileri kullanılmıştır. Her iki yöntemin yürütülmesinde de yedi yargıcı ile çalışılmış ve bu yöntemlerle belirlenecek 3 kesme puanına ilişkin yeterlik düzeylerinin sınırında kalan adayların dil yeterlikleri Avrupa dil portfolyosu çerçevesi esas alınarak 15 kişilik bir uzman grubunun görüşleri doğrultusunda tanımlanmıştır. İki yönteme göre belirlenen kesme puanlarının “öğretim üyesi dışındaki öğretim elemanı kadrolarına atanabilme” düzeyi için anlamlı derecede farklı olduğu ancak “Doçentlik başvurusu yapabilme” ve “ İngilizce okutmanlığı başvurusu yapabilme” düzeyleri için benzer olduğu bulunmuştur. MTK’ya dayalı belirlemelere bir geçerlik kanıtı oluşturmak amacıyla yanıtlayıcı örneklemine ait verilerden elde edilen madde parametrelerine göre maddeler yeniden haritalanmış ve yargıcılarla ikinci bir madde haritalama çalışması yürütülmüştür. Bu iki uygulamada verilen kararların birbirleri ile uyumlu olması, yapılan işlemin geçerliği için kanıt olarak kabul edilmiştir. Angoff ve MTK’ya dayalı Madde Haritalama yöntemleri ile üç ayrı kesme puanının belirlenmesinde yargıcılar arası uyum araştırılmıştır. MTK’ya dayalı Madde Haritalama yönteminde yargıcıların birbirleri ile uyumlu kararlar verdikleri, Angoff yöntemi için yargıcılar tarafından verilen kararların birbirleri ile uyumlu olmadığı görülmüştür. Yargıcıların iş yükünü azaltma ve onlara ortak standardı yakalama konusunda yol göstererek daha tutarlı sonuçlar elde etmeyi sağlama gibi avantajları sebebiyle MTK’ya dayalı Madde Haritalama Yöntemi’nin daha güvenilir ve kullanışlı olduğu görülmüştür.

The eco-friendly phytomediated synthesis of Ag nanoparticles provides better efficient applications than synthetic methods. Ag nanoparticles are considered by researchers due to its specific properties. The phytochemical analysis of Allium Sativum flower extract provides the phytochemicals exist in it. Due to this, the efficient eco-friendly synthesis of Ag nanoparticles via Allium Sativum flower extract has performed. The X-ray diffraction pattern exposes the crystalline nature with the mean crystallite size at 25 nm. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrum displays the phytochemicals involved in the synthesis. The UV–Visible spectrum illustrates the formation of Ag nanoparticles with SPR band at 436 nm. The particle size analyzer demonstrates the size of formed Ag particles in 20–35 nm. The morphological, elemental and structural analyzes demonstrate the formation of spherical shaped Ag nanoparticles. The formation of Ag nanoparticles was confirmed by the appearance of Ag peak in Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction spectrum and mapping study. The antimicrobial activity explains the effective antimicrobial effect on human pathogens. The antioxidant activity reports the efficient scavenging property of synthesized Ag nanoparticles. The anti-inflammatory activity reveals the potential ability of protein denaturation on bovine serum albumin. The anti-diabetic activity exhibits much inhibition on α-Amylase. The anticancer activity reports the effective inhibition of synthesized Ag nanoparticles on human MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Internationalisation has so far been largely disconnected from major societal developments such as the rise of xenophobia, climate change or more recently the Corona crisis and research on internationalisation for society is scarce The article provides the definition of such internationalisation in higher education for society (IHES) as well as its characteristics developed in a mapping study for the German Academic Exchange Service and describes examples of IHES activities in universities around the world The author shows, that IHES as a special form of Internationalisation at Home (IaH) is still in its infant state, in contrast to classical internationalisation The article then connects IHES with the most important societal challenge of our time: Corona, outlining different kinds of IHES activities that could be developed to help people during the Corona crisis In a final excursion, the current movement towards online education as an answer to the Corona crisis is reflected upon from an IHES perspectives and possible applications are suggested Alternate abstract:Internacionalizace je zatim ve velke miře odpojena od zasadnich aspektů spolecenskeho vývoje, jako je zvysujici se xenofobie, klimaticke změny nebo v posledni době i krize okolo koronaviru Výzkumy internacionalizace pro spolecnost se přitom provadi jen velmi zřidka Tento clanek poskytuje definici takoveto internacionalizace ve vyssim vzdělavani pro spolecnost (IHES) i jeji vlastnosti odhalene v mapovaci studii pro Německe služby akademicke výměny a popisuje přiklady aktivit IHES na univerzitach v různých castech světa Autor ukazuje, že IHES jako specialni forma domaci internacionalizace (Internationalisation at Home - IaH) je v porovnani s klasickou internacionalizaci stale jestě v plenkach Clanek spojuje IHES s nejvýznamnějsi spolecenskou výzvou nasi doby - koronavirem - a nacrtava různe druhy aktivit IHES, ktere by mohly být na pomoc lidem během koronavirove krize vyvinuty V zavěrecnem zhodnoceni problematiky je provedena reflexe aktualniho posunu směrem k online vzdělavani jako odpovědi na koronavirovou krizi z perspektivy IHES a jsou navržena možna využiti

Introduction Stochastic trajectory analysis of ranked signals (STAR) mapping has recently been used to ablate persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) with high rates of AF termination and long-term freedom from AF in small, single-arm studies. We hypothesized that rapidity and organization markers would correlate with early sites of activation (ESA). Methods Patients undergoing persistent AF ablation as part of the STAR mapping study were included. Five-minute unipolar basket recordings used to create STAR maps were used to determine the minimum-cycle length (Min-CL) and CL variability (CLV) at each electrode to identify the site of the fastest Min-CL and lowest CLV across the left atrium (LA). The location of ESA targeted with ablation was compared with these sites. Dominant frequency was assessed at ESA and compared with that of neighboring electrodes to assess for regional gradients. Results Thirty-two patients were included with 83 ESA ablated, with an ablation response at 73 sites (24 AF termination and 49 CL slowing ≥30 ms). Out of these, 54 (74.0%) and 56 (76.7%) colocated to sites of fastest Min-CL and lowest CLV, respectively. Regional CL and frequency gradients were demonstrable at majority of ESA. ESA colocating to sites of fastest Min-CL and lowest CLV were more likely to terminate AF with ablation (odds ratio, 34 and 29, respectively, P = .02). These showed a moderate sensitivity (74.0% Min-CL and 75.3% CLV) and specificity (66.7% Min-CL and 76.9% CLV) in predicting ESA with an ablation response. Conclusions ESA correlate with rapidity and organization markers. Further work is needed to clarify any role for spectral analysis in prioritizing driver ablation.

This mapping study is the first bibliometric analysis of literature on Guillain–Barre Syndrome (GBS). By identifying core journals, analyzing cited references, categorizing journals into Zones, and...

Blockchain is a novel technology capturing the attention of Central Banks and a technology with significant disruptive potential. However, a gap in research effort between practitioners and academics seems to have emerged. This paper analyses and maps that gap by exploring trends in peer-reviewed research contributions through thematic categorisation of academic literature on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) use-cases for services, operations and functions performed by central banks. Furthermore, this paper provides summaries of opportunities and challenges for central banks arising from blockchain adaptation to each of those use-cases. To achieve this goal, we utilise a Systematic Mapping Study approach. The paper presents an in-depth assessment of statistical and thematic analysis of research maturity and the types of researchers, with specific emphasis on types of central bank use-cases considered for blockchain adaptation. Our work contributes to an understanding of where the most or least attention is directed, allowing for identification of gaps and opportunities for both academics, practitioners and combinations of each. Results show that the research topic is a comparatively new domain. It confirms the gap between depth and volume of the research provision from industry and academia, with industry leading the trend. Our study also found that the most research-intensive use-cases are those for: 1) Central Bank issued Digital Currency (CBDC), 2) Regulatory Compliance and 3) Payment Clearing and Settlement Systems (PCS) operated by central banks; a comparatively low engagement was found in the areas of 4) Assets Transfer/Ownership and 5) Audit Trail. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK

This article reports article reports on a mapping study to investigate the C-ROADS Day 1 C-ITS application Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA). In the study, 64 publications between 2006 and 2019 where reviewed and classified according to a schema developed using thematic analysis of the selected publications. Among the findings were that the typical publication evaluates through simulation benefits for the equipped vehicle, leaving considerable gaps in investigations of societal effects. Additionally, there is a lack of investigation on driver behaviour, both for the equipped vehicle and for fellow road users—the ability to accurately model such behaviour is necessary for reliable simulation results. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.

Context and Motivation: Software testing is a common practice in software development and serves many functions. It provides certain guarantees that the software works as expected across the life cycle of the system, it helps with finding and fixing erroneous behaviour, it acts as documentation, provides usage examples, etc.. Still, test code is often treated as an orphan, which leads to poor quality tests also with respect to readability. However, if the test has poor readability, upstream activities like maintaining tests or drawing correct conclusions from tests may be compromised. But what is readable test code? Since test code has a different purpose than production code and contains exclusive features like assertion methods, the factors influencing readability may deviate from production code. Objective: We propose a framework, which can be used to evaluate the readability of test code. It also provides information on factors influencing readability and gives best-practice examples for improvements. Aside from this main goal, we give an overview on academic literature in the field of test code readability and compare it to opinions of practitioners. We investigate the impact of modifications, related to widely discussed readability factors, on the readability of test cases. Furthermore, we gather readability rating criteria from free text answers, investigate impact of developer experience on readability ratings and evaluate the accuracy of a readability rating tool, which is often used in other studies. Methods: We collect extensive information on test code readability by combining a systematic mapping of academic literature with the results of a systematic mapping of grey literature. We conduct a human-based experiment on test code readability with 77 mostly junior-level participants in academic context, to investigate various influence factors to readability. We categorise and group free text answers from the experiments participants and compare the human readability ratings with tool generated readability ratings. Finally, after the construction of the readability assessment framework, which is based on the previous results, we perform an evaluation and compare it to the results of the initial human-based experiment. Results: The literature studies result in 16 relevant sources from the scientific community and 56 sources from practitioners. From both literature mappings we see an ongoing interest in test code readability. Scientific sources focus on investigating automatically generated test code, which is often compared to manually written tests (88%). For capturing human readability, they primarily use surveys as methods (44%), which contain Likert scales in almost all cases. Grey literature (56 sources) mostly consists of blogs from practitioners, sharing their opinion and experience on problems found in their daily work. There is a clear intersection on readability factors discussed in both communities, but some factors are exclusive to each community. For the human-based experiment, we found statistical significant influence on the readability of test cases in five of ten investigated modifications, which map to readability factors. We do not see much influence of experience on readability ratings, although previous research found experience influencing understanding and maintenance tasks. Judging from the categorisation of around 2500 free text answers, the participants rate readability based on Test naming, Structure and Dependencies (i.e., does the test ensure only one behaviour?). The ratings of the readability rating tool are between the 0.25% and 0.75% quantile of our human ratings in around 51% of the investigated test cases. We also found influence of invisible differences in formatting (i.e. spaces, tabulators) affecting the tools ratings up to 0.25 on a scale from 0 to 1. The framework evaluation shows a decreased variation in the ratings across participants and increased rating speed compared to gut feeling ratings from the initial experiments. Overall, the framework rates tests to optimistically. Nevertheless, the validity is very limited, due to a small number of survey participants (5). Therefore, this evaluation is merely a concept, which we pursue in future work. Conclusion: From the literature mappings we found different views on test case readability between practitioners and academia, which come from the different contexts of the communities. The ratings from the readability tool are not accurate enough in order to trust them blindly. They still need to be complemented with human expertise. Our readability evaluation framework enables a more efficient assessment of readability. A large scale evaluation is planned for future work.

Objectives and importance of study: Interventions are needed to help general practitioners (GPs) better support clients living with age-related hearing loss. This project canvassed stakeholder views regarding how GPs might better support people with hearing loss. Study type: A group concept-mapping approach was used to identify enablers to improving the way in which GPs could support people with age-related hearing loss. Methods: Concept-mapping techniques were used to gather the perspectives of GPs (n = 7), adults with hearing loss (n = 21), and professionals working with GPs (n = 4) in Australia. Participants generated statements in response to the question, “What would enable GPs to better support people with hearing loss?” Participants then grouped and ranked these statements via an online portal. Results: Five concepts were identified: 1) making hearing assessment part of routine care; 2) asking questions and raising concerns; 3) listening with empathy and respect; 4) having knowledge and understanding; 5) being connected to expert hearing professional networks. Statements contained within all five concepts were deemed to be highly beneficial in this context, with no individual concept identified to be more or less beneficial than any of the other four concepts. Conclusions: A wide range of hearing-specific and general communication approaches were identified that could potentially help GPs to better support their adult patients with age-related hearing loss.

Gastric distension is known to affect normal slow-wave activity and gastric function, but links between slow-wave dysrhythmias and stomach function are poorly understood. Low-resolution mapping is unable to capture complex spatial properties of gastric dysrhythmias, necessitating the use of high-resolution mapping techniques. Characterizing the nature of these dysrhythmias has implications in the understanding of postprandial function and the development of new mapping devices. In this two-phase study, we developed and implemented a protocol for measuring electrophysiological responses to gastric distension in porcine experiments. In vivo, serosal high-resolution electrical mapping (256 electrodes; 36 cm

Learning analytics processes have an increased relevance in the digitization and virtualization of learning and teaching due to COVID-19, this analytical practice may mean improvements in K-12 levels in Spain. The work aims to expose the principal scientific publications regarding Learning analytics at these educational levels through a systematic mapping study. The authors set the hypothesis that there is limited research in such an educational context. Results validate the hypothesis and foster to continue the work through a deeper systematic review.

Javascript is one of the most famous mainstream programming languages nowadays. It has gained considerable practical relevance over the last years, with applications in several areas, such as games, 3D rendering, and, mainly, web development. Like any other software system, systems developed in Javascript need to keep their ability to evolve to remain useful and relevant over time. Empirical evidence has shown that bad smells are possible indicators of problems hindering software evolvability. In this context, this paper presents a mapping study investigating if and to what extent bad smells have been defined for the Javascript language and how the interest in this topic has evolved. Our study identified 26 different types of bad smells investigated in the context of Javascript in 8 different works published between 2013 and 2020. This result suggests that although Javascript has gained practical relevance in recent years, there is still room for further empirical studies defining and evaluating the impact of bad smells on Javascript-based software systems.