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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a large number of small sensor devices that can connect each other wirelessly.WSNs applications are rapidly growing in last decades, furthermore, in WSN research, energy is one of the important issues that must consider when designing a new protocol. Due to the fact, almost all of nodes' energy deplete in the communication part, and the data fusing directly impact the performance of routing protocol.This paper studies the impact of data fusing for chain based routing protocols.In this study, ns-3 simulator used to evaluate Chain-Cluster Mixed (CCM) and Two Stage Chain Protocol (TSCP) routing protocols with deterministic nodes deployment. The experiments show that TSCP overcomes CCM in network lifetime when data fusing applied while CCM overcomes TSCP in the same metric with non-fusing of data for First Node Die (FND), 10%, 25%, 50% and Last node (LND). Furthermore, CCM is still playing a good behavior in delay for both approaches. The main conclusion for this paper is non-fusing of data must be applied when design new routing protocol to study all the packets traffic behaviors in the path from source to destination.

Background: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a promising area for both researchers and industry because of their various applications The sensor node expends the majority of its energy on communication with other nodes. Therefore, the routing protocol plays an important role in delivering network data while minimizing energy consumption as much as possible. The chain-based routing approach is superior to other approaches. However, chain-based routing protocols still expend substantial energy in the Chain Head (CH) node. In addition, these protocols also have the bottleneck issues.Methods:A novel routing protocol which is Deterministic Chain-Based Routing Protocol (DCBRP). DCBRP consists of three mechanisms: Backbone Construction Mechanism, Chain Head Selection (CHS), and the Next Hop Connection Mechanism. The CHS mechanism is presented in detail, and it is evaluated through comparison with the CCM and TSCP using an ns-3 simulator. Results:It show that DCBRP outperforms both CCM and TSCP in terms of end-to-end delay by 19.3 and 65%, respectively, CH energy consumption by 18.3 and 23.0%, respectively, overall energy consumption by 23.7 and 31.4%, respectively, network lifetime by 22 and 38%, respectively, and the energy*delay metric by 44.85 and 77.54%, respectively.Conclusion:DCBRP can be used in any deterministic node deployment applications, such as smart cities or smart agriculture, to reduce energy depletion and prolong the lifetimes of WSNs.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a large number of small sensor devices that can connect to each other wirelessly.WSNs applications are rapidly growing in last decades.In WSN research, energy is one of the very important things that must be considered.Due to the fact that almost all of nodes’ energy is depleted in the communication part, this paper studies the impact of fusing vs non-fusing of data for chain based routing protocols, where the routing protocol designer should consider it.In this study, NS3 simulator used to evaluate Chain-Cluster Mixed (CCM) and Two Stage Chain Protocol (TSCP) routing protocols with deterministic nodes deployment.The experiments show that TSCP overcomes CCM in network life time when data fusing applied while CCM overcomes TSCP in the same metric with non-fusing of data for First Node Die (FND), 10%, 25%, 50% and Last node (LND).Furthermore, CCM is still playing a good behavior in delay for both approaches. The main conclusion for this paper is non-fusing of data must be apply when design new routing protocol to study all the packets traffic behaviors in the path from source to destination.

In the last few years, wireless sensor networks )WSN( have become an active area for researchers due to its broad and growing application. However, routing is a critical issue that needs consideration as it directly impacts the performance of WSN.Several protocols have been proposed to address this issue as well as reducing energy consumption and prolong a lifetime of the sensor nodes in WSN.The chain-based is one approach from Hierarchical routing protocols which reduces the energy consumption in WSN. However, a problem arises when the chain has long-link (LL) from the base station (BS). This paper presents a comprehensive survey on chain-base hierarchical routing protocols, in terms of details, who to work, Phases, figures, and the main advantage and disadvantage for each protocol. Furthermore, the characteristics of chain-based routing protocols and the performance metrics that are used in WSN are discussed. Finally, this paper presents open challenges for researchers.