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The article is based on a research of Jewish journals in the German language written in the 30s of the last century. It deals with the response of Jewish institutions, but mainly of Jewish journals (Many newspaper are archived under DigiBaeck https://www.lbi.org/collections/digibaeck/) to the assumption of power by the Nazis in 1933. It especially focuses on the Jewish Culture League and its umbrella union, the Reichsverband der judischen Kulturbunde (=Reich Association of Jewish Culture Leagues, from 1937). It is written from a perspective of understanding the historical context without adopting the position of a distanced spectator; it closely follows Marion Kaplan [8] by telling the story of Jews from the bewildered and ambiguous perspective of Jews trying to navigate their daily lives in a world that was becoming more and more insane. The paradoxical partnership that emerged between the Kulturbund theatre and the Nazis is emblematic of the complexities and concessions that mark the broader phenomenon of “art-making under duress” [13] Answering the charge that Jews should have left earlier, the questions remains if the Holocaust was possible to foresee. Fundamental ethical issues are raised, and questions of utilitarian ethics emerge, e.g. choices between a greater or lesser evil [1]. Are some of the responses a hard-won victory for the Jews, making life bearable and being a moral support, or was the non-resistance a deal with the devil that lulled the Jewish population into a false sense of security (Alan Steinweis). Were the Jews led to believe that Nazi-Germany could still be a home, and were some Jews falsely pacified, being stopped from seeking emigration while slowly a ghetto was built around the majority to be transported to the gas chambers? Is the way of manoeuvring through acceptable? Or has this compromising furthered the agenda of the Nazis? Would less cooperation between the Jewish organizations and the Nazi authorities have made possible for more Jews to have been saved, as stated most prominently by Hannah Arendt? Can we judge on this evidently life-supporting institution without considering the subsequent murder of many of its functionaries (e.g. Kurt Singer) and subsequent mass-murders? Were the Jewish leaders simply, as Arendt suggested, in the grip of ideology or did they act out of pure stupidity?

Various forms of volcanism occurred during the Middle Cambrian southeast of the Ougnat inlier in the eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco. This study is the first to examine the formation of these volcanic deposits and interrelationships to the sedimentary host and tectonics on local and regional scales. The emplacement history of the volcanosedimentary succession of Ouinguigui has been characterised by a multi-disciplinary approach of field work , facies analysis of the volcanic rocks and their host and by geochemical analysis of coherent volcanic rocks. Additionally, we introduce a generic facies code system for subaqueous to emergent basaltic successions to make related deposits more comparable. The sedimentary host rock is composed of pre-transgressive conglomerates and sandstones of the Tikirt and Akerouz Member, which are interpreted as deposits of shelf-type fan-delta and shoreface deposits. The transgression is reflected by an abrupt decrease in grain size and the presence of packstones similar to the Micmacca Breccia Member. The post-transgressive clastic deposits of the Feijas Internes Group and Tabanit Group are the main host for the volcanic activity. They are composed of coarsening-upward sequences, which reflect gradual transitions from offshore to shoreface and foreshore facies. The alkaline volcanism comprises four main phases, which are induced by the SW-vergent tilting of a basement block during extensional tectonics . Phase I starts with the emplacement of diatremes within the Jbel Wawrmast Formation and Jbel Afraou Formation reaching an estimated depth of ca. 200 m. They are the result of phreatomagmatic eruptions caused by the rise of basaltic magma into the coastal environment of the host. Phase II is characterised by the emplacement of large volumes of basaltic lava through fissure eruptions and the formation of a lava delta in the eastern part as well as subaqueous to emergent phreatomagmatic volcanism in the middle and western part of the Ouinguigui area. Wave activity led to the formation of volcanogenic conglomerates and sandstones. Phase III and IV are reflected by the emplacement of subvolcanic intrusions consisting of trachy andesites and trachytes . Whole rock geochemical data of 13 samples confirm the alkaline character of the Ouinguigui magmatism , which derived from a garnet lherzolite source of within-plate volcanism.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine whether nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) archwires cause an increase of nickel concentration in the saliva of 18 orthodontic patients to estimate the possible risk of these archwires in patients who have nickel hypersensitivity. Methods Saliva samples were collected before orthodontic treatment, after placement of the bands and brackets, 2 weeks later and before placing the Ni-Ti archwires, immediatelly after placing the Ni-Ti archwires, 4 weeks after placing the wires, and 8 weeks after placing the wires. Results By using mass spectrometry, no statistically significant differences were found in the nickel concentrations in the samples taken without appliances, in those obtained 2 weeks after placement of the bands and brackets, and 4 and 8 weeks after placement of the archwires. Samples taken immediately after placement of the bands and brackets and the Ni-Ti archwires showed slight but significant increases in nickel concentration of 78 and 56 μg per liter, respectively, compared with the pretreatment value of 34 μg per liter. Conclusions Nickel leaching occurred after placement of the bands and brackets and after placement of the Ni-Ti archwires, associated with an increase of the nickel ion concentration in the patient's saliva. This effect decreased within 10 weeks.

Max Weber is presented as a fervent supporter of the US-American life-style, its love of freedom and capitalist competition. After his return from the United States he makes all efforts at Americanizing Germany and bridging the transatlantic divide that Germany has brought about by its cultivation of "Gemütlichkeit" and "Bildung".

L'A. traite de l'amitie entre Nietzsche et le theologien et exegete suisse Franz Overbeck. Il presente la critique de la modernite et du modernisme faite par les deux penseurs, et les idees similaires sur la culture, le mythe, la verite, la decadence et le christianisme. Il termine par presenter les divergences entre les deux pensees.

Recently, the classic idea of a ‘relational’ code in the brain received new impetus from the observation of stimulus-dependent synchronizations in the visual cortex. Work over the past two years has focused on documenting the functional dependencies of such synchronizations. We review and classify the experimental findings with respect to separate spatial and temporal schemes. Thus, we distinguish between different signal classes (spikes, continuous signals), and different types of time-locking to the stimulus. These various classes of synchronization phenomena are discussed with regard to their properties, the underlying mechanisms and their possible relevance for visual processing.

Wireless Mesh Backbones (WMBs) provide promising solutions for future networking strategies. Due to the mesh nature and thus the resource restrictions of such backbones the integration of mobility aware preloading mechanisms is essential for QoS provisioning, especially in environments with high mobility clients. This paper presents a novel concept, called Mobility-aware Forwarding in Advance (MAFIA), to enhance the QoS provided by WMBs. Accordingly, two mechanisms are developed: best effort and QoS-oriented MAFIA. Best effort MAFIA mechanism provides preloading mechanism regardless of QoS requirements. QoS-oriented MAFIA considers traffic prioritization in conjunction with flows and their requirements. Both MAFIA mechanisms are used in a WMB developed as a roadside backbone network for vehicular environments.

The rapid deployment of wireless networks has radically changed the development methods of applications and solutions. Nevertheless, there are still poorly served areas with network infrastructures, especially the road systems when considering the intelligent transportation systems and on-the-road Internet and entertainment services. While the most known solutions of vehicular communications network concentrated on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside networks, road systems-oriented solutions for backbone infrastructures could not be found. Therefore, the demands on backbone infrastructure of roadside from perspective of applications as well as vehicles will be analyzed. Accordingly, a novel concept for a multi-layer wireless backbone based on 802.11 and 802.16 networks is proposed. The developed concept is adaptable for further access technologies.

Defect disposition and qualification with stepper simulating AIMS tools on advanced masks of the 90nm node and below is key to match the customer's expectations for "defect free" masks, i.e. masks containing only non-printing design variations. The recently available AIMS tools allow for a large degree of automated measurements enhancing the throughput of masks and hence reducing cycle time - up to 50 images can be recorded per hour. However, this amount of data still has to be evaluated by hand which is not only time-consuming but also error prone and exhibits a variability depending on the person doing the evaluation which adds to the tool intrinsic variability and decreases the reliability of the evaluation. In this paper we present the results of an MatLAB based algorithm which automatically evaluates AIMS images. We investigate its capabilities regarding throughput, reliability and matching with handmade evaluation for a large variety of dark and clear defects and discuss the limitations of an automated AIMS evaluation algorithm.