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After the introduction and the quick improvement of multidetector computed tomography technology, computed tomographic angiography (CTA) has become the imaging examination of choice for the first assessment of patients affected by lower extremities acute disorders. The widespread availability of CT equipment, the high temporal and spatial resolution with post-processing reformation possibilities represent the main advantages of this technique, which can reliably identify different findings related to arterial vessel pathology, such as occlusion, dissection, active bleeding, and pseudoaneurysm. Radiologists should know the anatomy, the acquisition protocols, and the CTA appearances of the different vascular lesions. The right interpretation of CTA findings is essential to establish the best treatment management of each patient.

The nasal cavities are complex anatomical structures with high inter-individual variability that relates to different functions. Different anatomic variants may manifest at this site, mainly belonging to the nasal septum and turbinates. Precise knowledge of the anatomy and variants is fundamental for both radiologists and ENT surgeons. This article provides an overview of the main anatomic variants and their frequency, according to the existing literature, as well as ongoing research on nasal cavity segmentation in order to obtain personal 3D models and to predict post-surgical results.

Lymphedema (LE) is a chronic disabling disease, characterized by the accumulation of macromolecules and liquids in the interstitial space. Patients affected by LE should undergo appropriate imaging to confirm the diagnosis, to evaluate characteristics and the severity of LE and to allow for correct management and treatment plan. However, there is no consensus regarding the best imaging technique to study this disorder. We want to propose an overview of the studies published on Non-contrast Magnetic Resonance Lymphangiography, a relatively new technique for the diagnosis, assessment and management of lymphedema., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The authors compared color-Doppler US with angiographic findings in the study of peripheral lower limbs aneurysms. Twelve cases were observed over a 2-year period of time. In each case, the combination of B-mode and color-Doppler US permitted the accurate evaluation of the aneurysm and of the possible compression of adjacent vessels. Angiography, which was considered the gold standard, detected only 8 of 12 cases; in 3 of 8 cases, the actual diameter of the aneurysm was under estimated. The simultaneous visualization of vessel wall and of intraluminal blood flow proved color-Doppler US to be superior to the gold standard in these cases. The authors conclude that color-Doppler US may become the new reference standard in the diagnosis and follow-up of peripheral aneurysms.

A modified IORT procedure with electron beams, used at HSR-Mi, has been illustrated. The design and the technical innovations of our IORT applicator system are presented. The dosimetric properties of this system for a variety of energies and applicator sizes are documented.

In 50 patients subjected to aorto-femoral arteriography, the examination was carried out with and without the addition of 1 cm3 of 2% lidocaine per 10 cm3 of contrast medium; in 43/50 lidocaine led to a more or less notable reduction in pain without side-effects.

Ninety-five percutaneous renal biopsies under ultrasound guidance were performed on 89 patients with nephrologic diseases. Accurate diagnosis was reached in 93% of cases at the first biopsy, and the figure increased to 100% after a second biopsy. The use of 18 and 16 gauge needles allowed correct histological diagnosis in 95% of patients, and satisfactory histology in the extant 5%. US guidance and the use of 18 and 16 gauge needles reduced the complications related to renal biopsy: in fact, severe hematuria occurred in 2 cases only.

Dose distribution in blanket irradiation was determined using the photodensitometer in a life-size dummy; doses in critical tissues (especially heart, spinal cord, bone marrow) are discussed with reference to likely biological risks.

Records of 135 patients with rectal carcinoma were reviewed and correlations between survival rate, extent of tumor and radiotherapy were investigated. The survival rate at 5 years was 16% for C Astler-Coller's stage patients and without metastases, but the prognosis was much less favorable for advanced tumors and/or subjects with distant metastases. Preliminary results of another series of patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy are discussed.

In the field of malignant primitive hepatic tumours, the use of ultrasonic methods and C.A.T. has made a considerable contribution to diagnosis and topographical localisation of such tumours. In addition, hepatic biopsy supplies the histological diagnosis. However it is only by angiography that it is possible to evaluate the involvement of the lobes and segments, supplying the character of invasiveness or otherwise of the lesion through demonstration of the arterial peduncle, and thus giving the surgeon the essential elements for a therapeutic approach. Furthermore, in the case of a monofocal lesion, it is only angiography that can establish the usefulness or otherwise of surgical therapy (William M. - Richard P. J. - Philip C. G. - Robert C. Lim, 1979). The purpose of the work is to examine the angiographic readings, which allow: 1) a diagnosis of hepatic expansive formation to be made, with definition of its nature (bening or malignant); 2) the growth character of the lesion to be characterised through evaluation of the involvement of the vascular structures.

The main phases of ossification are shown-based on the results achieved by re-examining the X-ray pictures of 14 patients affected by tubular bones pseudoarthrosis treated with Ilizarov's closed compression-distraction osteosynthesis. The roentgen signs in particular are examined which are considered as expressive of positive evolution of the pseudoarthrosis. An outline of X-ray evolution of nonunions is also proposed, referring to the peculiar biological characters of ossification under compression-distraction stimulation.

In the study of benign hepatic tumours, angiography of the coeliac tripod is a fundamental step in the diagnostic course, allowing them to be characterised in detail; within the framework of evaluation of the said expansive forms, particular attention has been directed to differential diagnosis in relation to those malignant lesions that can simulate a benign process.

The clinical and radiobiological problems associated with radiotherapy of the mediastinum are discussed with reference to the efficacy of such treatment on various forms (therapeutical and palliative management and its indications) and the damage caused to normal organs.

Any malignancy, mainly hematological, may be sensitive (with complete remission) to high-dose chemo and/or radiotherapy. The dose of most antineoplastic agents is limited by the toxicity to the normal marrow. The availability of marrow for transplantation (allogenic, syngenic or autologous), and the capability of reconstituting hematopoietic function, makes it possible to administer chemoradiotherapy in supralethal doses in an effort to kill a greater fraction of the malignant cells. Total Body Irradiation is used both to eradicate the malignant cells and to suppress host immune reactivity enough to prevent rejection of allogenic marrow. The transplanted allogenic marrow can also exert an antitumor effect. A survey of radiobiological studies undertaken is presented and preliminary results of a series of patients treated with TBI at ISSR are discussed.