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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.02.008 Byline: Anna Hurlimann (a), Jennifer McKay (b) Keywords: Recycled water; Wastewater reuse; Conjoint analysis; Willingness to pay; Community attitudes Abstract: Recycled water use in urban areas is viewed as one part of the solution to Australia's water shortage. The effectiveness of policies designed to promote recycled water systems depends on the acceptance by the community of the price, colour, odour and salt content of the recycled water. In Australia and other countries, limited research has been conducted that investigates community attitudes to and willingness to pay for recycled water, especially in urban settings. Community acceptance of recycled water and the economic feasibility of such projects have not been widely evaluated, even though the long-term feasibility of many projects is dependent on such information. This paper examines the attitudes of an urban Australian community living at Mawson Lakes in South Australia, to using recycled water for non-potable domestic purposes. Conjoint analysis (CA) was used to evaluate participant's (n=136) preferences for various attributes of recycled water (colour, odour, salt content and price) for various uses (garden watering, toilet flushing and clothes washing). The analysis was used to estimate the respondent's willingness to pay (WTP) for quality increases for each of the attributes. Differences in WTP were investigated according to various demographic variables including income and education. Results indicate that for garden watering having 'low salt levels' is the most important attribute of recycled water, for clothes washing 'colourless' is the most important attribute, and for toilet flushing a 'low price' was the most important attribute. Respondents were willing to pay for increases in the quality of recycled water. The amount they were willing to pay varied depending on applied use and the attribute in question. Respondents were most willing to pay for an increase in quality of recycled water when used for clothes washing (willing to pay Australian dollars (A$) 0.07/cubic meter (m.sup.3) for removal of colour, A$0.065 per cubic meter for an increase in quality of recycled water from 'salty' to 'low salt,' and A$ 0.06/m.sup.3 for removal of odour (1A$=0.75US$ and 0.62a[logical not], August 24, 2005)). Segmentation of the price attribute by demographic sectors reveals that those in the higher income bracket, higher education sector, middle age group, and who are male, had a higher marginal valuation on price. The results of this study provide important information for recycled water retailers and water policy developers, helping achieve greater economic feasibility for future recycled water projects, to the satisfaction of the communities involved. Author Affiliation: (a) Faculty of Architecture Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (b) Centre for Comparative Water Policies and Laws, School of Commerce, University of South Australia, PO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia Article History: Received 15 March 2005; Revised 14 January 2006; Accepted 1 February 2006

Introduction The debate about farm adjustment and structural change within Australian agriculture has been persistent for many years. Within this journal Lawrence (1992b, 1994) and Gow (1994, 1996) have had [...]

Social welfare reforms must take into account economic changes that have modified the labor market often to the disadvantage of mothers, especially minorities, when economic self-sufficiency is the reform's goal. Restructuring and downsizing have reduced the number of high-paying manufacturing jobs which have been replaced with low-paying service jobs that do not include benefits and are less flexible. Necessary improvements include increased minimum wage, equal pay and opportunities for women and standardized public assistance that allows for asset accumulation.