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51. A new measure for end of life planning, preparation, and preferences in Huntington disease: HDQLIFE end of life planning

Author

Carlozzi, Noelle E., Hahn, E. A., Frank, S. A., Perlmutter, J. S., Downing, N. D., McCormack, M. K., Barton, S., Nance, M. A., Schilling, S. G., Carlozzi, Noelle, Dayalu, Praveen, Schilling, Stephen, Austin, Amy, Canter, Matthew, Goodnight, Siera, Miner, Jennifer, Migliore, Nicholas, Paulsen, Jane, Downing, Nancy, DeSoriano, Isabella, Shadrick, Courtney, Miller, Amanda, Quaid, Kimberly, Wesson, Melissa, Ross, Christopher, Churchill, Gregory, Ong, Mary Jane, Perlman, Susan, Clemente, Brian, Fisher, Aaron, Obialisi, Gloria, Rosco, Michael, McCormack, Michael, Marin, Humberto, Dicke, Allison, Perlmutter, Joel S., Barton, Stacey, Smith, Shineeka, Nance, Martha, Ede, Pat, Rao, Stephen, Ahmed, Anwar, Lengen, Michael, Mourany, Lyla, Reece, Christine, Geschwind, Michael, Winer, Joseph, Cella, David, Gershon, Richard, Hahn, Elizabeth, Lai, Jin-Shei, and HDQLIFE Site Investigators and Coordinators

Published
2017
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59. Root traits explain plant species distributions along climatic gradients yet challenge the nature of ecological trade-offs

Author

German Research Foundation, Biological and Environmental Research (US), University of Göttingen, Laughlin, Daniel C. [0000-0002-9651-5732], Mommer, Liesje [0000-0002-3775-0716], Sabatini, Francesco Maria [0000-0002-7202-7697], Bruelheide, Helge [0000-0003-3135-0356], Kuyper, Thom W. [0000-0002-3896-4943], McCormack, M. Luke [0000-0002-8300-5215], Bergmann, Joana [0000-0002-2008-4198], Freschet, Grégoire T. [0000-0002-8830-3860], Guerrero-Ramírez, Nathaly R. [0000-0001-7311-9852], Iversen, Colleen M. [0000-0001-8293-3450], Kattge, Jens [0000-0002-1022-8469], Meier, Ina C. [0000-0001-6500-7519], Poorter, Hendrik [0000-0001-9900-2433], Roumet, Catherine [0000-0003-1320-9770], Semchenko, Marina [0000-0001-6196-3562], Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar J. [0000-0002-7327-7647], van der Plas, Fons [0000-0003-4680-543X], van Ruijven, Jasper [0000-0003-0003-2363], York, Larry M. [0000-0002-1995-9479], Aubin, Isabelle [0000-0002-5953-1012], Burge, Olivia R. [0000-0001-7719-6695], Byun, Chaeho [0000-0003-3209-3275], Ćušterevska, Renata [0000-0002-3849-6983], Dengler, Jürgen [0000-0003-3221-660X], Forey, Estelle [0000-0001-6082-3023], Guerin, Greg R. [0000-0002-2104-6695], Hérault, Bruno [0000-0002-6950-7286], Jackson, Robert B. [0000-0001-8846-7147], Karger, Dirk Nikolaus [0000-0001-7770-6229], Lenoir, Jonathan [0000-0003-0638-9582], Lysenko, Tatiana [0000-0001-6688-1590], Meir, Patrick [0000-0002-2362-0398], Niinemets, Ülo [0000-0002-3078-2192], Ozinga, Wim A. [0000-0002-6369-7859], Peñuelas, Josep [0000-0002-7215-0150], Reich, Peter B. [0000-0003-4424-662X], Schmidt, Marco [0000-0001-6087-6117], Schrodt, Franziska [0000-0001-9053-8872], Weigelt, Alexandra [0000-0001-6242-603X], Laughlin, Daniel C, Mommer, Liesje, Sabatini, Francesco Maria, Bruelheide, Helge, Kuyper, Thom W., McCormack, M Luke, Bergmann, Joana, Freschet, Grégoire T, Guerrero-Ramírez, Nathaly R., Iversen, Colleen M., Kattge, Jens, Meier, Ina C., Poorter, Hendrik, Roumet, Catherine, Semchenko, Marina, Sweeney, Christopher J., Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar J., van der Plas, Fons, van Ruijven, Jasper, York, Larry M., Aubin, Isabelle, Burge, Olivia R., Byun, Chaeho, Ćušterevska, Renata, Dengler, Jürgen, Forey, Estelle, Guerin, Greg R., Hérault, Bruno, Jackson, Robert B., Karger, Dirk Nikolaus, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lysenko, Tatiana, Meir, Patrick, Niinemets, Ülo, Ozinga, Wim A., Peñuelas, Josep, Reich, Peter B., Schmidt, Marco, Schrodt, Franziska, Velázquez, Eduardo, Weigelt, Alexandra, German Research Foundation, Biological and Environmental Research (US), University of Göttingen, Laughlin, Daniel C. [0000-0002-9651-5732], Mommer, Liesje [0000-0002-3775-0716], Sabatini, Francesco Maria [0000-0002-7202-7697], Bruelheide, Helge [0000-0003-3135-0356], Kuyper, Thom W. [0000-0002-3896-4943], McCormack, M. Luke [0000-0002-8300-5215], Bergmann, Joana [0000-0002-2008-4198], Freschet, Grégoire T. [0000-0002-8830-3860], Guerrero-Ramírez, Nathaly R. [0000-0001-7311-9852], Iversen, Colleen M. [0000-0001-8293-3450], Kattge, Jens [0000-0002-1022-8469], Meier, Ina C. [0000-0001-6500-7519], Poorter, Hendrik [0000-0001-9900-2433], Roumet, Catherine [0000-0003-1320-9770], Semchenko, Marina [0000-0001-6196-3562], Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar J. [0000-0002-7327-7647], van der Plas, Fons [0000-0003-4680-543X], van Ruijven, Jasper [0000-0003-0003-2363], York, Larry M. [0000-0002-1995-9479], Aubin, Isabelle [0000-0002-5953-1012], Burge, Olivia R. [0000-0001-7719-6695], Byun, Chaeho [0000-0003-3209-3275], Ćušterevska, Renata [0000-0002-3849-6983], Dengler, Jürgen [0000-0003-3221-660X], Forey, Estelle [0000-0001-6082-3023], Guerin, Greg R. [0000-0002-2104-6695], Hérault, Bruno [0000-0002-6950-7286], Jackson, Robert B. [0000-0001-8846-7147], Karger, Dirk Nikolaus [0000-0001-7770-6229], Lenoir, Jonathan [0000-0003-0638-9582], Lysenko, Tatiana [0000-0001-6688-1590], Meir, Patrick [0000-0002-2362-0398], Niinemets, Ülo [0000-0002-3078-2192], Ozinga, Wim A. [0000-0002-6369-7859], Peñuelas, Josep [0000-0002-7215-0150], Reich, Peter B. [0000-0003-4424-662X], Schmidt, Marco [0000-0001-6087-6117], Schrodt, Franziska [0000-0001-9053-8872], Weigelt, Alexandra [0000-0001-6242-603X], Laughlin, Daniel C, Mommer, Liesje, Sabatini, Francesco Maria, Bruelheide, Helge, Kuyper, Thom W., McCormack, M Luke, Bergmann, Joana, Freschet, Grégoire T, Guerrero-Ramírez, Nathaly R., Iversen, Colleen M., Kattge, Jens, Meier, Ina C., Poorter, Hendrik, Roumet, Catherine, Semchenko, Marina, Sweeney, Christopher J., Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar J., van der Plas, Fons, van Ruijven, Jasper, York, Larry M., Aubin, Isabelle, Burge, Olivia R., Byun, Chaeho, Ćušterevska, Renata, Dengler, Jürgen, Forey, Estelle, Guerin, Greg R., Hérault, Bruno, Jackson, Robert B., Karger, Dirk Nikolaus, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lysenko, Tatiana, Meir, Patrick, Niinemets, Ülo, Ozinga, Wim A., Peñuelas, Josep, Reich, Peter B., Schmidt, Marco, Schrodt, Franziska, Velázquez, Eduardo, and Weigelt, Alexandra

Abstract

Ecological theory is built on trade-offs, where trait differences among species evolved as adaptations to different environments. Trade-offs are often assumed to be bidirectional, where opposite ends of a gradient in trait values confer advantages in different environments. However, unidirectional benefits could be widespread if extreme trait values confer advantages at one end of an environmental gradient, whereas a wide range of trait values are equally beneficial at the other end. Here, we show that root traits explain species occurrences along broad gradients of temperature and water availability, but model predictions only resembled trade-offs in two out of 24 models. Forest species with low specific root length and high root tissue density (RTD) were more likely to occur in warm climates but species with high specific root length and low RTD were more likely to occur in cold climates. Unidirectional benefits were more prevalent than trade-offs: for example, species with large-diameter roots and high RTD were more commonly associated with dry climates, but species with the opposite trait values were not associated with wet climates. Directional selection for traits consistently occurred in cold or dry climates, whereas a diversity of root trait values were equally viable in warm or wet climates. Explicit integration of unidirectional benefits into ecological theory is needed to advance our understanding of the consequences of trait variation on species responses to environmental change.

Published
2021

64. The Declining Significance of Homohysteria for Male Students in Three Sixth Forms in the South of England

Author

McCormack, M.

Abstract

English schools have traditionally been institutions with high levels of homophobia. This is attributed to the need that heterosexual boys have to maintain a heteromasculine identity. However, by drawing on 44 in-depth interviews and 12 months of participant observation across three sixth forms, I detail the ways in which homophobia holds little cultural sway with the heterosexual male students in these settings. Here, the majority of students intellectualise pro-gay attitudes, maintain friendships with openly gay students and are physically tactile with each other. Homophobic discourse is rarely heard and it is even stigmatised in two of the settings. Homosexually-themed language that I call "gay discourse" replaces it. This discourse maintains socio-negative effect, but it is also used by openly gay students to bond with their heterosexual peers. Accordingly, this research shows that cultural homophobia maintains less significance than has been documented in previous studies.

Published
2011
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66. Primary results from CECILIA, a global single-arm phase II study evaluating bevacizumab, carboplatin and paclitaxel for advanced cervical cancer

Author

Redondo, A, Colombo, N, Mccormack, M, Dreosti, L, Nogueira-Rodrigues, A, Scambia, G, Lorusso, D, Joly, F, Schenker, M, Ruff, P, Estevez-Diz, M, Irahara, N, Donica, M, Gonzalez-Martin, A, Redondo A., Colombo N., McCormack M., Dreosti L., Nogueira-Rodrigues A., Scambia G., Lorusso D., Joly F., Schenker M., Ruff P., Estevez-Diz M., Irahara N., Donica M., Gonzalez-Martin A., Redondo, A, Colombo, N, Mccormack, M, Dreosti, L, Nogueira-Rodrigues, A, Scambia, G, Lorusso, D, Joly, F, Schenker, M, Ruff, P, Estevez-Diz, M, Irahara, N, Donica, M, Gonzalez-Martin, A, Redondo A., Colombo N., McCormack M., Dreosti L., Nogueira-Rodrigues A., Scambia G., Lorusso D., Joly F., Schenker M., Ruff P., Estevez-Diz M., Irahara N., Donica M., and Gonzalez-Martin A.

Abstract

Objective: Adding bevacizumab to cisplatin–paclitaxel for advanced cervical cancer significantly improves overall and progression-free survival. We evaluated bevacizumab with a widely used carboplatin–paclitaxel backbone. Methods: Patients with metastatic/recurrent/persistent cervical cancer not amenable to curative surgery and/or radiotherapy received 3-weekly bevacizumab 15 mg/kg, paclitaxel 175 mg/m2, and carboplatin AUC 5 until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Maintenance bevacizumab was allowed. Patients with ongoing bladder/rectal involvement, prior cobalt radiotherapy, a history of fistula/gastrointestinal perforation, or recent bowel resection/chemoradiation were excluded. The primary objective was to determine incidences of gastrointestinal perforation/fistula, gastrointestinal-vaginal fistula, and genitourinary fistula. Results: Among 150 treated patients, disease at study entry was persistent in 21%, recurrent in 56%, and newly diagnosed metastatic in 23%. After 27.8 months' median follow-up, median bevacizumab duration was 6.7 months; 57% received maintenance bevacizumab. Seventeen patients (11.3%; 95% CI: 6.7–17.5%) experienced ≥1 perforation/fistula event: gastrointestinal perforation/fistula in 4.7% (1.9–9.4%), gastrointestinal-vaginal fistula in 4.0% (1.5–8.5%), and genitourinary fistula in 4.7% (1.9–9.4%). Of these, 16 were previously irradiated, several with ongoing radiation effects. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia (25%), anemia (19%), and hypertension (14%). Five patients (3%) had fatal adverse events. Objective response rate was 61% (95% CI: 52–69%), median progression-free survival was 10.9 (10.1–13.7) months, and median overall survival was 25.0 (20.9–30.4) months. Conclusions: Bevacizumab can be combined with carboplatin–paclitaxel in the CECILIA study population. The fistula/gastrointestinal perforation incidence is in line with GOG-0240; efficacy results are encouraging. Trial registration number. NCT02467907

Published
2020

69. A pharmacogenomic assessment of psychiatric adverse drug reactions to levetiracetam

Author

Campbell, C, McCormack, M, Patel, S, Stapleton, C, Bobbili, D, Krause, R, Depondt, C, Sills, GJ, Koeleman, BP, Striano, P, Zara, F, Sander, JW, Lerche, H, Kunz, WS, Stefansson, K, Stefansson, H, Doherty, CP, Heinzen, EL, Scheffer, IE, Goldstein, DB, O'Brien, T, Cotter, D, Berkovic, SF, Sisodiya, SM, Delanty, N, Cavalleri, GL, Campbell, C, McCormack, M, Patel, S, Stapleton, C, Bobbili, D, Krause, R, Depondt, C, Sills, GJ, Koeleman, BP, Striano, P, Zara, F, Sander, JW, Lerche, H, Kunz, WS, Stefansson, K, Stefansson, H, Doherty, CP, Heinzen, EL, Scheffer, IE, Goldstein, DB, O'Brien, T, Cotter, D, Berkovic, SF, Sisodiya, SM, Delanty, N, and Cavalleri, GL

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Levetiracetam (LEV) is an effective antiseizure medicine, but 10%-20% of people treated with LEV report psychiatric side-effects, and up to 1% may have psychotic episodes. Pharmacogenomic predictors of these adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have yet to be identified. We sought to determine the contribution of both common and rare genetic variation to psychiatric and behavioral ADRs associated with LEV. METHODS: This case-control study compared cases of LEV-associated behavioral disorder (n = 149) or psychotic reaction (n = 37) to LEV-exposed people with no history of psychiatric ADRs (n = 920). All samples were of European ancestry. We performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis comparing those with LEV ADRs to controls. We estimated the polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia and compared cases with LEV-associated psychotic reaction to controls. Rare variant burden analysis was performed using exome sequence data of cases with psychotic reactions (n = 18) and controls (n = 122). RESULTS: Univariate GWAS found no significant associations with either LEV-associated behavioural disorder or LEV-psychotic reaction. PRS analysis showed that cases of LEV-associated psychotic reaction had an increased PRS for schizophrenia relative to contr ols (p = .0097, estimate = .4886). The rare-variant analysis found no evidence of an increased burden of rare genetic variants in people who had experienced LEV-associated psychotic reaction relative to controls. SIGNIFICANCE: The polygenic burden for schizophrenia is a risk factor for LEV-associated psychotic reaction. To assess the clinical utility of PRS as a predictor, it should be tested in an independent and ideally prospective cohort. Larger sample sizes are required for the identification of significant univariate common genetic signals or rare genetic signals associated with psychiatric LEV ADRs.

Published
2022

70. Radiation Therapy Techniques and Treatment-Related Toxicity in the PORTEC-3 Trial: Comparison of 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy Versus Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy

Author

Wortman, BG, Post, CCB, Powell, ME, Khaw, P, Fyles, A, D'Amico, R, Haie-Meder, C, Jurgenliemk-Schulz, IM, McCormack, M, Do, V, Katsaros, D, Bessette, P, Baron, MH, Nout, RA, Whitmarsh, K, Mileshkin, L, Lutgens, LCHW, Kitchener, HC, Brooks, S, Nijman, HW, Astreinidou, E, Putter, H, Creutzberg, CL, de Boer, SM, Wortman, BG, Post, CCB, Powell, ME, Khaw, P, Fyles, A, D'Amico, R, Haie-Meder, C, Jurgenliemk-Schulz, IM, McCormack, M, Do, V, Katsaros, D, Bessette, P, Baron, MH, Nout, RA, Whitmarsh, K, Mileshkin, L, Lutgens, LCHW, Kitchener, HC, Brooks, S, Nijman, HW, Astreinidou, E, Putter, H, Creutzberg, CL, and de Boer, SM

Abstract

PURPOSE: Radiation therapy techniques have developed from 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) to intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), with better sparing of the surrounding normal tissues. The current analysis aimed to investigate whether IMRT, compared to 3DCRT, resulted in fewer adverse events (AEs) and patient-reported symptoms in the randomized PORTEC-3 trial for high-risk endometrial cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Data on AEs and patient-reported quality of life (QoL) of the PORTEC-3 trial were available for analysis. Physician-reported AEs were graded using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0. QoL was assessed by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQC30, CX24, and OV28 questionnaires. Data were compared between 3DCRT and IMRT. A P value of ≤ .01 was considered statistically significant due to the risk of multiple testing. For QoL, combined scores 1 to 2 ("not at all" and "a little") versus 3 to 4 ("quite a bit" and "very much") were compared between the techniques. RESULTS: Of 658 evaluable patients, 559 received 3DCRT and 99 IMRT. Median follow-up was 74.6 months. During treatment no significant differences were observed, with a trend for more grade ≥3 AEs, mostly hematologic and gastrointestinal, after 3DCRT (37.7% vs 26.3%, P = .03). During follow-up, 15.4% (vs 4%) had grade ≥2 diarrhea, and 26.1% (vs 13.1%) had grade ≥2 hematologic AEs after 3DCRT (vs IMRT) (both P < .01). Among 574 (87%) patients evaluable for QoL, 494 received 3DCRT and 80 IMRT. During treatment, 37.5% (vs 28.6%) reported diarrhea after 3DCRT (vs IMRT) (P = .125); 22.1% (versus 10.0%) bowel urgency (P = 0039), and 18.2% and 8.6% abdominal cramps (P = .058). Other QoL scores showed no differences. CONCLUSIONS: IMRT resulted in fewer grade ≥3 AEs during treatment and significantly lower rates of grade ≥2 diarrhea and hematologic AEs during follow-up. Trends toward fewer patient-reported bowel urgency and abdominal cramps w

Published
2022

71. Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of a family strengthening program to prevent unhealthy weight gain among 5 to 11-year-old children from at-risk families: the Strong Families Trial

Author

Brooks, C, Helson, C, McCormack, M, Baur, LA, Gill, T, Green, J, Billah, B, Cronin, P, Johar, A, Plaskett, J, Nolan, M, Latanik, M, Renzaho, AMN, Brooks, C, Helson, C, McCormack, M, Baur, LA, Gill, T, Green, J, Billah, B, Cronin, P, Johar, A, Plaskett, J, Nolan, M, Latanik, M, and Renzaho, AMN

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an increasing health concern in Australia among adult and child populations alike and is often associated with other serious comorbidities. While the rise in the prevalence of childhood obesity has plateaued in high-income countries, it continues to increase among children from disadvantaged and culturally diverse backgrounds. The family environment of disadvantaged populations may increase the risk of childhood obesity through unhealthy eating and lifestyle practices. The Strong Families Trial aims to assess the effectiveness of a mixed behavioural and lifestyle intervention for parents and carers of at-risk populations, i.e. families from culturally diverse and disadvantaged backgrounds, in preventing unhealthy weight gain among children aged 5 to 11 years. METHODS: Eight hundred families from low socio-economic areas in Greater Western Sydney, NSW, and Melbourne, VIC, will be recruited and randomised into a lifestyle intervention or control group. The intervention comprises 90-minute weekly sessions for 6 weeks (plus two-booster sessions) of an integrated, evidence-based, parenting and lifestyle program that accounts for the influences of family functioning. Primary (anthropometric data) and secondary (family functioning, feeding related parenting, physical activity, consumption of healthy foods, health literacy, family and household costs) outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, immediately following the intervention, and 12 months post-intervention. DISCUSSION: This study will elucidate methods for engaging socially disadvantaged and culturally diverse groups in parenting programs concerned with child weight status. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ACTRN12619001019190 ). Registered 16 July 2019.

Published
2022

72. Lenvatinib plus Pembrolizumab for Advanced Endometrial Cancer

Author

Makker, V, Colombo, N, Casado Herráez, A, Santin, A, Colomba, E, Miller, D, Fujiwara, K, Pignata, S, Baron-Hay, S, Ray-Coquard, I, Shapira-Frommer, R, Ushijima, K, Sakata, J, Yonemori, K, Kim, Y, Guerra, E, Sanli, U, Mccormack, M, Smith, A, Keefe, S, Bird, S, Dutta, L, Orlowski, R, Lorusso, D, Makker, Vicky, Colombo, Nicoletta, Casado Herráez, Antonio, Santin, Alessandro D, Colomba, Emeline, Miller, David S, Fujiwara, Keiichi, Pignata, Sandro, Baron-Hay, Sally, Ray-Coquard, Isabelle, Shapira-Frommer, Ronnie, Ushijima, Kimio, Sakata, Jun, Yonemori, Kan, Kim, Yong Man, Guerra, Eva M, Sanli, Ulus A, McCormack, Mary M, Smith, Alan D, Keefe, Stephen, Bird, Steven, Dutta, Lea, Orlowski, Robert J, Lorusso, Domenica, Makker, V, Colombo, N, Casado Herráez, A, Santin, A, Colomba, E, Miller, D, Fujiwara, K, Pignata, S, Baron-Hay, S, Ray-Coquard, I, Shapira-Frommer, R, Ushijima, K, Sakata, J, Yonemori, K, Kim, Y, Guerra, E, Sanli, U, Mccormack, M, Smith, A, Keefe, S, Bird, S, Dutta, L, Orlowski, R, Lorusso, D, Makker, Vicky, Colombo, Nicoletta, Casado Herráez, Antonio, Santin, Alessandro D, Colomba, Emeline, Miller, David S, Fujiwara, Keiichi, Pignata, Sandro, Baron-Hay, Sally, Ray-Coquard, Isabelle, Shapira-Frommer, Ronnie, Ushijima, Kimio, Sakata, Jun, Yonemori, Kan, Kim, Yong Man, Guerra, Eva M, Sanli, Ulus A, McCormack, Mary M, Smith, Alan D, Keefe, Stephen, Bird, Steven, Dutta, Lea, Orlowski, Robert J, and Lorusso, Domenica

Abstract

BACKGROUND Standard therapy for advanced endometrial cancer after failure of platinum-based chemotherapy remains unclear. METHODS In this phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, patients with advanced endometrial cancer who had previously received at least one platinum-based chemotherapy regimen to receive either lenvatinib (20 mg, administered orally once daily) plus pembrolizumab (200 mg, administered intravenously every 3 weeks) or chemotherapy of the treating physician’s choice (doxorubicin at 60 mg per square meter of body-surface area, administered intravenously every 3 weeks, or paclitaxel at 80 mg per square meter, administered intravenously weekly [with a cycle of 3 weeks on and 1 week off]). The two primary end points were progression-free survival as assessed on blinded independent central review according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1, and overall survival. The end points were evaluated in patients with mismatch repair–proficient (pMMR) disease and in all patients. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS A total of 827 patients (697 with pMMR disease and 130 with mismatch repair–deficient disease) were randomly assigned to receive lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab (411 patients) or chemotherapy (416 patients). The median progression-free survival was longer with lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab than with chemotherapy (pMMR population: 6.6 vs. 3.8 months; hazard ratio for progression or death, 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50 to 0.72; P<0.001; overall: 7.2 vs. 3.8 months; hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.66; P<0.001). The median overall survival was longer with lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab than with chemotherapy (pMMR population: 17.4 vs. 12.0 months; hazard ratio for death, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.84; P<0.001; overall: 18.3 vs. 11.4 months; hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.75; P<0.001). Adverse events of grade 3 or higher occurred in 88.9% of the patients who received lenvatinib plus pembr

Published
2022

73. Comparison of three cell block techniques for detection of low frequency abnormal cells

Author

McCormack M and Hecht SA

Subjects
Pathology, RB1-214
Abstract

Steven A Hecht, Matthew McCormackHologic Inc, Marlborough, MA, USABackground: The Cellient® Automated Cell Block System rapidly creates paraffin-embedded cell blocks by using vacuum filtration to deposit a layer of cells on a filter and infiltrate those cells with reagents and paraffin. This study used a “tracer” cell model to mimic low frequency abnormal cells and compare detection and representative sampling with simple sedimentation, Richard-Allan HistoGel™, and Cellient cell block techniques.Methods: Tracer cells were a cultured cell line (CaSki) fixed in methanol, prestained in solution with hematoxylin, and quantified using a hemacytometer. Tracer cells were diluted in a 10-fold dilution series ranging from 100 to 0.1 tracer/mL in a background of pooled clinical serous effusion specimens. Ten replicates of each dilution were processed using each cell block method, and the resulting blocks were cut to produce two slides from each block. The slides were deparaffinized, counterstained with eosin, cover-slipped, and screened for the presence of tracer cells. Blocks were considered to be representative of the specimen if tracer cells were detected on either of the slides. If no tracer cells were observed on either slide, the block was recut to generate a third slide. If tracer cells were seen on the third slide, the block was considered representative of the specimen.Results: Tracer cells were identified on the initial slides for 20 of 40 (50.0%) simple sedimentation, 21 of 40 (52.5%) of HistoGel, and 25 of 40 (62.5%) of Cellient cell blocks. Representative sampling of the 1 tracer/mL specimen was 10.0% for simple sedimentation and 30.0% for HistoGel and Cellient. Only Cellient showed representative sampling of the 0.1 tracer/mL specimen.Conclusion: The Cellient System blocks demonstrated representative sampling at the lowest tracer cell concentration compared with simple sedimentation and HistoGel.Keywords: Cellient®, HistoGel™, simple sedimentation, CaSki, microtomy

Published
2013

76. Comparative effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Author

Silvennoinen K., de Lange N., Zagaglia S., Balestrini S., Androsova G., Wassenaar M., Auce P., Avbersek A., Becker F., Berghuis B., Campbell E., Coppola A., Francis B., Wolking S., Cavalleri G. L., Craig J., Delanty N., Johnson M. R., Koeleman B. P. C., Kunz W. S., Lerche H., Marson A. G., O'Brien T. J., Sander J. W., Sills G. J., Striano P., Zara F., van der Palen J., Krause R., Depondt C., Sisodiya S. M., Brodie M. J., Chinthapalli K., de Haan G. -J., Doherty C. P., Heavin S., McCormack M., Petrovski S., Sargsyan N., Slattery L., Willis J., National Institute for Health Research, Silvennoinen, K., de Lange, N., Zagaglia, S., Balestrini, S., Androsova, G., Wassenaar, M., Auce, P., Avbersek, A., Becker, F., Berghuis, B., Campbell, E., Coppola, A., Francis, B., Wolking, S., Cavalleri, G. L., Craig, J., Delanty, N., Johnson, M. R., Koeleman, B. P. C., Kunz, W. S., Lerche, H., Marson, A. G., O'Brien, T. J., Sander, J. W., Sills, G. J., Striano, P., Zara, F., van der Palen, J., Krause, R., Depondt, C., Sisodiya, S. M., Brodie, M. J., Chinthapalli, K., de Haan, G. -J., Doherty, C. P., Heavin, S., Mccormack, M., Petrovski, S., Sargsyan, N., Slattery, L., and Willis, J.

Subjects
Topiramate, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology [D14] [Human health sciences], seizure, adverse drug reaction, Clinical Neurology, Lamotrigine, lcsh:RC346-429, 03 medical and health sciences, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Journal Article, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, EpiPGX Consortium, tolerability, lcsh:Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, seizures, adverse drug reactions, Neurologie [D14] [Sciences de la santé humaine], business.industry, Weight change, Généralités, Carbamazepine, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, valproate, Neurology, Tolerability, Full‐length Original Research, Neurology (clinical), Levetiracetam, Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, medicine.drug
Abstract

Objective: To study the effectiveness and tolerability of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) commonly used in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Methods: People with JME were identified from a large database of individuals with epilepsy, which includes detailed retrospective information on AED use. We assessed secular changes in AED use and calculated rates of response (12-month seizure freedom) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) for the five most common AEDs. Retention was modeled with a Cox proportional hazards model. We compared valproate use between males and females. Results: We included 305 people with 688 AED trials of valproate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, and topiramate. Valproate and carbamazepine were most often prescribed as the first AED. The response rate to valproate was highest among the five AEDs (42.7%), and significantly higher than response rates for lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and topiramate; the difference to the response rate to levetiracetam (37.1%) was not significant. The rates of ADRs were highest for topiramate (45.5%) and valproate (37.5%). Commonest ADRs included weight change, lethargy, and tremor. In the Cox proportional hazards model, later start year (1.10 [1.08-1.13], P, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2019

77. 20MO Time to deterioration in quality of life in patients (pts) with advanced endometrial cancer (aEC) treated with lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab (L+P) or treatment of physician’s choice (TPC)

Author

Lorusso, D., primary, Colombo, N., additional, Casado Herraez, A., additional, Santin, A.D., additional, Colomba, E., additional, Miller, D.S., additional, Fujiwara, K., additional, Pignata, S., additional, Baron-Hay, S.E., additional, Ray-Coquard, I.L., additional, Shapira-Frommer, R., additional, Kim, Y.M., additional, McCormack, M., additional, Massaad, R., additional, Martin Nguyen, A., additional, Zhao, Q., additional, McKenzie, J., additional, Prabhu, V.S., additional, and Makker, V., additional

Published
2022
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78. Corrigendum

Author

Bengough, A. Glyn, primary, Blancaflor, Elison B., additional, Brunner, Ivano, additional, Comas, Louise H., additional, Freschet, Grégoire T., additional, Gessler, Arthur, additional, Iversen, Colleen M., additional, Janěcek, Štěpán, additional, Kliměsová, Jitka, additional, Lambers, Hans, additional, McCormack, M. Luke, additional, Meier, Ina C., additional, Mommer, Liesje, additional, Pagès, Loïc, additional, Poorter, Hendrik, additional, Postma, Johannes A., additional, Rewald, Boris, additional, Rose, Laura, additional, Roumet, Catherine, additional, Ryser, Peter, additional, Salmon, Verity, additional, Scherer‐Lorenzen, Michael, additional, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., additional, Tharayil, Nishanth, additional, Valverde‐Barrantes, Oscar J., additional, Weemstra, Monique, additional, Weigelt, Alexandra, additional, Wurzburger, Nina, additional, York, Larry M., additional, and Zadworny, Marcin, additional

Published
2022
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85. Use of Combined Shockwave Therapy and Platelet- Rich Plasma Injection for Management of Chronic Plantar Fasciitis in Runners: Two Case Reports.

Author

Jarnagin, J. J., McCormack, M., McInnis, K. C., Borg-Stein, J., and Tenforde, A. S.

Subjects
PLANTAR fasciitis, SHOCK waves, PLATELET-rich plasma, HEEL pain, RUNNERS (Sports), FOOT pain
Abstract

Copyright of German Journal of Sports Medicine / Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin is the property of Verein zur Forderung der Sportmedizin Hannover e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2023
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86. Linking fine‐root architecture, vertical distribution and growth rate in temperate mountain shrubs.

Author

Yang, Yu, McCormack, M. Luke, Hu, Hui, Bao, Weikai, and Li, Fanglan

Subjects
*SHRUBS, *ROOT growth, *SOIL depth, *MOUNTAINS
Abstract

Fine‐root branching, vertical distribution and morphology together with root growth rate are key dimensions that determine root strategies for belowground resource acquisition. However, few studies have addressed these traits together with coordinated measures of root growth rates, limiting generalizations about how these root traits coordinate among species. We conducted a common garden experiment to examine interspecific variation and coordination among architectural and morphological traits together with vertical distribution and growth rate of fine‐roots (≤ 2 mm in diameter) across 11 temperate shrub species. Across all species, root morphological traits showed only moderate differences among the first three branching orders and changed more dramatically in higher orders. We found that thin‐rooted shrub species had greater branching intensity than thick‐rooted species. Live fine‐root density (length and mass) decreased as an exponential pattern with increasing soil depth while the density of dead fine‐roots remained relatively constant. Patterns of fine‐root growth rates were independent of morphological and architectural traits, but were negatively related to rooting depth. The different root traits and relationships observed suggest diverse strategies for soil resource acquisition among shrub species. A deep root system would be associated with a slow growth rate. In contrast, the rooting depth was largely independent of root architecture and morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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87. Root traits and functioning: from individual plants to ecosystems.

Author

Weemstra, Monique, Valverde‐Barrantes, Oscar J., McCormack, M. Luke, and Kong, Deliang

Subjects
PLANT competition, SOIL microbial ecology, ECOSYSTEMS, PLANT root morphology, BROMELIACEAE, COEXISTENCE of species
Abstract

1 would adjust (combinations of) these traits whilst keeping the four key RES traits (root N, specific root length, root tissue density and root diameter) constant, it may remain at the same position at the RES, but still display considerable belowground adjustments in their belowground strategies. The establishment of this root economics space - and its four key traits (root diameter, SRL, root tissue density and root nitrogen concentration) - provides novel and important insights into the formation of diverse belowground strategies and hence, species coexistence and community diversity. A second, independent "conservation axis", in turn, separates species with mass-dense (and presumably long-lived) roots that permits long-term resource conservation, from species with roots that are high in nitrogen concentration indicating active root metabolism and fast turnover. For instance, species sampled in different seasons may display different root traits: under adverse conditions, acquisitive, lower-order roots may be shed and only higher order roots (with distinct traits, such as higher root diameter; McCormack et al. 2015) may be sampled, and root traits themselves (like nitrogen concentration) may change over the seasons (Zadworny et al. 2015). [Extracted from the article]

Published
2023
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88. Automated Trace Editing and Refraction Event Picking Using Neural Networks Édition automatique de traces et pointe des événements de réfraction à l'aide de réseaux neuronaux

Author

Mccormack M. D. and Zaucha D. E.

Subjects
Chemical technology, TP1-1185, Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade, HD9502-9502.5
Abstract

Programs have been developed that use a backpropagation neural network to automatically edit noisy seismic traces and pick first break refraction events. This paper shows that neural network-based trace editing and first break picking can achieve 85 to 98 percent agreement with manual methods for seismic data of moderate to good quality. Productivity improvements over current manual editing and picking techniques for 2D seismic data should range between 60 and 90 percent. For 3D seismic data sets efficiency increases of up to 800 percent have been demonstrated in a production processing environment. Nous avons développé des programmes utilisant les réseaux neuronaux et la rétropropagation pour l'édition automatique de traces bruitées et le pointé des premières arrivées. Cet article montre que les réseaux neuronaux peuvent donner des résultats en accord à 85-98% avec les méthodes manuelles d'édition de traces et de pointé des premières arrivées sur des données sismiques de qualité moyenne ou bonne. Les gains de productivité par rapport aux techniques manuelles actuelles d'édition et de pointé sur des données sismiques 2-D se situeraient de 60 à 90 %. Pour des jeux de données sismiques 3D, des gains de productivité allant jusqu'à 800 % ont été obtenus en production.

Published
2006
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89. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in women with high-risk endometrial cancer (PORTEC-3): patterns of recurrence and post-hoc survival analysis of a randomised phase 3 trial

Author

de Boer, S, Powell, M, Mileshkin, L, Katsaros, D, Bessette, P, Haie-Meder, C, Ottevanger, P, Ledermann, J, Khaw, P, D'Amico, R, Fyles, A, Baron, M, Jurgenliemk-Schulz, I, Kitchener, H, Nijman, H, Wilson, G, Brooks, S, Gribaudo, S, Provencher, D, Hanzen, C, Kruitwagen, R, Smit, V, Singh, N, Do, V, Lissoni, A, Nout, R, Feeney, A, Verhoeven-Adema, K, Putter, H, Creutzberg, C, Mccormack, M, Whitmarsh, K, Allerton, R, Gregory, D, Symonds, P, Hoskin, P, Adusumalli, M, Anand, A, Wade, R, Stewart, A, Taylor, W, Lutgens, L, Hollema, H, Pras, E, Snyers, A, Westerveld, G, Jobsen, J, Slot, A, Mens, J, Stam, T, Van Triest, B, Van der Steen-Banasik, E, De Winter, K, Quinn, M, Kolodziej, I, Pyman, J, Johnson, C, Capp, A, Fossati, R, Colombo, A, Carinelli, S, Ferrero, A, Artioli, G, Davidson, C, Mclachlin, C, Ghatage, P, Rittenberg, P, Souhami, L, Thomas, G, Duvillard, P, Berton-Rigaud, D, Tubiana-Mathieu, N, de Boer S. M., Powell M. E., Mileshkin L., Katsaros D., Bessette P., Haie-Meder C., Ottevanger P. B., Ledermann J. A., Khaw P., D'Amico R., Fyles A., Baron M. -H., Jurgenliemk-Schulz I. M., Kitchener H. C., Nijman H. W., Wilson G., Brooks S., Gribaudo S., Provencher D., Hanzen C., Kruitwagen R. F., Smit V. T. H. B. M., Singh N., Do V., Lissoni A., Nout R. A., Feeney A., Verhoeven-Adema K. W., Putter H., Creutzberg C. L., McCormack M., Whitmarsh K., Allerton R., Gregory D., Symonds P., Hoskin P. J., Adusumalli M., Anand A., Wade R., Stewart A., Taylor W., Lutgens L. C. H. W., Hollema H., Pras E., Snyers A., Westerveld G. H., Jobsen J. J., Slot A., Mens J. M., Stam T. C., Van Triest B., Van der Steen-Banasik E. M., De Winter K. A. J., Quinn M. A., Kolodziej I., Pyman J., Johnson C., Capp A., Fossati R., Colombo A., Carinelli S., Ferrero A., Artioli G., Davidson C., McLachlin C. M., Ghatage P., Rittenberg P. V. C., Souhami L., Thomas G., Duvillard P., Berton-Rigaud D., Tubiana-Mathieu N., de Boer, S, Powell, M, Mileshkin, L, Katsaros, D, Bessette, P, Haie-Meder, C, Ottevanger, P, Ledermann, J, Khaw, P, D'Amico, R, Fyles, A, Baron, M, Jurgenliemk-Schulz, I, Kitchener, H, Nijman, H, Wilson, G, Brooks, S, Gribaudo, S, Provencher, D, Hanzen, C, Kruitwagen, R, Smit, V, Singh, N, Do, V, Lissoni, A, Nout, R, Feeney, A, Verhoeven-Adema, K, Putter, H, Creutzberg, C, Mccormack, M, Whitmarsh, K, Allerton, R, Gregory, D, Symonds, P, Hoskin, P, Adusumalli, M, Anand, A, Wade, R, Stewart, A, Taylor, W, Lutgens, L, Hollema, H, Pras, E, Snyers, A, Westerveld, G, Jobsen, J, Slot, A, Mens, J, Stam, T, Van Triest, B, Van der Steen-Banasik, E, De Winter, K, Quinn, M, Kolodziej, I, Pyman, J, Johnson, C, Capp, A, Fossati, R, Colombo, A, Carinelli, S, Ferrero, A, Artioli, G, Davidson, C, Mclachlin, C, Ghatage, P, Rittenberg, P, Souhami, L, Thomas, G, Duvillard, P, Berton-Rigaud, D, Tubiana-Mathieu, N, de Boer S. M., Powell M. E., Mileshkin L., Katsaros D., Bessette P., Haie-Meder C., Ottevanger P. B., Ledermann J. A., Khaw P., D'Amico R., Fyles A., Baron M. -H., Jurgenliemk-Schulz I. M., Kitchener H. C., Nijman H. W., Wilson G., Brooks S., Gribaudo S., Provencher D., Hanzen C., Kruitwagen R. F., Smit V. T. H. B. M., Singh N., Do V., Lissoni A., Nout R. A., Feeney A., Verhoeven-Adema K. W., Putter H., Creutzberg C. L., McCormack M., Whitmarsh K., Allerton R., Gregory D., Symonds P., Hoskin P. J., Adusumalli M., Anand A., Wade R., Stewart A., Taylor W., Lutgens L. C. H. W., Hollema H., Pras E., Snyers A., Westerveld G. H., Jobsen J. J., Slot A., Mens J. M., Stam T. C., Van Triest B., Van der Steen-Banasik E. M., De Winter K. A. J., Quinn M. A., Kolodziej I., Pyman J., Johnson C., Capp A., Fossati R., Colombo A., Carinelli S., Ferrero A., Artioli G., Davidson C., McLachlin C. M., Ghatage P., Rittenberg P. V. C., Souhami L., Thomas G., Duvillard P., Berton-Rigaud D., and Tubiana-Mathieu N.

Abstract

Background: The PORTEC-3 trial investigated the benefit of combined adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy versus pelvic radiotherapy alone for women with high-risk endometrial cancer. We updated the analysis to investigate patterns of recurrence and did a post-hoc survival analysis. Methods: In the multicentre randomised phase 3 PORTEC-3 trial, women with high-risk endometrial cancer were eligible if they had International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2009 stage I, endometrioid grade 3 cancer with deep myometrial invasion or lymphovascular space invasion, or both; stage II or III disease; or stage I–III disease with serous or clear cell histology; were aged 18 years and older; and had a WHO performance status of 0–2. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive radiotherapy alone (48·6 Gy in 1·8 Gy fractions given on 5 days per week) or chemoradiotherapy (two cycles of cisplatin 50 mg/m2 given intravenously during radiotherapy, followed by four cycles of carboplatin AUC5 and paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 given intravenously), by use of a biased coin minimisation procedure with stratification for participating centre, lymphadenectomy, stage, and histological type. The co-primary endpoints were overall survival and failure-free survival. Secondary endpoints of vaginal, pelvic, and distant recurrence were analysed according to the first site of recurrence. Survival endpoints were analysed by intention-to-treat, and adjusted for stratification factors. Competing risk methods were used for failure-free survival and recurrence. We did a post-hoc analysis to analyse patterns of recurrence with 1 additional year of follow-up. The study was closed on Dec 20, 2013; follow-up is ongoing. This study is registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN14387080, and ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00411138. Findings: Between Nov 23, 2006, and Dec 20, 2013, 686 women were enrolled, of whom 660 were eligible and evaluable (330 in the chemoradiotherapy group, and 330 in the rad

Published
2019

90. TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Author

Kattge, J., Bonisch, G., Diaz, S., Lavorel, S., Prentice, I. C., Leadley, P., Tautenhahn, S., Werner, G. D. A., Aakala, T., Abedi, M., Acosta, A. T. R., Adamidis, G. C., Adamson, K., Aiba, M., Albert, C. H., Alcantara, J. M., Alcazar, C C., Aleixo, I., Ali, H., Amiaud, B., Ammer, C., Amoroso, M. M., Anand, M., Anderson, C., Anten, N., Antos, J., Apgaua, D. M. G., Ashman, T. L., Asmara, D. H., Asner, G. P., Aspinwall, M., Atkin, O., Aubin, I., Baastrup-Spohr, L., Bahalkeh, K., Bahn, M., Baker, T., Baker, W. J., Bakker, J. P., Baldocchi, D., Baltzer, J., Banerjee, A., Baranger, A., Barlow, J., Barneche, D. R., Baruch, Z., Bastianelli, D., Battles, J., Bauerle, W., Bauters, M., Bazzato, E., Beckmann, M., Beeckman, H., Beierkuhnlein, C., Bekker, R., Belfry, G., Belluau, M., Beloiu, M., Benavides, R., Benomar, L., Berdugo-Lattke, M. L., Berenguer, E., Bergamin, R., Bergmann, J., Bergmann Carlucci, M., Berner, L., Bernhardt Romermann, M., Bigler, C., Bjorkman, A. D., Blackman, C., Blanco, C., Blonder, B., Blumenthal, D., Bocanegra Gonzalez, K. T., Boeckx, P., Bohlman, S., Bohning Gaese, K., Boisvert Marsh, L., Bond, W., Bond-Lamberty, B., Boom, A., Boonman, C. C. F., Bordin, K., Boughton, E. H., Boukili, V., Bowman, D. M. J. S., Bravo, S., Brende, l M. R., Broadley, M. R., Brown, K. A., Bruelheide, H., Brumnich, F., Bruun, H. H., Bruy, D., Buchanan, S. W., Bucher, S. F., Buchmann, N., Buitenwerf, R., Bunker, D. E., Burge, r J., Burrascano, S., Burslem, D. F. R. P., Butterfield, B. J., Byun, C., Marques, M., Scalon, M. C., Caccianiga, M., Cadotte, M., Cailleret, M., Camac, J., Camarero, J. J., Campany, C., Campetella, G., Campos, J. A., Cano Arboleda, L., Canullo, R., Carbognani, M., Carvalho, F., Casanoves, F., Castagneyrol, B., Catford, J. A., Cavender Bares, J., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Cervellini, M., Chacon Madrigal, E., Chapin, K., Chapin, F. S., Chelli, S., Chen, S. C., Chen, A., Cherubini, P., Chianucci, F., Choat, B., Chung, K. S., Chytry, M., Ciccarelli, D., Coll, L., Collins, C. G., Conti, L., Coomes, D., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Cornwell, W. K., Corona, P., Coyea, M., Craine, J., Craven, D., Cromsigt, J. P. G. M., Csecserits, A., Cufar, K., Cuntz, M., da Silva, A. C., Dahlin, K. M., Dainese, M., Dalke, I., Dalle Fratte, M., Dang Le, A. T., Danihelka, J., Dannoura, M., Dawson, S., de Beer, A. J., De Frutos, A., De Long, J. R., Dechant, B., Delagrange, S., Delpierre, N., Derroire, G., Dias, A. S., Diaz Toribio, M. H., Dimitrakopoulos, P. G., Dobrowolski, M., Doktor, D., Drevojan, P., Dong, N., Dransfield, J., Dressler, S., Duarte, L., Ducouret, E., Dullinger, S., Durka, W., Duursma, R., Dymova, O., E- Vojtko, A., Eckstein, R. L., Ejtehadi, H., Elser, J., Emilio, T., Engemann, K., Erfanian, M. B., Erfmeier, A., Esquivel Muelbert, A., Esser, G., Estiarte, M., Domingues, T. F., Fagan, W. F., Fagundez, J., Falster, D. S., Fan, Y., Fang, J., Farris, E., Fazlioglu, F., Feng, Y., Fernandez, Mendez, Ferrara, C., Ferreira, J., Fidelis, A., Finegan, B., Firn, J., Flowers, T. J., Flynn, D. F. B., Fontana, V., Forey, E., Forgiarini, C., Francois, L., Frangipani, M., Frank, D., Frenette Dussault, C., Freschet, G. T., Fry, E. L., Fyllas, N. M., Mazzochini, G. G., Gachet, S., Gallagher, R., Ganade, G., Ganga, F., Garcia Palacios, P., Gargaglione, V., Garnier, E., Garrido, J. L., de Gasper, A. L., Gea Izquierdo, G., Gibson, D., Gillison, A. N., Giroldo, A., Glasenhardt, M. C., Gleason, S., Gliesch, M., Goldberg, E., Goldel, B., Gonzalez Akre, E., Gonzalez Andujar, J. L., Gonzalez Melo, A., Gonzalez Robles, A., Graae, B. J., Granda, E., Graves, S., Green, W. A., Gregor, T., Gross, N., Guerin, G. R., Gunther, A., Gutierrez, A. G., Haddock, L., Haines, A., Hall, J., Hambuckers, A., Han, W., Harrison, S. P., Hattingh, W., Hawes, J. E., He, T., He, P., Heberling, J. M., Helm, A., Hempel, S., Hentschel, J., Herault, B., Heres, A. M., Herz, K., Heuertz, M., Hickler, T., Hietz, P., Higuchi, P., Hipp, A. L., Hirons, A., Hock, M., Hogan, J. A., Holl, K., Honnay, O., Hornstein, D., Hou, E., Hough Snee, N., Hovstad, K. A., Ichie, T., Igic, B., Illa, E., Isaac, M., Ishihara, M., Ivanov, L., Ivanova, L., Iversen, C. M., Izquierdo, J., Jackson, R. B., Jackson, B., Jactel, H., Jagodzinsk, A. M., Jandt, U., Jansen, S., Jenkins, T., Jentsch, A., Jespersen, J. R. P., Jiang, G. F., Johansen, J. L., Johnson, D., Jokela, E. J., Joly, C. A., Jordan, G. J., Joseph, G. S., Junaedi, D., Junker, R. R., Justes, E., Kabzems, R., Kane, J., Kaplan, Z., Kattenborn, T., Kavelenova, L., Kearsley, E., Kempel, A., Kenzo, T., Kerkhoff, A., Khalil, M. I., Kinlock, N. L., Kissling, W. D., Kitajima, K., Kitzberger, T., Kjoller, R., Klein, T., Kleyer, M., Klimesova, J., Klipel, J., Kloeppel, B., Klotz, S., Knops, J. M. H., Kohyama, T., Koike, F., Kollmann, J., Komac, B., Komatsu, K., Konig, C., Kraft, N. J. B., Kramer, K., Kreft, H., Kuhn, I., Kumarathune, D., Kuppler, J., Kurokawa, H., Kurosawa, Y., Kuyah, S., Laclau, J. P., Lafleur, B., Lallai, E., Lamb, E., Lamprecht, A., Larkin, D. J., Laughlin, D., Le Bagousse Pinguet, Y., le Maire, G., le Roux, P. C., le Roux, E., Lee, T., Lens, F., Lewis, S. L., Lhotsky, B., Li, Y., Li, X., Lichstein, J. W., Liebergesell, M., Lim, J. Y., Lin, Y. S., Linares, Y. C., Liu, C., Liu, D., Liu, U., Livingstone, S., Llusia, J., Lohbeck, M., Lopez Garcia, A., Lopez Gonzalez, G., Lososov, a Z., Louault, F., Lukacs, B. A., Lukes, P., Luo, Y., Lussu, M., Ma, S., Maciel Rabelo Pereira, C., Mack, M., Maire, V., Makela, A., Makinen, H., Malhado, A. C. M., Mallik, A., Manning, P., Manzoni, S., Marchetti, Z., Marchino, L., Marcilio Silva, V., Marcon, E., Marignani, M., Markesteijn, L., Martin, A., Martinez Garza, C., Martinez Vilalta, J., Maskova, T., Mason, K., Mason, N., Massad, T. J., Masse, J., Mayrose, I., Mccarthy, J., Mccormack, M. L., Mcculloh, K., Mcfadden, I., Mcgill, B. J., Mcpartland, M. Y., Medeiros, J., Medlyn, B., Meerts, P., Mehrabi, Z., Meir, P., Melo, F., P. L., Mencuccini, M., Meredieu, C., Messier, J., Meszaros, I., Metsaranta, J., Michaletz, S. T., Michelaki, C., Migalina, S., Milla, R., Miller, J., E. D., Minden, V., Ming, R., Mokany, K., Moles, A. T., Molnar, A., Molofsky, J., Molz, M., Montgomery, R. A., Monty, A., Moravcova, L., Moreno Martinez, A., Moretti, M., Mori, A. S., Mori, S., Morris, D., Morrison, J., Mucina, L., Mueller, S., Muir, C. D., Muller, S. C., Munoz, F., Myers Smith, I. H., Myster, R. W., Nagano, M., Naidu, S., Narayanan, A., Natesan, B., Negoita, L., Nelson, A. S., Neuschulz, E. L., Ni, J., Niedrist, G., Nieto, J., Niinemets, U., Nolan, R., Nottebrock, H., Nouvellon, Y., Novakovskiy, A., Nystuen, K. O., O'Grady, A., O'Hara, K., O'Reilly Nugent, A., Oakley, S., Oberhuber, W., Ohtsuka, T., Oliveira, R., Ollerer, K., Olson, M. E., Onipchenko, V., Onoda, Y., Onstein, R. E., Ordonez, J. C., Osada, N., Ostonen, I., Ottaviani, G., Otto, S., Overbeck, G. E., Ozinga, W. A., Pahl, A. T., Paine, C. E. T., Pakeman, R. J., Papageorgiou, A. C., Parfionova, E., Partel, M., Patacca, M., Paula, S., Paule, J., Pauli, H., Pausas, J., Peco, B., Penuelas, J., Perea, A., Peri, P. L., Petisco Souza, A. C., Petraglia, A., Petritan, A. M., Phillips, O. L., Pierce, S., Pillar, V. D., Pisek, J., Pomogaybin, A., Poorter, H., Portsmuth, A., Poschlod, P., Potvin, C., Pounds, D., Powell, A., Power, S. A., Prinzing, A., Puglielli, G., Pysek, P., Raevel, V., Rammig, A., Ransijn, J., Ray, C. A., Reich, P. B., Reichstein, M., Reid, D. E. B., Rejou Mechain, M., de Dios, V. R., Ribeiro, S., Richardson, S., Riibak, K., Rillig, M. C., Riviera, F., Robert, E. M. R., Roberts, S., Robroek, B., Roddy, A., Rodrigues, A. V., Rogers, A., Rollinson, E., Rolo, V., Romermann, C., Ronzhina, D., Roscher, C., Rosell, J. A., Rosenfield, M. F., Rossi, C., Roy, D. B., Royer Tardif, S., Ruger, N., Ruiz Peinado, R., Rumpf, S. B., Rusch, G. M., Ryo, M., Sack, L., Saldana, A., Salgado Negret, B., Salguero Gomez, R., Santa Regina, I., Santacruz Garcia, A. C., Santos, J., Sardans, J., Schamp, B., Scherer Lorenzen, M., Schleuning, M., Schmid, B., Schmidt, M., Schmitt, S., Schneider, J. V., Schowanek, S. D., Schrader, J., Schrodt, F., Schuldt, B., Schurr, F., Selaya Garvizu, G., Semchenko, M., Seymour, C., Sfair, J. C., Sharpe, J. M., Sheppard, C. S., Sheremetiev, S., Shiodera, S., Shipley, B., Shovon, T. A., Siebenkas, A., Sierra, C., Silva, V., Silva, M., Sitzia, T., Sjoman, H., Slot, M., Smith, N. G., Sodhi, D., Soltis, P., Soltis, D., Somers, B., Sonnier, G., Sorensen, M. V., Sosinski, E. E., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Souza, A. F., Spasojevic, M., Sperandii, M. G., Stan, A. B., Stegen, J., Steinbauer, K., Stephan, J. G., Sterck, F., Stojanovic, D. B., Strydom, T., Suarez, M. L., Svenning, J. C., Svitkova, I., Svitok, M., Svoboda, M., Swaine, E., Swenson, N., Tabarelli, M., Takagi, K., Tappeiner, U., Tarifa, R., Tauugourdeau, S., Tavsanoglu, C., te Beest, M., Tedersoo, L., Thiffault, N., Thom, D., Thomas, E., Thompson, K., Thornton, P. E., Thuiller, W., Tichy, L., Tissue, D., Tjoelker, M. G., Tng, D. Y. P., Tobias, J., Torok, P., Tarin, T., Torres Ruiz, J. M., Tothmeresz, B., Treurnicht, M., Trivellone, V., Trolliet, F., Trotsiuk, V., Tsakalos, J. L., Tsiripidis, I., Tysklind, N., Umehara, T., Usoltsev, V., Vadeboncoeur, M., Vaezi, J., Valladares, F., Vamosi, J., van Bodegom, P. M., van Breugel, M., Van Cleemput, E., van de Weg, M., van der Merwe, S., van der Plas, F., van der Sande, M. T., van Kleunen, M., Van Meerbeek, K., Vanderwel, M., Vanselow, K. A., Varhammar, A., Varone, L., Vasquez Valderrama, M. Y., Vassilev, K., Vellend, M., Veneklaas, E. J., Verbeeck, H., Verheyen, K., Vibrans, A., Vieira, I., Villacis, J., Violle, C., Vivek, P., Wagner, K., Waldram, M., Waldron, A., Walker, A . P., Waller, M., Walther, G., Wang, H., Wang, F., Wang, W., Watkins, H., Watkins, J., Weber, U., Weedon, J. T., Wei, L., Weigelt, P., Weiher, E., Wells, A. W., Wellstein, C., Wenk, E., Westoby, M., Westwood, A., White, P. J., Whitten, M., Williams, M., Winkler, D. E., Winter, K., Womack, C., Wright, I. J., Wright, S. J., Wright, J., Pinho, B. X., Ximenes, F., Yamada, T., Yamaji, K., Yanai, R., Yankov, N., Yguel, B., Zanini, K. J., Zanne, A. E., Zeleny, D., Zhao, Y. P., Zheng, J., Zieminska, K., Zirbel, C. R., Zizka, G., Zo Bi, I. C., Zotz, G., Wirth, C., Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux (UMR SELMET), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant - Clermont Auvergne (PIAF), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Unité Expérimentale Forêt Pierroton (UEFP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry Max Planck SocietyFoundation CELLEX German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig International Programme of Biodiversity Science (DIVERSITAS) International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) French Foundation for Biodiversity Research (FRB) GIS 'Climat, Environnement et Societe' France AXA Research Fund NERC Natural Environment Research Council Future Earth, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal [Córdoba] (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales [Córdoba], Universidad Nacional de Córdoba [Argentina]-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba [Argentina], Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Imperial College London, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Zoology [Oxford], University of Oxford, Balliol College, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran], Università degli Studi Roma Tre = Roma Tre University (ROMA TRE), Department of Environment [Aegean], University of the Aegean, Institute of Ecology and Evolution [Bern, Switzerland], University of Bern, University of Tartu, Tohoku University [Sendai], Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Jaén (UJA), Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land-use [University of Göttingen] (CBL), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD), Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, El Bolsón, Argentina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Smithfield, Qld, Australia, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, Centre for Forest Research, Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, University of North Florida [Jacksonville] (UNF), Australian National University (ANU), Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada, Department of Biology [Copenhagen], Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Department of Ecology [Innsbruck], Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, University of Leeds, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, UK, Conservation Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada, Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA, AgroParisTech, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, University of Exeter, University of Adelaide, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari (UniCa), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Groningen Institute of Archaeology (GIA), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, USA, Département des Science, Université du Québec À Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada, Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales [Madrid] (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia, Fundación Natura, Bogota, Colombia, Environmental Change Institute, Laboratório de Estudos em Vegetação Campestre (LEVCamp), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany, Laboratório de Ecologia Funcional de Comunidades (LABEF), Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil, School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems (SICCS), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland, University of Gothenburg (GU), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO, USA, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Dinámica de Ecosistémas Tropicales - Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia, Laboratory of Applied Physical Chemistry - ISOFYS (Gent, Belgium), School of Forest Resources and Conservation [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS|FFGS), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences [Gainesville] (UF|IFAS), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF)-University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, SAEON Fynbos Node, Claremont, South Africa, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA, University of Leicester, Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (LEVEG), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Archbold Biological Station’s Buck Island Ranch, FL, Lake Placid, USA, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero, Argentina, Universität Hohenheim, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, Department of Geography and Geology, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FICH-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), University of Toronto at Scarborough, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, New Jersey Institute of Technology [Newark] (NJIT), University of Rostock, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK, Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, Departamento de Botânica, SCB, UFPR – Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil, Centro Politécnico, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil, Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Centre of Excellence for Bioscurity Risk Analysis, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, USA, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy, University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Departamento de Geociencias y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia, Università degli studi di Parma = University of Parma (UNIPR), Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Geography, King’s College London, London, UK, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese] (Uninsubria), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), University of Arizona, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Royal Botanic Gardens [Kew], Department of Biology [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, CREA – Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Arezzo, Italy, Western Sydney University, ungwon University, Goesan, Chungbuk, Korea, Department of Botany and Zoology [Brno] (SCI / MUNI), Faculty of Science [Brno] (SCI / MUNI), Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI)-Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI), University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Department of Agriculture and Forest Engineering (EAGROF), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain, Joint Research Unit CTFC – AGROTECNIO, Solsona, Spain, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences Prague, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, Jonah Ventures, Boulder, CO, USA, Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, MTA Centre for Ecological Research [Tihany], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), University of Ljubljana, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil, Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA, Eurac Research, Institute for Alpine Environment, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia, University of Science – Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Swedish Species Information Centre, University of Pretoria [South Africa], Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department Computational Landscape Ecology [UFZ Leipsig], Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany, Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), Institute of Temperate Forest Sciences (ISFORT), Ripon, QC, Canada, UQO, Department of Natural Sciences, Ripon, QC, Canada, Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), The University of Western Australia (UWA), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Universität Wien, Karlstad University [Sweden], Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado (PNPD), Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany, Kiel University, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Birmingham], University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU), Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), FFCLRP-USP, Department of Biology [USA], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, University of A Coruña (UDC), School of Physics [UNSW Sydney] (UNSW), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), University of Peking, Peking University [Beijing], Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari] (UNISS), Ordu University - Ordu Üniversitesi, Lanzhou University, Universidad del Tolima, Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria = Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE), Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), University of Sussex, Harvard University, Institute for Alpine Environment, European Academy of Bozen-Bolzano (EURAC), Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire (LPAP), Université de Liège, Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, University of Manchester [Manchester], Universidade Estadual de Campinas = University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Macquarie University, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte [Natal] (UFRN), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), INIA-CIFOR, Southern Illinois University [Carbondale] (SIU), Center for Biodiversity Management, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Cearà, The Morton Arboretum, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Centre Supérieur de la Recherche Scientifique (CSIC), Centre Supérieur de la Recherche Scientifique, Universidad del Rosario [Bogota], Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Université Paris Sud (Paris 11), Senckenberg Research Institutes and Natural History Museums, Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)-University of Maryland [College Park], Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, University of Liege, Université de Liège - Gembloux, Institut Pasteur de Shanghai, Académie des Sciences de Chine - Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPS-CAS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), University of Bristol [Bristol], University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Murdoch University, Carnegie Museum of Natural History [Pittsburgh], Transilvania University of Brasov, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), University Centre Myerscough, Kiel University, Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Division of Plant Ststematic and Ecology, Biology department, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), University of Applied Sciences of Weihenstephan, Four Peaks Environmental Science and Data Solutions, Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi=Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Kochi University of Technology (KUT), University of Illinois [Chicago] (UIC), University of Illinois System, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Kyoto University, Tyumen State University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Stanford University, University of Edinburgh, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Philips Research Europe - Hamburg, Sector Medical Imaging Systems, Philips Research, Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] (ECOBIO), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bayreuth, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Guangxi Normal University, University College of London [London] (UCL), Hobart - Tasmania 7001, University of Venda [South Africa] (UNIVEN), University of Melbourne, Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, Agrosystèmes Cultivés et Herbagers (ARCHE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Humboldt State University (HSU), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Samara National Research University, Institute of Plant Sciences, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Kenyon College, University of Garmian, State University of New York (SUNY), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), IT University of Copenhagen (ITU), Agricultural Research Organization, Landscape Ecology Group, University of Oldenburg, Western Carolina University, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University [Suzhou], Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Yokohama National University, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Institut d Estudis Andorrans, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC), Humboldt University Of Berlin, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Yamagata University, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Mountain Risk Engineering - Vienna, Austria, University of Wyoming (UW), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Nelson Mandela University [Port Elizabeth], University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Département de biologie [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Faculté des sciences [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Yangzhou University, Leipzig University, University Pablo de Olavide, Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai], Royal Botanical Gardens, Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI), Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen Egyetem [Debrecen]-Research Centre for Molecular Medicine-Medical and Health Science Centre, Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Universidade Federal de Alagoas = Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Lakehead University, Stockholm University, Universidad Nacional del Litoral [Santa Fe] (UNL), Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Bangor University, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Gorongosa National Park, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Tel Aviv University (TAU), University of Queensland [Brisbane], University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Maine, Holden Arboretum, Hawkesbury Institute for he Environment, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Végétale et Biogéochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), University of British Columbia (UBC), Research School of Biology, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [Tucson] (EEB), University of Debrecen, Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service - CFS (CANADA), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], Data61 [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian National University (ANU)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Debrecen Egyetem [Debrecen], University of Vermont [Burlington], Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, University of Montana, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], University of Hawaii, Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oklahoma State University [Stillwater] (OSU), Osaka City University, Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS), Charles Darwin Foundation, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Zhejiang Normal University, European Academy of Bolzano, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas [Bogota], University of Bayreuth, Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Canberra, CEH, Department of Systems and Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University-Kyoto University, Departamento de Telemática, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação (DT/FEEC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Moscow State University, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Meijo University, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences [Tartu], Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (ASU / CAS), University of Nijmegen, University of New England (UNE), The James Hutton Institute, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, University of Vienna [Vienna], Center for Desertification Research (CIDE), Universitat de València (UV), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Université de Jaén, National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry, Department of Plant Production (University of Milan), Tartu Observatory, Botanical Garden of the Samara University, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Tallinn University, Universität Regensburg (REGENSBURG), Universität Regensburg, School of Social Sciences [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Sch Life Sci Weihenstephan, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Research Institute for Networks and Communications Engineering (RINCE), Dublin City University [Dublin] (DCU)-Science Foundation Ireland-Enterprise Ireland-Higher Education Authority-School of Electronic Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology [Mianyang] (SWUST), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Centre méditérannéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Mississippi State University [Mississippi], University of Southampton, Yale University [New Haven], Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY] (BNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), East Stroudsburg University, INDEHESA, Forestry School, Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura (UEX), Institute of Physical Geography [Frankfurt am Main], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Lake Ecosystems Group [Lancaster, U.K.] (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology), Lancaster Environment Centre [Lancaster, U.K.], University of Valladolid, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia [Bogotà] (UNAL), Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Algoma University, Senckenberg biodiversität und klima forschungszentrum (BIK-F), Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (SGN), University of Nottingham, UK (UON), University of Würzburg = Universität Würzburg, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), Herencia, Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco [Recife], Sharplex Services, University of Hohenheim, Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Center for Sustainability Science, Hokkaido, Département de Biologie, University of Regina (UR), Technische Universität Ilmenau (TU ), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Universidade Federal de Lavras = Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biology [Gainesville] (UF|Biology), Texas Tech University [Lubbock] (TTU), Florida Museum of Natural History [Gainesville], KU Leuven, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia [Brasília], Universiteit Leiden, University of California [Riverside] (UC Riverside), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU) and Competence Centre Wood K plus, University of Novi Sad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente [Bariloche] (INIBIOMA-CONICET), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Technical University in Zvolen (TUZVO), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), University of Aberdeen, University of Maryland System, Universität Innsbruck [Innsbruck], Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas, Hacettepe University = Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Centre for Forest Research (CFR), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Bioversity International [Montpellier], Bioversity International [Rome], Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Department of Animal and Plant Sciences [Sheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], The School for Field Studies, Quantum Optics and Laser Science, Blackett Laboratory, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London-Imperial College London, University of Delaware [Newark], Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Stellenbosch University, Czech University of Life Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Osaka Natural History Center, Ural State Forest Engineering University, University of New Hampshire (UNH), University of Calgary, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment [Richmond] (HIE), Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Dept Forest & Water Management, Lab Forestry, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA [Belém, Brazil] (UFPA), State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Fudan University [Shanghai], Department of Ecological Science [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Biology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Dpt Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Duke University [Durham], IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Department of Primary Industries, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Université de Tsukuba = University of Tsukuba, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF), Biological Sciences Department (BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT), Nanjing University (NJU), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Zhejiang University, Beijing Forestry University, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Universität Leipzig, Max Planck Fellow Program for Christian Wirth, the International Programme of Biodiversity Science (DIVERSITAS), the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Programme (IGBP), Future Earth, the French Foundation for Biodiversity Research (FRB), and GIS ‘Climat, Environnement et Société’ France, JENS KATTGE, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, GERMANY, ELLEN L. FRY, UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE, BELGIUM, NIKOLAOS M. FYLLAS, UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN, GREECE, GERHARD BÖNISCH, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, GERMANY, SUSANNE TAUTENHAHN, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, JENA, GERMANY, GIJSBERT D. A. WERNER, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, OXFORD, UK, TUOMAS AAKALA, UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI, FINLAND, MEHDI ABEDI, TARBIAT MODARES UNIVERSITY, IRAN, ALICIA T. R. ACOSTA, UNIVERSITY OF ROMA TRE, ITALY, GEORGE C. ADAMIDIS, UNIVERSITY OF BERN, SWITZERLAND, KAIRI ADAMSON, UNIVERSITY OF TARTU, ESTONIA, MASAHIRO AIBA, TOHOKU UNIVERSITY, JAPAN., CÉCILE H. ALBERT, AIX MARSEILLE UNIV, UNIV AVIGNON, FRANCE., JULIO M. ALCÁNTARA, UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN, SPAIN, CAROLINA ALCÁZAR C, Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt, Colombia., HAMADA ALI, SUEZ CANAL UNIVERSITY, EGYPT, BERNARD AMIAUD, UNIVERSITÉ DE LORRAINE, FRANCE., CHRISTIAN AMMER, UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN, GERMANY, MARIANO M. AMOROSO, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE RÍO NEGRO, ARGENTINA, MADHUR ANAND, UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH, CANADA., MARIJN BAUTERS, GHENT UNIVERSITY, BELGIUM., ERIKA BAZZATO, UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI, ITALY., MICHAEL BECKMANN, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Germany., HANS BEECKMAN, ROYAL MUSEUM FOR CENTRAL AFRICA, BELGIUM., CARL BEIERKUHNLEIN, UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH, GERMANY., RENEE BEKKER, UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS., JOANA BERGMANN, FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN, GERMANY., MARCOS BERGMANN CARLUCCI, UFPC, LOGAN BERNER, NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY, USA., MARKUS BERNHARDT-RÖMERMANN, FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA, GERMANY., CHRISTOF BIGLER, ETH ZURICH, SWITZERLAND., FEDERICO BRUMNICH, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL LITORAL (FICH-UNL), ARGENTINA, HANS HENRIK BRUUN, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN, DENMARK, DAVID BRUY, UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTPELLIER, FRANCE, SERRA W. BUCHANAN, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO SCARBOROUGH, CANADA, ROBERT BUITENWERF, AARHUS UNIVERSITY, DENMARK, DANIEL E. BUNKER, NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, USA, JANA BÜRGER, UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK, GERMANY, SABINA BURRASCANO, SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME, ITALY, DAVID F. R. P. BURSLEM, UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN, UK, BRADLEY J. BUTTERFIELD, NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY, USA, CHAEHO BYUN, YONSEI UNIVERSITY, KOREA, MARINA C. SCALON, UFP, MARCO CACCIANIGA, UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO, ITALY, MARC CADOTTE, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO SCARBOROUGH, CANADA, MAXIME CAILLERET, AIX?MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY, FRANCE, JAMES CAMAC, THE UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, JESÚS JULIO CAMARERO, INSTITUTO PIRENAICO DE ECOLOGÍA (IPE?CSIC), SPAIN, COURTNEY CAMPANY, COLGATE UNIVERSITY, USA, GIANDIEGO CAMPETELLA, UNIVERSITY OF CAMERINO, ITALY, JUAN ANTONIO CAMPOS, UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY UPV/EHU, SPAIN, LAURA CANO-ARBOLEDA, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA, COLOMBIA, ROBERTO CANULLO, UNIVERSITY OF CAMERINO, ITALY, MICHELE CARBOGNANI, UNIVERSITY OF PARMA, ITALY, FABIO CARVALHO, LANCASTER UNIVERSITY, UK, BASTIEN CASTAGNEYROL, UNIV. BORDEAUX, FRANCE, JANE A. CATFORD, KING'S COLLEGE LONDON, UK, JEANNINE CAVENDER-BARES, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, USA, BRUNO E. L. CERABOLINI, UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA, ITALY, MARCO CERVELLINI, UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA, ITALY, EDUARDO CHACÓN-MADRIGAL, UNIVERSIDAD DE COSTA RICA, COSTA RICA, KENNETH CHAPIN, THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA, USA, SAMANTHA DAWSON, SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, AREND JACOBUS DE BEER, UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA, ANGEL DE FRUTOS, HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, GERMANY, LEANDRO DUARTE, UFRGS, EMILIE DUCOURET, UMR ECOFOG (AGROPARISTECH, CNRS, INRA, UNIVERSITÉ DES ANTILLES, UNIVERSITÉ DE LA GUYANE), FRANCE, STEFAN DULLINGER, UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA, AUSTRIA, DAN F. B. FLYNN, ARNOLD ARBORETUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY, USA, VERONIKA FONTANA, INSTITUTE FOR ALPINE ENVIRONMENT, ITALY, KYONG-SOOK CHUNG, JUNGWON UNIVERSITY, KOREA, MILAN CHYTRÝ, MASARYK UNIVERSITY, CZECH REPUBLIC, DANIELA CICCARELLI, UNIVERSITY OF PISA, ITALY, LLUÍS COLL, UNIVERSITY OF LLEIDA, SPAIN, COURTNEY G. COLLINS, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE, USA, LUISA CONTI, UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC, DAVID COOMES, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, UK, JOHANNES H. C. CORNELISSEN, VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT, THE NETHERLANDS, WILLIAM K. CORNWELL, EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, AUSTRALIA, PIERMARIA CORONA, CREA – RESEARCH CENTRE FOR FORESTRY AND WOOD, ITALY, MARIE COYEA, UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL, CANADA, JOSEPH CRAINE, JONAH VENTURES, USA, DYLAN CRAVEN, UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR, CHILE, JORIS P. G. M. CROMSIGT, SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, SWEDEN, ANIKÓ CSECSERITS, MTA CENTRE FOR ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH, HUNGARY, KATARINA CUFAR, UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA, MATTHIAS CUNTZ, UNIVERSITÉ DE LORRAINE, FRANCE, ANA CAROLINA DA SILVA, SANTA CATARINA STATE UNIVERSITY, BRAZIL, KYLA M. DAHLIN, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, MATTEO DAINESE, INSTITUTE FOR ALPINE ENVIRONMENT, ITALY, IGOR DALKE, INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY OF KOMI SCIENCE CENTRE OF THE URAL BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, RUSSIA, MICHELE DALLE FRATTE, UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA, ITALY, ANH TUAN DANG-LE, UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY, VIETNAM, JIRÍ DANIHELKA, MASARYK UNIVERSITY, CZECH REPUBLIC, MASAKO DANNOURA, KYOTO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN, JONATHAN R. DE LONG, NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY, THE NETHERLANDS, BENJAMIN DECHANT, SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, REPUBLIC OF KOREA, SYLVAIN DELAGRANGE, INSTITUTE OF TEMPERATE FOREST SCIENCES (ISFORT), CANADA, NICOLAS DELPIERRE, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS?SUD, FRANCE, GÉRALDINE DERROIRE, UNIVERSITÉ DES ANTILLES, FRANCE, ARILDO S. DIAS, UNIVERSITÄT FRANKFURT, GERMANY, MILTON HUGO DIAZ-TORIBIO, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, USA, PANAYIOTIS G. DIMITRAKOPOULOS, UNIVERSITY OF THE AEGEAN, GREECE, MARK DOBROWOLSKI, THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA, AUSTRALIA, DANIEL DOKTOR, HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH – UFZ, GERMANY, PAVEL DREVOJAN, MASARYK UNIVERSITY, CZECH REPUBLIC, NING DONG, MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, JOHN DRANSFIELD, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS KEW, UK, STEFAN DRESSLER, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND MOLECULAR EVOLUTION, GERMANY, WALTER DURKA, GERMAN CENTER FOR INTEGRATIVE BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH (IDIV) HALLE?JENA?LEIPZIG, GERMANY, REMKO DUURSMA, WESTERN SYDNEY UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, OLGA DYMOVA, KOMI REPUBLIC, RUSSIA, E-VOJTKÓ, A., UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BOHEMIA, CZECH REPUBLIC, ROLF LUTZ ECKSTEIN, KARLSTAD UNIVERSITY, SWEDEN, HAMID EJTEHADI, FERDOWSI UNIVERSITY OF MASHHAD, IRAN, JAMES ELSER, UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA, USA, THAISE EMILIO, UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS UNICAMP, BRAZIL, KRISTINE ENGEMANN, AARHUS UNIVERSITY, DENMARK, MOHAMMAD BAGHER ERFANIAN, FERDOWSI UNIVERSITY OF MASHHAD, IRAN, ALEXANDRA ERFMEIER, KIEL UNIVERSITY, KIEL, GERMANY, ADRIANE ESQUIVEL-MUELBERT, EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, AUSTRALIA, GERD ESSER, JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY, GERMANY, MARC ESTIARTE, SPANISH NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL – CSIC, SPAIN, TOMAS F. DOMINGUES, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY – FFCLRP/USP, BRAZIL, WILLIAM F. FAGAN, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, USA, JAIME FAGÚNDEZ, UNIVERSITY OF A CORUÑA, SPAIN, DANIEL S. FALSTER, EVOLUTION & ECOLOGY RESEARCH CENTRE, AUSTRALIA, YING FAN, RUTGERS UNIVERSITY, USA, JINGYUN FANG, PEKING UNIVERSITY, CHINA, EMMANUELE FARRIS, UNIVERSITY OF SASSARI, ITALY, FATIH FAZLIOGLU, ORDU UNIVERSITY, TURKEY, YANHAO FENG, LANZHOU UNIVERSITY, CHINA, FERNANDO FERNANDEZ-MENDEZ, UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, COLOMBIA, CARLOTTA FERRARA, CREA – RESEARCH CENTRE FOR FORESTRY AND WOOD, ITALY, JOICE NUNES FERREIRA, CPATU, ALESSANDRA FIDELIS, (UNESP), RIO CLARO, BRAZIL, BRYAN FINEGAN, CATIE-CENTRO AGRONÓMICO TROPICAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y ENSEÑANZA, COSTA RICA, JENNIFER FIRN, QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (QUT), AUSTRALIA, TIMOTHY J. FLOWERS, UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX, UK, ESTELLE FOREY, UNIVERSITÉ DE ROUEN, FRANCE, CRISTIANE FORGIARINI, UFRGS, BRAZIL., LOUIS FRANÇOIS, UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE, BELGIUM., MARCELO FRANGIPANI, UFRGS, BRAZIL, DOROTHEA FRANK, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, GERMANY, CEDRIC FRENETTE-DUSSAULT, GÉOPOLE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE, CANADA, GRÉGOIRE T. FRESCHET, PAUL SABATIER UNIVERSITY TOULOUSE, FRANCE, PAUL LEADLEY, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS-SUD, UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SACLAY, ORSAY, FRANCE, IZABELA ALEIXO, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AMAZONIAN RESEARCH (INPA), BRAZIL, SANDRA DÍAZ, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA, ARGENTINA, SANDRA LAVOREL, UNIV. SAVOIE MONT BLANC, LECA, GRENOBLE, FRANCE, IAIN COLIN PRENTICE, IMPERIAL COLLEGE, UK., CAROLYN ANDERSON, UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST, USA, NIELS ANTEN, WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY, THE NETHERLANDS, JOSEPH ANTOS, UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA, CANADA, DEBORAH MATTOS GUIMARÃES APGAUA, JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, TIA-LYNN ASHMAN, UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, USA, DEGI HARJA ASMARA, UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL, CANADA, GREGORY P. ASNER, ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, USA., MICHAEL ASPINWALL, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA, USA., OWEN ATKIN, AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA., ISABELLE AUBIN, NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA, LARS BAASTRUP-SPOHR, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN, DENMARK., KHADIJEH BAHALKEH, TARBIAT MODARES UNIVERSITY, IRAN., MICHAEL BAHN, UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA., TIMOTHY BAKER, UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS, LEEDS, UK., WILLIAM J. BAKER, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS KEW, UK., JAN P. BAKKER, UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS., DENNIS BALDOCCHI, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY, USA., JENNIFER BALTZER, WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY, CANADA, ARINDAM BANERJEE, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, USA., ANNE BARANGER, AGROPARISTECH, FRANCE., JOS BARLOW, LANCASTER UNIVERSITY, UK., DIEGO R. BARNECHE, UNIVERSITY OF EXETER, UK., ZDRAVKO BARUCH, THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA., DENIS BASTIANELLI, UNIV MONTPELLIER, FRANCE., JOHN BATTLES, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY, USA, WILLIAM BAUERLE, COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, SOLVEIG FRANZISKA BUCHER, FRIEDRICH?SCHILLER?UNIVERSITÄT JENA, GERMANY, GAVIN BELFRY, UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE, USA., MICHAEL BELLUAU, UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL, CANADA., MIRELA BELOIU, UNIVERSITY OF BAYREUTH, GERMANY., RAQUEL BENAVIDES, MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES-CSIC, SPAIN., LAHCEN BENOMAR, UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL, CANADA., MARY LEE BERDUGO-LATTKE, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA, COLOMBIA., ERIKA BERENGUER, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, UK., RODRIGO BERGAMIN, UFRS, NINA BUCHMANN, ETH ZURICH, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND, ANNE D. BJORKMAN, UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN., CHRIS BLACKMAN, UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT-AUVERGNE, FRANCE., CAROLINA BLANCO, UFRGS, BENJAMIN BLONDER, ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, USA., DANA BLUMENTHAL, USDA-ARS RANGELAND RESOURCES & SYSTEMS RESEARCH UNIT, USA., KELLY T. BOCANEGRA-GONZÁLEZ, UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, COLOMBIA., PASCAL BOECKX, GHENT UNIVERSITY, BELGIUM., STEPHANIE BOHLMAN, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, USA., KATRIN BÖHNING-GAESE, UNIVERSITÄT FRANKFURT, GERMANY., LAURA BOISVERT-MARSH, UNIVERSITÄT FRANKFURT, GERMANY., WILLIAM BOND, UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA., BEN BOND-LAMBERTY, COLLEGE PARK, USA., ARNOUD BOOM, UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER, UK., COLINE C. F. BOONMAN, RADBOUD UNIVERSITY, THE NETHERLANDS., KAUANE BORDIN, UFRGS, ELIZABETH H. BOUGHTON, ARCHBOLD BIOLOGICAL STATION'S BUCK ISLAND RANCH, USA., VANESSA BOUKILI, UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, USA, DAVID M. J. S. BOWMAN, UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA, AUSTRALIA., SANDRA BRAVO, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO, MARCO RICHARD BRENDEL, UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM, MARTIN R. BROADLEY, UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM, UK, KERRY A. BROWN, KINGSTON UNIVERSITY, UK., HELGE BRUELHEIDE, MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE?WITTENBERG, GERMANY, FERNANDO CASANOVES, CATIE-CENTRO AGRONÓMICO TROPICAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y ENSEÑANZA, COSTA RICA, F. STUART CHAPIN, UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS, USA, STEFANO CHELLI, UNIVERSITY OF CAMERINO, ITALY, SI?CHONG CHEN, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, UK, ANPING CHEN, COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, PAOLO CHERUBINI, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA, FRANCESCO CHIANUCCI, CREA – RESEARCH CENTRE FOR FORESTRY AND WOOD, ITALY, BRENDAN CHOAT, WESTERN SYDNEY UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, GUILHERME G. MAZZOCHINI, UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS, CAMPINAS, BRAZIL, SOPHIE GACHET, UNIV AVIGNON, FRANCE, RACHAEL GALLAGHER, MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, GISLENE GANADE, UFRN, BRAZIL., MARY-CLAIRE GLASENHARDT, THE MORTON ARBORETUM, USA, ALAIN HAMBUCKERS, UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE, BELGIUM, MASAE ISHIHARA, KYOTO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN, LEONID IVANOV, TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY, RUSSIA, LARISSA IVANOVA, TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY, RUSSIA., COLLEEN M. IVERSEN, OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY, USA, JORDI IZQUIERDO, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain, ROBERT B. JACKSON, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, USA, FRANCESCA GANGA, UNIVERSITY OF CAGLIARI, ITALY, PABLO GARCÍA-PALACIOS, UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS, SPAIN, VERÓNICA GARGAGLIONE, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LA PATAGONIA AUSTRAL, ARGENTINA, ERIC GARNIER, UNIV. MONTPELLIER, FRANCE, JOSE LUIS GARRIDO, ESTACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DEL ZAIDÍN, SPAIN, ANDRÉ LUÍS DE GASPER, UNIVERSIDADE REGIONAL DE BLUMENAU, BRAZIL, GUILLERMO GEAIZQUIERDO, INIA?CIFOR, SPAIN, DAVID GIBSON, SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY CARBONDALE, USA, ANDREW N. GILLISON, CENTER FOR BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT, AUSTRALIA, AELTON GIROLDO, INSTITUTO FEDERAL DE EDUCAÇÃO CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA DO CEARÁ, BRAZIL, SEAN GLEASON, WATER MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEMS RESEARCH UNIT, USA, MARIANA GLIESCH, INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY, SWITZERLAND, EMMA GOLDBERG, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, USA, BASTIAN GÖLDEL, AARHUS UNIVERSITY, DENMARK, ERIKA GONZALEZ-AKRE, NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NTNU, NORWAY, JOSE L. GONZALEZ-ANDUJAR, CSIC-INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (IAS), SPAIN, ANDRÉS GONZÁLEZ-MELO, UNIVERSIDAD DEL ROSARIO, COLOMBIA, ANA GONZÁLEZ-ROBLES, UNIVERSIDAD DE JAÉN, SPAIN, BENTE JESSEN GRAAE, NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NTNU, NORWAY, ELENA GRANDA, UNIVERSITY OF ALCALÁ, SPAIN, SARAH GRAVES, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, USA, WALTON A. GREEN, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, USA, THOMAS GREGOR, SENCKENBERG RESEARCH INSTITUTE AND NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, GERMANY, NICOLAS GROSS, UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS, SPAIN, GREG R. GUERIN, THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA, ANGELA GÜNTHER, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY, GERMANY, ALVARO G. GUTIÉRREZ, UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE, CHILE, LILLIE HADDOCK, COLLEGE PARK, USA, ANNA HAINES, THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER, UK, JEFFERSON HALL, SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, WENXUAN HAN, CHINA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, CHINA, SANDY P. HARRISON, UNIVERSITY OF READING, UK, WESLEY HATTINGH, UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, SOUTH AFRICA, JOSEPH E. HAWES, ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY, UK, TIANHUA HE, CURTIN UNIVERSITY, AUSTRALIA, PENGCHENG HE, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, CHINA, JACOB MASON HEBERLING, CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, USA, AVELIINA HELM, UNIVERSITY OF TARTU, ESTONIA, STEFAN HEMPEL, FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN, GERMANY, JÖRN HENTSCHEL, FRIEDRICH-SCHILLER-UNIVERSITÄT JENA, GERMANY, BRUNO HÉRAULT, UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTPELLIER, FRANCE, ANA-MARIA HERE, TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRASOV, ROMANIA, KATHARINA HERZ, MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE?WITTENBERG, GERMANY, MYRIAM HEUERTZ, UNIV. BORDEAUX, FRANCE, THOMAS HICKLER, GOETHE UNIVERSITY, GERMANY, PETER HIETZ, UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND LIFE SCIENCES, AUSTRIA, PEDRO HIGUCHI, SANTA CATARINA STATE UNIVERSITY, BRAZIL, ANDREW L. HIPP, THE MORTON ARBORETUM, USA, ANDREW HIRONS, UNIVERSITY CENTRE MYERSCOUGH, UK, MARIA HOCK, INSTITUTE FOR ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH/GEOBOTANY, GERMANY, JAMES AARON HOGAN, FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, USA, KAREN HOLL, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, USA, OLIVIER HONNAY, PLANT CONSERVATION AND POPULATION BIOLOGY, BELGIUM, KNUT ANDERS HOVSTAD, DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY, NORWAY, TOMOAKI ICHIE, KOCHI UNIVERSITY, JAPAN, BORIS IGIC, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO, USA, ESTELA ILLA, UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA, SPAIN, MARNEY ISAAC, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, CANADA, BENJAMIN JACKSON, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND, HERVÉ JACTEL, UNIV. BORDEAUX, FRANCE, ANDRZEJ M. JAGODZINSKI, UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES, POLAND, UTE JANDT, MARTIN LUTHER UNIVERSITY HALLE-WITTENBERG, GERMANY, STEVEN JANSEN, ULM UNIVERSITY, GERMANY, THOMAS, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of Helsinki, Tarbiat Modaras University, Roma Tre University, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land-use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Department of Range Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran, University of Innsbruck, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK., School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Botany Division, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), School of Geography, Geology and Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena- Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, University of Toronto [Scarborough, Canada], Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country UPV/ EHU, Bilbao, Spain, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy, BIGEA, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA, University of Alaska [Anchorage], Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-AgroParisTech, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences – Biology, Karlstad University, Quantitative Plant Ecology and Biodiversity Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Justus Liebig University, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), University of Sassari, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Harvard University [Cambridge], Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), University of Campinas [Campinas] (UNICAMP), University of Cagliari, Universidad de Chile, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), University of California, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Kyoto University [Kyoto], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), University of Venda, Philipps University of Marburg, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, State University of New York, Stonybrook, IT University of Copenhagen, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Humboldt University of Berlin, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University [Port Elizabeth, South Africa], Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, University of Leipzig [Leipzig, Allemagne], Unité d'Agronomie, University of Debrecen-Research Centre for Molecular Medicine-Medical and Health Science Centre, Global Change Research Institute, University of California [Berkeley], Natural resources institute Finland, Universita degli Studi di Cagliari [Cagliari], Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Oklahoma State University [Stillwater], Kyoto University [Kyoto]-Kyoto University [Kyoto], Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie], University of Milan, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), University of Extremadura, University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Federal University of Lavras, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Leiden University, University of California [Riverside] (UCR), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Departments of Botany and Zoology, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Para [Belem - Brésil], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Institut national polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), and Factulad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK., Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy, Biodiversity Conservation Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tartumaa, Estonia, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain, UMR Nancy-Université- INRA Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, Nancy Université, Conicet-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Environmental Sciences, Guelph, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA, Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria, Department of Biological Sciences-Lancaster University, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA, Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universiteit Gent [Ghent], School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia, AMAP, IRD, Herbier de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, New Caledonia, Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], wiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education (CATIE), Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, Cestas, France, Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, West Sussex, UK, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary, Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Guyane (UG)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of Florida [Gainesville], UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences – University of Birmingham, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), University of Ordu, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Université de Sherbrooke [Sherbrooke], Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), United States Department of Agriculture - USDA (USA), Smithsonian Institution, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Florida International University (FIU), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Stanford University [Stanford], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Tasmania (UTAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Charles University [Prague], Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ), Hokkaido University, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Western Sydney University (UWS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, Université de Sherbrooke, Masaryk University, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (ASCR), Natural Resources Institute Finland, Landcare Research [Lincoln], Université de Montréal [Montréal], Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE), French Institute of Pondicherry (IFP), Normal Zhejiang University, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Biology Bucharest, Romanian Academy, VU University Amsterdam, Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Technische Universität München [München] (TUM), University of Parma, Cardiff School of Social Sciences, University of Cardiff, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton] (BNL), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Algoma University [Canada], University of Goettingen, University of Wuerzburg, University of Würzburg, AFSSA, Sherbrooke University, University of Lisbon, Department of Biology (University of Florida), Florida Museum of Natural History, Technical University in Zvolen, University of Zvolen, Fac Forestry & Wood Sci, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Bioversity International, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR], Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Vrije Universiteit [Brussels] (VUB), University of Tsukuba, Kattge, Jen, Bönisch, Gerhard, Díaz, Sandra, Lavorel, Sandra, Prentice, Iain Colin, Leadley, Paul, Tautenhahn, Susanne, Werner, Gijsbert D A, Aakala, Tuoma, Abedi, Mehdi, Acosta, Alicia Teresa Rosario, Adamidis, George C, Adamson, Kairi, Aiba, Masahiro, Albert, Cécile H, Alcántara, Julio M, Alcázar C, Carolina, Aleixo, Izabela, Ali, Hamada, Amiaud, Bernard, Ammer, Christian, Amoroso, Mariano M, Anand, Madhur, Anderson, Carolyn, Anten, Niel, Antos, Joseph, Apgaua, Deborah Mattos Guimarãe, Ashman, Tia-Lynn, Asmara, Degi Harja, Asner, Gregory P, Aspinwall, Michael, Atkin, Owen, Aubin, Isabelle, Baastrup-Spohr, Lar, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Bahn, Michael, Baker, Timothy, Baker, William J, Bakker, Jan P, Baldocchi, Denni, Baltzer, Jennifer, Banerjee, Arindam, Baranger, Anne, Barlow, Jo, Barneche, Diego R, Baruch, Zdravko, Bastianelli, Deni, Battles, John, Bauerle, William, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzato, Erika, Beckmann, Michael, Beeckman, Han, Beierkuhnlein, Carl, Bekker, Renee, Belfry, Gavin, Belluau, Michael, Beloiu, Mirela, Benavides, Raquel, Benomar, Lahcen, Berdugo-Lattke, Mary Lee, Berenguer, Erika, Bergamin, Rodrigo, Bergmann, Joana, Bergmann Carlucci, Marco, Berner, Logan, Bernhardt-Römermann, Marku, Bigler, Christof, Bjorkman, Anne D, Blackman, Chri, Blanco, Carolina, Blonder, Benjamin, Blumenthal, Dana, Bocanegra-González, Kelly T, Boeckx, Pascal, Bohlman, Stephanie, Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Boisvert-Marsh, Laura, Bond, William, Bond-Lamberty, Ben, Boom, Arnoud, Boonman, Coline C F, Bordin, Kauane, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Boukili, Vanessa, Bowman, David M J S, Bravo, Sandra, Brendel, Marco Richard, Broadley, Martin R, Brown, Kerry A, Bruelheide, Helge, Brumnich, Federico, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Bruy, David, Buchanan, Serra W, Bucher, Solveig Franziska, Buchmann, Nina, Buitenwerf, Robert, Bunker, Daniel E, Bürger, Jana, Burrascano, Sabina, Burslem, David F R P, Butterfield, Bradley J, Byun, Chaeho, Marques, Marcia, Scalon, Marina C, Caccianiga, Marco, Cadotte, Marc, Cailleret, Maxime, Camac, Jame, Camarero, Jesús Julio, Campany, Courtney, Campetella, Giandiego, Campos, Juan Antonio, Cano-Arboleda, Laura, Canullo, Roberto, Carbognani, Michele, Carvalho, Fabio, Casanoves, Fernando, Castagneyrol, Bastien, Catford, Jane A, Cavender-Bares, Jeannine, Cerabolini, Bruno E L, Cervellini, Marco, Chacón-Madrigal, Eduardo, Chapin, Kenneth, Chapin, F Stuart, Chelli, Stefano, Chen, Si-Chong, Chen, Anping, Cherubini, Paolo, Chianucci, Francesco, Choat, Brendan, Chung, Kyong-Sook, Chytrý, Milan, Ciccarelli, Daniela, Coll, Lluí, Collins, Courtney G, Conti, Luisa, Coomes, David, Cornelissen, Johannes H C, Cornwell, William K, Corona, Piermaria, Coyea, Marie, Craine, Joseph, Craven, Dylan, Cromsigt, Joris P G M, Csecserits, Anikó, Cufar, Katarina, Cuntz, Matthia, da Silva, Ana Carolina, Dahlin, Kyla M, Dainese, Matteo, Dalke, Igor, Dalle Fratte, Michele, Dang-Le, Anh Tuan, Danihelka, Jirí, Dannoura, Masako, Dawson, Samantha, de Beer, Arend Jacobu, De Frutos, Angel, De Long, Jonathan R, Dechant, Benjamin, Delagrange, Sylvain, Delpierre, Nicola, Derroire, Géraldine, Dias, Arildo S, Diaz-Toribio, Milton Hugo, Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G, Dobrowolski, Mark, Doktor, Daniel, Dřevojan, Pavel, Dong, Ning, Dransfield, John, Dressler, Stefan, Duarte, Leandro, Ducouret, Emilie, Dullinger, Stefan, Durka, Walter, Duursma, Remko, Dymova, Olga, E-Vojtkó, Anna, Eckstein, Rolf Lutz, Ejtehadi, Hamid, Elser, Jame, Emilio, Thaise, Engemann, Kristine, Erfanian, Mohammad Bagher, Erfmeier, Alexandra, Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane, Esser, Gerd, Estiarte, Marc, Domingues, Tomas F, Fagan, William F, Fagúndez, Jaime, Falster, Daniel S, Fan, Ying, Fang, Jingyun, Farris, Emmanuele, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feng, Yanhao, Fernandez-Mendez, Fernando, Ferrara, Carlotta, Ferreira, Joice, Fidelis, Alessandra, Finegan, Bryan, Firn, Jennifer, Flowers, Timothy J, Flynn, Dan F B, Fontana, Veronika, Forey, Estelle, Forgiarini, Cristiane, François, Loui, Frangipani, Marcelo, Frank, Dorothea, Frenette-Dussault, Cedric, Freschet, Grégoire T, Fry, Ellen L, Fyllas, Nikolaos M, Mazzochini, Guilherme G, Gachet, Sophie, Gallagher, Rachael, Ganade, Gislene, Ganga, Francesca, García-Palacios, Pablo, Gargaglione, Verónica, Garnier, Eric, Garrido, Jose Lui, de Gasper, André Luí, Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo, Gibson, David, Gillison, Andrew N, Giroldo, Aelton, Glasenhardt, Mary-Claire, Gleason, Sean, Gliesch, Mariana, Goldberg, Emma, Göldel, Bastian, Gonzalez-Akre, Erika, Gonzalez-Andujar, Jose L, González-Melo, André, González-Robles, Ana, Graae, Bente Jessen, Granda, Elena, Graves, Sarah, Green, Walton A, Gregor, Thoma, Gross, Nicola, Guerin, Greg R, Günther, Angela, Gutiérrez, Alvaro G, Haddock, Lillie, Haines, Anna, Hall, Jefferson, Hambuckers, Alain, Han, Wenxuan, Harrison, Sandy P, Hattingh, Wesley, Hawes, Joseph E, He, Tianhua, He, Pengcheng, Heberling, Jacob Mason, Helm, Aveliina, Hempel, Stefan, Hentschel, Jörn, Hérault, Bruno, Hereş, Ana-Maria, Herz, Katharina, Heuertz, Myriam, Hickler, Thoma, Hietz, Peter, Higuchi, Pedro, Hipp, Andrew L, Hirons, Andrew, Hock, Maria, Hogan, James Aaron, Holl, Karen, Honnay, Olivier, Hornstein, Daniel, Hou, Enqing, Hough-Snee, Nate, Hovstad, Knut Ander, Ichie, Tomoaki, Igić, Bori, Illa, Estela, Isaac, Marney, Ishihara, Masae, Ivanov, Leonid, Ivanova, Larissa, Iversen, Colleen M, Izquierdo, Jordi, Jackson, Robert B, Jackson, Benjamin, Jactel, Hervé, Jagodzinski, Andrzej M, Jandt, Ute, Jansen, Steven, Jenkins, Thoma, Jentsch, Anke, Jespersen, Jens Rasmus Plantener, Jiang, Guo-Feng, Johansen, Jesper Liengaard, Johnson, David, Jokela, Eric J, Joly, Carlos Alfredo, Jordan, Gregory J, Joseph, Grant Stuart, Junaedi, Decky, Junker, Robert R, Justes, Eric, Kabzems, Richard, Kane, Jeffrey, Kaplan, Zdenek, Kattenborn, Teja, Kavelenova, Lyudmila, Kearsley, Elizabeth, Kempel, Anne, Kenzo, Tanaka, Kerkhoff, Andrew, Khalil, Mohammed I, Kinlock, Nicole L, Kissling, Wilm Daniel, Kitajima, Kaoru, Kitzberger, Thoma, Kjøller, Rasmu, Klein, Tamir, Kleyer, Michael, Klimešová, Jitka, Klipel, Joice, Kloeppel, Brian, Klotz, Stefan, Knops, Johannes M H, Kohyama, Takashi, Koike, Fumito, Kollmann, Johanne, Komac, Benjamin, Komatsu, Kimberly, König, Christian, Kraft, Nathan J B, Kramer, Koen, Kreft, Holger, Kühn, Ingolf, Kumarathunge, Dushan, Kuppler, Jona, Kurokawa, Hiroko, Kurosawa, Yoko, Kuyah, Shem, Laclau, Jean-Paul, Lafleur, Benoit, Lallai, Erik, Lamb, Eric, Lamprecht, Andrea, Larkin, Daniel J, Laughlin, Daniel, Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann, le Maire, Guerric, le Roux, Peter C, le Roux, Elizabeth, Lee, Tali, Lens, Frederic, Lewis, Simon L, Lhotsky, Barbara, Li, Yuanzhi, Li, Xine, Lichstein, Jeremy W, Liebergesell, Mario, Lim, Jun Ying, Lin, Yan-Shih, Linares, Juan Carlo, Liu, Chunjiang, Liu, Daijun, Liu, Udayangani, Livingstone, Stuart, Llusià, Joan, Lohbeck, Madelon, López-García, Álvaro, Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela, Lososová, Zdeňka, Louault, Frédérique, Lukács, Balázs A, Lukeš, Petr, Luo, Yunjian, Lussu, Michele, Ma, Siyan, Maciel Rabelo Pereira, Camilla, Mack, Michelle, Maire, Vincent, Mäkelä, Annikki, Mäkinen, Harri, Malhado, Ana Claudia Mende, Mallik, Azim, Manning, Peter, Manzoni, Stefano, Marchetti, Zuleica, Marchino, Luca, Marcilio-Silva, Viniciu, Marcon, Eric, Marignani, Michela, Markesteijn, Lar, Martin, Adam, Martínez-Garza, Cristina, Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi, Mašková, Tereza, Mason, Kelly, Mason, Norman, Massad, Tara Joy, Masse, Jacynthe, Mayrose, Itay, Mccarthy, Jame, Mccormack, M Luke, Mcculloh, Katherine, Mcfadden, Ian R, Mcgill, Brian J, Mcpartland, Mara Y, Medeiros, Juliana S, Medlyn, Belinda, Meerts, Pierre, Mehrabi, Zia, Meir, Patrick, Melo, Felipe P L, Mencuccini, Maurizio, Meredieu, Céline, Messier, Julie, Mészáros, Ilona, Metsaranta, Juha, Michaletz, Sean T, Michelaki, Chrysanthi, Migalina, Svetlana, Milla, Ruben, Miller, Jesse E D, Minden, Vanessa, Ming, Ray, Mokany, Karel, Moles, Angela T, Molnár, Attila, Molofsky, Jane, Molz, Martin, Montgomery, Rebecca A, Monty, Arnaud, Moravcová, Lenka, Moreno-Martínez, Alvaro, Moretti, Marco, Mori, Akira S, Mori, Shigeta, Morris, Dave, Morrison, Jane, Mucina, Ladislav, Mueller, Sandra, Muir, Christopher D, Müller, Sandra Cristina, Munoz, Françoi, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Myster, Randall W, Nagano, Masahiro, Naidu, Shawna, Narayanan, Ayyappan, Natesan, Balachandran, Negoita, Luka, Nelson, Andrew S, Neuschulz, Eike Lena, Ni, Jian, Niedrist, Georg, Nieto, Jhon, Niinemets, Ülo, Nolan, Rachael, Nottebrock, Henning, Nouvellon, Yann, Novakovskiy, Alexander, Nystuen, Kristin Odden, O'Grady, Anthony, O'Hara, Kevin, O'Reilly-Nugent, Andrew, Oakley, Simon, Oberhuber, Walter, Ohtsuka, Toshiyuki, Oliveira, Ricardo, Öllerer, Kinga, Olson, Mark E, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Onoda, Yusuke, Onstein, Renske E, Ordonez, Jenny C, Osada, Noriyuki, Ostonen, Ivika, Ottaviani, Gianluigi, Otto, Sarah, Overbeck, Gerhard E, Ozinga, Wim A, Pahl, Anna T, Paine, C E Timothy, Pakeman, Robin J, Papageorgiou, Aristotelis C, Parfionova, Evgeniya, Pärtel, Meeli, Patacca, Marco, Paula, Susana, Paule, Juraj, Pauli, Harald, Pausas, Juli G, Peco, Begoña, Penuelas, Josep, Perea, Antonio, Peri, Pablo Lui, Petisco-Souza, Ana Carolina, Petraglia, Alessandro, Petritan, Any Mary, Phillips, Oliver L, Pierce, Simon, Pillar, Valério D, Pisek, Jan, Pomogaybin, Alexandr, Poorter, Hendrik, Portsmuth, Angelika, Poschlod, Peter, Potvin, Catherine, Pounds, Devon, Powell, A Shafer, Power, Sally A, Prinzing, Andrea, Puglielli, Giacomo, Pyšek, Petr, Raevel, Valerie, Rammig, Anja, Ransijn, Johanne, Ray, Courtenay A, Reich, Peter B, Reichstein, Marku, Reid, Douglas E B, Réjou-Méchain, Maxime, de Dios, Victor Resco, Ribeiro, Sabina, Richardson, Sarah, Riibak, Kersti, Rillig, Matthias C, Riviera, Fiamma, Robert, Elisabeth M R, Roberts, Scott, Robroek, Bjorn, Roddy, Adam, Rodrigues, Arthur Viniciu, Rogers, Alistair, Rollinson, Emily, Rolo, Victor, Römermann, Christine, Ronzhina, Dina, Roscher, Christiane, Rosell, Julieta A, Rosenfield, Milena Fermina, Rossi, Christian, Roy, David B, Royer-Tardif, Samuel, Rüger, Nadja, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Rumpf, Sabine B, Rusch, Graciela M, Ryo, Masahiro, Sack, Lawren, Saldaña, Angela, Salgado-Negret, Beatriz, Salguero-Gomez, Roberto, Santa-Regina, Ignacio, Santacruz-García, Ana Carolina, Santos, Joaquim, Sardans, Jordi, Schamp, Brandon, Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael, Schleuning, Matthia, Schmid, Bernhard, Schmidt, Marco, Schmitt, Sylvain, Schneider, Julio V, Schowanek, Simon D, Schrader, Julian, Schrodt, Franziska, Schuldt, Bernhard, Schurr, Frank, Selaya Garvizu, Galia, Semchenko, Marina, Seymour, Colleen, Sfair, Julia C, Sharpe, Joanne M, Sheppard, Christine S, Sheremetiev, Serge, Shiodera, Satomi, Shipley, Bill, Shovon, Tanvir Ahmed, Siebenkäs, Alrun, Sierra, Carlo, Silva, Vasco, Silva, Mateu, Sitzia, Tommaso, Sjöman, Henrik, Slot, Martijn, Smith, Nicholas G, Sodhi, Darwin, Soltis, Pamela, Soltis, Dougla, Somers, Ben, Sonnier, Grégory, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Sosinski, Enio Egon, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A, Souza, Alexandre F, Spasojevic, Marko, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, Stan, Amanda B, Stegen, Jame, Steinbauer, Klau, Stephan, Jörg G, Sterck, Frank, Stojanovic, Dejan B, Strydom, Tanya, Suarez, Maria Laura, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Svitková, Ivana, Svitok, Marek, Svoboda, Miroslav, Swaine, Emily, Swenson, Nathan, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Takagi, Kentaro, Tappeiner, Ulrike, Tarifa, Rubén, Tauugourdeau, Simon, Tavsanoglu, Cagatay, Te Beest, Mariska, Tedersoo, Leho, Thiffault, Nelson, Thom, Dominik, Thomas, Evert, Thompson, Ken, Thornton, Peter E, Thuiller, Wilfried, Tichý, Lubomír, Tissue, David, Tjoelker, Mark G, Tng, David Yue Phin, Tobias, Joseph, Török, Péter, Tarin, Tonantzin, Torres-Ruiz, José M, Tóthmérész, Béla, Treurnicht, Martina, Trivellone, Valeria, Trolliet, Franck, Trotsiuk, Volodymyr, Tsakalos, James L, Tsiripidis, Ioanni, Tysklind, Nikla, Umehara, Toru, Usoltsev, Vladimir, Vadeboncoeur, Matthew, Vaezi, Jamil, Valladares, Fernando, Vamosi, Jana, van Bodegom, Peter M, van Breugel, Michiel, Van Cleemput, Elisa, van de Weg, Martine, van der Merwe, Stephni, van der Plas, Fon, van der Sande, Masha T, van Kleunen, Mark, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Vanderwel, Mark, Vanselow, Kim André, Vårhammar, Angelica, Varone, Laura, Vasquez Valderrama, Maribel Yesenia, Vassilev, Kiril, Vellend, Mark, Veneklaas, Erik J, Verbeeck, Han, Verheyen, Kri, Vibrans, Alexander, Vieira, Ima, Villacís, Jaime, Violle, Cyrille, Vivek, Pandi, Wagner, Katrin, Waldram, Matthew, Waldron, Anthony, Walker, Anthony P, Waller, Martyn, Walther, Gabriel, Wang, Han, Wang, Feng, Wang, Weiqi, Watkins, Harry, Watkins, Jame, Weber, Ulrich, Weedon, James T, Wei, Liping, Weigelt, Patrick, Weiher, Evan, Wells, Aidan W, Wellstein, Camilla, Wenk, Elizabeth, Westoby, Mark, Westwood, Alana, White, Philip John, Whitten, Mark, Williams, Mathew, Winkler, Daniel E, Winter, Klau, Womack, Chevonne, Wright, Ian J, Wright, S Joseph, Wright, Justin, Pinho, Bruno X, Ximenes, Fabiano, Yamada, Toshihiro, Yamaji, Keiko, Yanai, Ruth, Yankov, Nikolay, Yguel, Benjamin, Zanini, Kátia Janaina, Zanne, Amy E, Zelený, David, Zhao, Yun-Peng, Zheng, Jingming, Zheng, Ji, Ziemińska, Kasia, Zirbel, Chad R, Zizka, Georg, Zo-Bi, Irié Casimir, Zotz, Gerhard, Wirth, Christian, AXA Research Fund, Commission of the European Communities, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Leydet, Michelle, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, LECA, Imperial College, Université Paris-Saclay, Tarbiat Modares University, University of Roma Tre, Tohoku University, IMBE, Universidad de Jaén, Instituto Alexander Von Humboldt, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Suez Canal University, Université de Lorraine, University of Göttingen, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Conicet-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Wageningen University, University of Victoria, James Cook University, University of Pittsburgh, Université Laval, Arizona State University, University of North Florida, Australian National University, Natural Resources Canada, University of Copenhagen, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, University of Groningen, University of California Berkeley, Wilfrid Laurier University, University of Minnesota, The University of Adelaide, UMR SELMET, Univ Montpellier, University of California at Berkeley, Colorado State University, Ghent University, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Royal Museum for Central Africa, University of Tennessee, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Université du Québec À Montréal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Fundación Natura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Northern Arizona University, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, ETH Zurich, University of Gothenburg, Université Clermont-Auvergne, USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Dinámica de Ecosistémas Tropicales - Universidad del Tolima, University of Florida, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, University of Cape Town, SAEON Fynbos Node, Radboud University, Archbold Biological Station's Buck Island Ranch, University of Connecticut, University of Tasmania, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, University of Nottingham, Kingston University, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FICH-UNL), Université de Montpellier, Herbier de Nouvelle-Calédonie, University of Toronto Scarborough, Aarhus University, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Sapienza University of Rome, Yonsei University, Università degli Studi di Milano, Aix-Marseille University, ETH Zürich, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, The University of Melbourne, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Colgate University, University of Camerino, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, CATIE-Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, BIOGECO, King's College London, University of Insubria, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Universidad de Costa Rica, The University of Arizona, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Royal Botanic Gardens, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, University of British Columbia, CREA – Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Jungwon University, University of Pisa, University of Lleida, Joint Research Unit CTFC – AGROTECNIO, University of California Riverside, University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of Cambridge, Vrije Universiteit, UNSW Sydney, Jonah Ventures, Universidad Mayor, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Nelson Mandela University, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, UMR Silva, Santa Catarina State University, Michigan State University, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, University of Science – Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, University of Pretoria, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Seoul National University, Institute of Temperate Forest Sciences (ISFORT), UQO, Université de la Guyane), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Iluka Resources, The University of Western Australia, University of Vienna, University of South Bohemia, Karlstad University, Earth and Environmental Sciences – University of Birmingham, Spanish National Research Council – CSIC, CREAF, University of Maryland, University of A Coruña, Rutgers University, Peking University, Ordu University, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Université de Rouen, University of Liège, Géopole de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Paul Sabatier University Toulouse, University of Manchester, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte – UFRN, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Universidad Nacional de La Patagonia Austral, Univ. Paul Valéry, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Agricultural Research Service, ETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), CSIC – Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Universidad del Rosario, Norwegian University of Science and Technology NTNU, University of Alcalá, UMR Ecosystème Prairial, The University of Manchester, China Agricultural University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Reading, University of the Witwatersrand, Anglia Ruskin University, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Curtin University, INP-HB, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country, Goethe University, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, The Field Museum, Florida International University, US Department of Energy, Santa Cruz, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, Kochi University, University of Illinois at Chicago, Universitat de Barcelona, University of Toronto, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Ulm University, Guangxi University, Jl. Kebun Raya Cibodas, Philipps-University Marburg, University Salzburg, CIRAD, Humboldt State University, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Charles University, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, State University of New York at Stony Brook, University of Amsterdam, CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Weizmann Institute of Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Technical University of Munich, Wageningen University & Research, Land Life Company, Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka, UMR Eco&Sols, University of Montpellier, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, University of Saskatchewan, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, University of Wyoming, University of Wisconsin Eau Claire, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, University College London, Sun Yat-sen University, University of Leipzig, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Wageningen University and Research, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), University of Jaén, DRI, Global Change Research Institute AS CR, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Federal University of Alagoas, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Tel Aviv University, The University of Queensland, CSIRO, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, The Australian National University, The University of Edinburgh, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), ICREA, UEFP, University of Waterloo, Tulipan s/n, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, University of Vermont, Centre for Northern Forest Ecosystem Research, Matieland, University of Freiburg, University of Hawai'i, Université Grenoble-Alpes, French Institute of Pondicherry, Oklahoma State University, Charles Darwin Research Station, University of Idaho, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, NORD University, NTNU, Gifu University, Romanian Academy, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Universidad de las Américas, Wageningen Environmental Research, Technische Universität München, University of New England, Democritus University of Thrace, Universidad Austral de Chile, Desertification Research Center (CIDE-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), National Institute for Research-Development in Forestry, University of Regensburg, McGill University, Morton Arboretum, Université Rennes 1/CNRS, Université Paul Valéry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Universitat de Lleida, Universidade Federal do Acre, Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Royal Museum for Central-Africa (RMCA), Mississippi State University, Radboud University Nijmegen, Yale University, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Ciudad Universitaria, University of Zurich, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Canadian Forest Service, University of Valladolid-INIA, University of Lausanne, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oxford University, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Universidade de Coimbra, Senckenberg Biodiversität und Klima Forschungszentrum (SBiK-F), Palmengarten der Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, University of Regina, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Università degli Studi di Padova, Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Texas Tech University, Archbold Biological Station, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), CIRAD-UMR SELMET-PZZS, Hacettepe University, Utrecht University, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, University of Sheffield, Silwood Park, MTA-DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group, University of Delaware, UMR PIAF, MTA-TKI Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, University of Illinois, Botanical Garden of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, University of New Hampshire, National University of Singapore, Edinburgh University, Florida Institute of Technology, University of Konstanz, Taizhou University, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Universidad de Concepcion, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE), Goa University, Pondicherry University, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Tsinghua University, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fujian Normal University, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Maritime and Science Technology Academy, University of Winnipeg, King Saud University, University of California – Irvine, U. S. Geological Survey, Duke University, NSW Department of Primary Industries, SUNY-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Sorbonne-Université, Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (LEVEG), George Washington University, National Taiwan University, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny (INP-HB), University Oldenburg, and Biyoloji

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, LIFE-HISTORY, Geography & travel, WOOD DENSITY, plant trait, Biodiversity & Conservation, 05 Environmental Sciences, Growth, 580 Plants (Botany), COMMUNITY COMPOSITION, ROOT TRAITS, Biologiska vetenskaper, Ecological modeling, data coverage, data integration, data representativeness, functional diversity, plant traits, TRY plant trait database, Biodiversity, Ecology, Plants, Access to Information, Ecosystem, data representativene, ddc:910, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, GLOBAL PATTERNS, food and beverages, LEAF PHOTOSYNTHETIC TRAITS, Biological Sciences, CAVElab, Data processing, ddc:580, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Conservation, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, INCLINATION ANGLE DISTRIBUTION, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Ecology and Environment, Database, LITTER DECOMPOSITION, ddc:570, Datenintegration, Environmental Chemistry, DDC 004 / Data processing & computer science, Intraspecific competition, Data integration (Computer science), Science & Technology, Biology and Life Sciences, Plant, 06 Biological Sciences, Environmental factor, Nutrient Network, Biology and Microbiology, FUNCTIONAL TRAITS, DDC 580 / Botanical sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, ddc:004, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Environmental Sciences, RELATIVE GROWTH-RATE
Abstract

Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives., publishedVersion

Published
2020
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92. O008/#785 A multicenter, open-label, randomized, phase 3 study to compare the efficacy and safety of lenvatinib in combination with pembrolizumab vs treatment of physician’s choice in patients with advanced endometrial cancer: study 309/keynote-775

Author

Makker, V, primary, Colombo, N, additional, Casado Herráez, A, additional, Santin, A, additional, Colomba, E, additional, Miller, D, additional, Fujiwara, K, additional, Pignata, S, additional, Baron-Hay, S, additional, Ray-Coquard, I, additional, Shapira, R, additional, Ushijima, K, additional, Sakata, J, additional, Yonemori, K, additional, Kim, YM, additional, Guerra, EM, additional, Sanli, UA, additional, Mccormack, M, additional, Huang, J, additional, and Smith, AD, additional

Published
2021
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94. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements

Author

Freschet, Grégoire T., primary, Pagès, Loïc, additional, Iversen, Colleen M., additional, Comas, Louise H., additional, Rewald, Boris, additional, Roumet, Catherine, additional, Klimešová, Jitka, additional, Zadworny, Marcin, additional, Poorter, Hendrik, additional, Postma, Johannes A., additional, Adams, Thomas S., additional, Bagniewska‐Zadworna, Agnieszka, additional, Bengough, A. Glyn, additional, Blancaflor, Elison B., additional, Brunner, Ivano, additional, Cornelissen, Johannes H. C., additional, Garnier, Eric, additional, Gessler, Arthur, additional, Hobbie, Sarah E., additional, Meier, Ina C., additional, Mommer, Liesje, additional, Picon‐Cochard, Catherine, additional, Rose, Laura, additional, Ryser, Peter, additional, Scherer‐Lorenzen, Michael, additional, Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A., additional, Stokes, Alexia, additional, Sun, Tao, additional, Valverde‐Barrantes, Oscar J., additional, Weemstra, Monique, additional, Weigelt, Alexandra, additional, Wurzburger, Nina, additional, York, Larry M., additional, Batterman, Sarah A., additional, Gomes de Moraes, Moemy, additional, Janeček, Štěpán, additional, Lambers, Hans, additional, Salmon, Verity, additional, Tharayil, Nishanth, additional, and McCormack, M. Luke, additional

Published
2021
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95. Evolutionary history resolves global organization of root functional traits

Author

Ma, Zeqing, Guo, Dali, Xu, Xingliang, Lu, Mingzhen, Bardgett, Richard D., Eissenstat, David M., McCormack, M. Luke, and Hedin, Lars O.

Subjects
Roots (Botany) -- Natural history -- Physiological aspects, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): Zeqing Ma [1]; Dali Guo [1]; Xingliang Xu [1]; Mingzhen Lu [2]; Richard D. Bardgett [3]; David M. Eissenstat [4]; M. Luke McCormack [1, 5]; Lars O. Hedin (corresponding [...]

Published
2018
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96. OP02. NOVEL DNA METHYLATION LANDSCAPE OF METASTATIC COLORECTAL CANCER REVEALS SIGNIFICANT EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF DISEASEASSOCIATED ENHANCER REGIONS

Author

Cosgrove, Donna, Whitton, L, Donohoe, G, Morris, DW, Das, Sudipto, Moran, B, Smeets, D, Kel, A, George, S, Van Brussel, T, Peutman, G, Klinger, R, Fender, B, Connor, K, Ebert, M, Gaiser, T, Prehn, JHM, Bacon, O, Kay, E, Hennessy, B, Murphy, V, Byrne, A, Gallagher, WM, Lambrechts, D, O’Connor, D, Murphy, Therese M, Crawford, B, Craig, Z, Mansell, G, White, I, Smith, A, Spaull, S, Imm, J, Hannon, E, Wood, A, Yaghootkar, H, Ji, Y, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Mullins, N, Lewis, CM, Mill, J, Shortall, Ciara, Palfi, A, Chadderton, N, Kenna, PF, Carrigan, M, Boomkamp, S, Shen, S, Hardcastle, AJ, Farrar, GJ, Walsh, Naomi, Nelson, S, Zhang, H, Stolzenberg-Solomon, R, Patrick Byrne, Ross, van Rheenen, W, van den Berg, LH, Veldink, JH, McLaughlin, RL, Cassidy, Lara, Bradley, D, Gunne, Emer, Ward, A, Treacy, E, Lambert, D, Lynch, SA, Kostocenko, Marija, Lang, N, Clark, T, Barton, DE, McVeigh, Terri, Kelly, LJ, Whitmore, E, Mullaney, B, Savage, Sarah, Rakovac-Tisdall, A, Rasheed, E, Mac Namara, B, Keogh, E, O’Connor, P, Durkan, M, Maher, V, Griffin, D, MacAdam, B, Vaughan, C, Ryan, M, Heggarty, S, Hart, P, Crowley, VEF, Mullaney, Brendan, McQuaid, S, O’Brien, C, McDevitt, T, Brosnan, K, Logan, Peter, Byrne, C, Scott, J, Dabir, T, Amenyah, Sophia.D, McMahon, A, Ward, M, Deane, J, McNulty, H, Hughes, CF, Strain, JJ, Horigan, G, Purvis, J, Walsh, CP, Lees-Murdock, DJ, Anderson, Kerry, Cañadas-Garre, M, Maxwell, AP, McKnight, AJ, Angel, Zoe, McKenna, DJ, Ariano, Bruno, Mattiangeli, V, Cassidy, LM, McLaughlin, TR, Power, RK, Stock, JT, Mercieca-Spiteri, B, Stoddart, S, Malone, C, Bradley, DG, Atkinson, Sarah D, Campbell, N, Windrum, L, Hassett, P, Bjourson, AJ, Breslin, Emily, Martiniano, R, Silva, AM, Campbell, Ciaran, McCormack, M, Stapleton, C, the EpiPGX Consortium CP Doherty, Delanty, N, Cavalleri, GL, Cooke, Niall, Nakagome, S, D’Cruz, Leon.G, McEleney, K, Tan, K.B.C, Cobice, D, Dobbins, S, Tahanver, A, McLaughlin, C, Conway, C, Small, D, Connolly, C, Gardiner, P, Gibson, D, Flynn, Mairead, Gill, M, Corvin, A, Morris, D, Morrison, CG, Gilbert, Edmund, O’Reilly, S, Merrigan, M, McGettingan, D, Vitart, V, Joshi, PK, Clark, DW, Campbell, H, Hayward, C, Ring, S, Golding, J, Timpson, N, Navarro, P, Kerr, SM, Amador, C, Campbell, A, Haley, CS, Porteous, DJ, Wilson, JF, McNicholas, Áine, Cosgrove, D, Mothersill, DO, Holleran, L, Holland, J, Dauvermann, M, Salter-Townshend, Michael, Myers, SR, Stapleton, Caragh P, On behalf of the UK and Ireland Renal Transplant Consortium, Conlon, PJ, Villikudathil, Angelina T, McGuigan, D, English, A, C, Kelly, McClean, P, Bjourson, T, Shukla, P, Walsh, Darren J, Parle-McDermott, A, Whitton, Laura, Pardinas, A, Walters, J, Yesmambetov, Adlet, Kenna, P, O’Connor, D P, Zang, Jinnan, Simpson, DA, McKay, GJ, Crowley, Vivion, Walsh, E, Abdelfadil, S, Savage, S, MacNamara, B, McKiernan, S, Pazsderska, A, Murphy, R, McCarroll, K, D’Cruz, Leon G, Husain, SA, Yousef, Z, Edkins, S, Ashelford, K, Lai, FA, Duff, Marie, Cody, N, Clabby, C, McVeigh, TP, Green, AJ, Hengeveld, Jennifer, Doherty, MA, Dupuis, L, Vajda, A, Heverin, M, Hardiman, O, Lang, Niamh, O’Byrne, JJ, Kelly, RM, McKenna, Caoimhe, Morrison, P, Lakhanpaul, M, Saxena, N, Dabir, TA, Jones, J, Smith, G, Morrison, PJ, Znaczko, A, Hurrell, D, Donnelly, D, Al Shehhii, M, Jones, E. A., Murray, A, Wedderburn, S, Porteous, M, McVeigh, Úna M, Miller, N, Kerin, MJ, Ghrálaigh, Fiana Ní, Kenny, E, Gallagher, L, Lopez, LM, O’Byrne, James J, Byrne, N, Tapiea, D, Abidin, Z, Pastores, GM, Treacy, EP, Sasaki, Erina, McVeigh, T, O’Hici, B, O’Connell, S, Betts, D, McArdle, L, Hegarty, A, Gill, H, Flanagan, O, McMahon, C, Bradley, L, Scott, Janice, Martin, R, Logan, P, Ward, Alana, Giffney, C, Peyton, C, Turner, J, White, N, Znaczko, Anna, Benson, Katherine A, Kennedy, C, Murray, S, Conlon, P, Dwane, Lisa, Das, S, O’Connor, A E, Mulrane, L, Dirac, A M, Mooney, B, Jirstrom, K, Crown, J P, Bernards, R, Gallagher, W M, and Ní Chonghaile, T

Subjects
Poster Presentations, First Prize, Abstracts, Oral Presentations
Abstract

Myocyte enhancer factor 2 C (MEF2C) is a transcription factor that plays a central role regulating cell differentiation, proliferation, survival and apoptosis. MEF2C has been implicated in each of the most recent GWAS of cognitive ability (CA) and educational attainment (EA). Animal studies have indicated that knockout of Mef2c interferes with healthy development of brain regions associated with cognitive function, e.g. hippocampal dentate gyrus, neocortex. Furthermore, mutation/deletion of MEF2C can cause severe intellectual and developmental disability. We therefore hypothesised that genes regulated by MEF2C would be associated with cognitive function. We created a set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on an RNA-seq study that captured the transcriptional changes in mouse adult brain that result from early embryonic deletion of Mef2c in cortical and hippocampal excitatory neurons. This mouse DEG list was converted to human orthologues (n=1052) and tested for enrichment of genes associated with 1) CA, and 2) EA, using MAGMA and recent GWAS summary statistics for each phenotype. We also performed hypergeometric tests to investigate if the DEGs were enriched for current primary intellectual disability (ID), autism, and loss-of-function (LoF) intolerant (i.e. highly constrained) genes. We then used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to explore functional pathways implicated by the MEF2C DEGs. The DEGs were significantly enriched for CA (p=1.08e-07) and EA (p=9.88e-09) genes; along with ID (p=0.008), autism (p=0.001) and LoF intolerant (p=5.55e-21) genes. The top functions IPA predicted to be decreased from these DEGs are ‘development of neurons’ (p=5.41e-38, z-score=-2.0) and ‘formation of cellular protrusions’ (p=1.02e-28, z-score=-2.1). These findings indicate that genes influenced by MEF2C are highly constrained and contribute to cognitive function and neurodevelopmental disorders with severe cognitive deficits., Nearly 50% of all colorectal cancer patients progress to develop metastatic lesions (mCRC) and despite ongoing efforts the survival rates for these patients remains significantly low (90% CRC-specific enhancer regions, which was subsequently integrated with RNAseq derived gene expression in order to identify gene-enhancer pairs. Applying motif and transcription factor identification algorithms to the methylation signature, showed intricate networks of disease-associated transcription factors whose binding sites are significantly impacted as a result of the altered methylation within these enhancer regions. Utilization of deep machine learning approaches to the methylation data, demonstrates specific methylation patterns that allow stratification of patients independent of their clinical features. Finally, we show that two methylation derived patient clusters overlap significantly with expression derived consensus molecular subtype (CMS) -2 (WNT-p53 cluster) and CMS-4 (EMT-like). This study for the first time presents a critical insight into an enhancer driven epigenomic landscapes, which potentially regulates disease-associated phenotype within mCRC., Depression is a common and disabling disorder, representing a major social and economic health issue. Moreover, depression is associated with the progression of diseases with an inflammatory aetiology including many inflammatory-related disorders. At the molecular level, the mechanisms by which depression might promote the onset of these diseases and associated immune-dysfunction are not well understood. In this study we assessed genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation in whole blood-derived DNA obtained from individuals with a self-reported history of depression (n=100) and individuals without a history of depression (n=100) using the Illumina 450K microarray. Our analysis identified 6 significant (Sidak corrected P < 0.05) depression-associated differentially methylated regions (DMRs); the top-ranked DMR was located in exon 1 of the LTB4R2 gene (Sidak corrected P = 1.27 x 10-14). Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for depression were generated and known biological markers of inflammation, telomere length (TL) and IL-6, were measured in DNA and serum samples respectively. Next, we employed a systems-level approach to identify networks of co-methylated loci associated with a history of depression, in addition to depression PRS, TL and IL-6 levels. Our analysis identified one depression-associated co-methylation module (P = 0.04). Interestingly, the depression-associated module was highly enriched for pathways related to immune function and was also associated with TL and IL-6 cytokine levels. In summary, our genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of individuals with and without a self-reported history of depression identified several candidate DMRs of potential relevance to the pathogenesis of depression and its associated immune-dysfunction phenotype., Mutations in RP2 are responsible for approximately 15% of X-linked Retinitis Pigmentosa cases. RP2 is ubiquitously expressed and involved in ciliary trafficking of lipid-modified proteins. A patient harbouring the most common nonsense RP2 mutation, R120X, was identified through the Target 5000 programme. This enabled the generation of a patient-derived primary fibroblast disease model. The aims of this study were (i) to identify a vector capable of effectively transducing primary fibroblasts, (ii) to rescue RP2 expression in the R120X cell model and (iii) to explore potential assays for evaluating rescue of RP2 function in these cells. Transduction efficiencies were determined by treating normal fibroblasts with a CAG.EGFP construct packaged in AAV2/2, 2/5 and 2/8 capsids. The results were 55.5% ± 2.5, 17.5% ± 15.4 and 2.2% ± 1.0, respectively. The expression level of RP2 mRNA in untreated R120X fibroblasts was 7.5 fold ± 3.2 lower than that of wild type fibroblasts, while RP2 protein was absent in R120X cells. Transduction of mutant cells with AAV2/2.CAG.RP2 resulted in overexpression of RP2 protein by 1.19 fold ± 0.67. The R120X cell line was evaluated for phenotypes associated with absence of RP2, including Golgi fragmentation and mislocalisation of an intraflagellar trafficking protein, IFT20.The areas of both GM130 and IFT20 were significantly larger in mutant fibroblasts compared to control cells. Treatment with AAV2/2.CAG.RP2 was beneficial in reversing Golgi fragmentation, as the Golgi area in transduced R120X fibroblasts was reduced by 1.5 fold ± 0.5 when compared to untreated cells (p < 0.0001)., Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify associations of individual SNPs with cancer risk but usually only explain a fraction of the inherited variability. Pathway analysis of genetic variants is a powerful tool to identify networks of susceptibility genes. Methods: we conducted a large agnostic pathway-based meta-analysis of GWAS data using the summary-based adaptive rank truncated product (sARTP) method to identify gene sets and pathways associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in 9,040 cases and 12,496 controls. We performed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis and functional annotation of the top SNPs in genes contributing to the top associated pathways and gene sets. Results: We identified 14 pathways and gene sets associated with PDAC at FDR < 0.05. After Bonferroni correction (P-value ≤ 1.3x10-5), the strongest associations were detected in five pathways and gene sets, including maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY), regulation of beta cell development, role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor transactivation by G-protein-coupled receptors in cardiac hypertrophy pathways, and the Nikolsky breast cancer chr17q11-q21 amplicon and Pujana ATM Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) network gene sets. We identified and validated rs876493 and three correlating SNPs (PGAP3) and rs3124737 (CASP7) from the Pujana ATM PCC gene set as eQTLs in two normal derived pancreas tissue datasets. Conclusion: Our agnostic pathway and gene set analysis integrated with functional annotation, eQTL analysis and experimental validation provides insight into genes and pathways that maybe biologically relevant for risk of PDAC, including those not previously identified., We carried out a detailed genetic study of the population structure, local migration rates and population changes across in the Netherlands using cutting edge methods. Our dataset couples genome wide SNP data and geographic information (N=1422), which together allow us to investigate the interplay between genetics and local geography. To interrogate fine scale population structure we applied the haplotype-based method Chromo Painter/fineSTRUCTURE, which partitions data based on patterns of haplotype sharing. FineSTRUCTURE identified 16 genetic clusters which correlate closely with regional geography. At the finest level, this clustering has the resolution to distinguish subtly different eastern and western genetic groups within the North-Brabant province. At the coarsest level, clustering delineates a clear north/ south split in the Netherlands, reflecting deeper differences. We investigated whether our clustering reflects barriers to gene flow using the “Estimating Effective Migration Surfaces” (EEMS) method, and observed a strong migrational cold spot splitting the country, broadly overlapping the course of the Rhine. We also estimated recent changes in the effective population size (Ne) using the IBDNe method, observing super-exponential population growth across the past 50 generations. This expansion rapidly increases in rate from ~1650 CE onwards, potentially driven by the Dutch Golden age of the 17th Century. Notably our Ne estimates are systematically lower in northern populations than southern suggesting lower diversity in the north, which is consistent with reported ROH and IBD analysis. Combined our results paint a picture of the dynamic population genetics of the Netherlands that are strongly linked to geography., We present here a demographic scaffold for Irish prehistory based on the palaeogenomic analysis of 93 ancient individuals from all major periods of the island’s human occupation, sequenced to a median of 1X coverage. ADMIXTURE and principal component analysis identify three ancestrally distinct Irish populations, whose inhabitation of the island corresponds closely to the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age eras. Large scale migrations into the island are implied during the transitionary periods carrying with them ancestry ultimately derived from Anatolia and later the Russian steppe. Patterns of haplotypic-sharing and Y chromosome analysis demonstrate strong continuity between the Early Bronze Age and modern Irish populations, suggesting no major population replacement has occurred on the island since this point in time. We further dissect the genetic affinities of each Irish population with reference to wider palaeogenomic datasets, using both allele and haplotype-sharing methods, the latter made possible through genotype imputation., Background: Rare diseases (RDs) affect at a minimum 5 per 10,000 people. Although individually rare and under-recognised in healthcare systems, collectively RDs are common with up to 8,000 diseases now described. The National Plan for RDs (2014), recommended the need for epidemiological studies, highlighting the requirement for RD coding to identify RD patients and thereby improve both cost efficiencies and care of patients with RDs. Objectives: To derive an estimate of the number of childhood onset RDs through analysis of records held at TSCUH & OLCHC. Methods: Reports of patients born in the year 2000 were extracted from: the National Paediatric Mortality Registry office; clinical, cytogenetics and molecular genetics databases, and the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry system (HIPE) TSCUH/OLCHC. RD cases were identified using electronic/manual results and assigned orpha-codes. Results: 54, 7893 livebirths, census 2000. National Paediatric Mortality Register, 73 deaths of children born in year 2000 of these 60 had a RD (82%). Clinical, cytogenetic and molecular genetics from TSCUH/OLCHC identified 603, 121 and 77 cases of RD respectively. HIPE TSCUH/OLCHC searches to-date have identified 202 and 242 cases of RD respectively. Conclusions: RD epidemiological data is difficult to acquire in the current structure of the Irish health service, requiring multiple sources and an inordinate amount of time accessing manual records. This study to-date has identified over 1,000 RD patients presenting by age 17 to OLCHC/TSCUH giving a minimum incidence of 2% for paediatric RDs. In the coming year records from TSCUH specialties will be accessed for inclusion in the study., Background & Aims: Newborn screening for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) commenced in the Republic of Ireland in July 2011. The aim of this study was to do a comprehensive review of the first five years, focusing on those who had CFTR genetic testing following an elevated IRT. Methods: This study included all neonates screened from July 2011 to June 2016. Data was expanded by cross-referencing patient charts, clinical and lab databases with the Non-NBS database to track down cascade tested relatives. Results: In this period a total of 342,424 infants were screened. 141 CF and 19 CF-SPID cases were identified in addition to 238 healthy carriers. 2 babies died from unrelated illnesses, before their Sweat Test. A total of 300/400 (75%) couples with a CF/CF-SPID/Carrier child were seen by a Genetic Counsellor. Phe508del was the most common mutation (79.9%) followed by Gly551Asp (8.7%). Consequently, 185/238 Carrier parents (78%) underwent genetic testing, identifying 1 carrier couple. 101/160 (63%) CF/CF-SPID parents were tested. 255 additional relatives came forward for cascade testing - 184 from 68/162 CF affected/CF-SPID/RIP families (42%), resulting in 3 new CF cases, 3 new CF-SPID cases and 64 additional carriers. Two cases were siblings born prior to NBS. One case was missed though NBS. 71 relatives from 33/238 Carrier families (14%) came forward for cascade testing, identifying a further 18 carriers. Conclusion: Through early detection of CFTR mutations, NBS provides the opportunity of early intervention and complication prevention as well as improvements in prenatal diagnoses and availability of cascade testing., Background: Multi-gene testing is useful in genetically heterogeneous conditions, including inherited cardiac pathologies. Extended panels increased diagnostic yield of variants where pathogenicity is certain (class 5), likely (class 4) and uncertain (class 3). Concerns exist regarding management of class 3 and 4 variants in conditions of oligogenic inheritance or variable expressivity. Aim: 1. To review diagnostic yield of genetic tests performed in families with inherited cardiac pathologies 2. To assess management of different classes of variants by clinicians internationally. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was undertaken. Patients in whom “cardiac” genetic tests were requested between 2015 and 2017 were identified from a prospectively maintained departmental patient database. Data regarding indication for testing, diagnostic yield, and classification of variants were retrieved by manual chart review. An electronic survey regarding clinical management of variants (http://www.surveymonkey.com/r/cardiacvariants) was distributed to colleagues internationally via professional bodies and direct email. Results: 636 tests (630 patients) were performed between 2015 and 2017 in our centre (183 diagnostic; 453 predictive). At least one variant was identified in 71(39%) patients (28(15%) class 5; 9(5%) class 4; 38(21%) class 3. 135 respondents (23 countries) completed the survey. Considering class 4 variants, 110(81%) counselled patients about the possibility of variant reclassification. In the case of a negative predictive test, 17(13%) were fully reassuring that the patient would not develop the familial phenotype. Conclusion: Considerable variability in management of class 3 and 4 variants exists. Decision-making relies on interpretation of the phenotype, family history and genotype. Close multi-disciplinary working between cardiology and clinical/molecular genetics teams is critical., Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disorder due primarily to mutations in LDLR, APOB and PCSK9, which causes marked increases in LDL cholesterol levels and predisposes to premature CVD. Given a prevalence of 1:250, there are approximately 23,000 FH sufferers in the Republic of Ireland, most of whom are as yet undiagnosed. The most cost-effective strategy for identifying FH is genetic cascade screening in kindreds with an identified proband. We report interim outcomes of a FH genetic diagnostic service configured around an initial screen of 40 known FH variants followed by either a confirmatory analysis or a full variant scan using PCR and direct nucleotide sequencing, in positive and negative screens respectively. To date our service has genetically diagnosed 69 patients with FH, including 50 index cases and 19 positive cascade screens. In total, 30 disease-associated variants in LDLR and APOB have been identified including four due to copy number variation using MLPA. Based on phenotypic classification by Dutch Lipid Clinic Network scoring 75% of those designated “Definite/Probable FH” were genetically confirmed compared with, Hereditary Breast & Ovarian Cancer syndrome (HBOC) is caused by mutations in BRCA1/2 genes and is associated with a high life time risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Ovarian tumours with inherited (germline) or acquired (somatic) BRCA1/2 mutations respond to drugs that inhibit poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARPi). Currently, mutation screening for HBOC patients are ‘sent away’ to the UK, with a predictive (pre-symptomatic) service for known familial mutations offered at DCG. At this time, there is no service for tumour BRCA testing for potential PARPi treatment. Supported by the National Cancer Control Programme, DCG & CMD have collaborated to assess next generation sequencing BRCA gene panels & platforms to establish a pathway for germline & tumour mutation analysis and validate an optimal clinical testing method for diagnostic and therapeutic use. The ThermoFisher Oncomine panel with the Ion Torrent PGM/S5 was used to target and sequence 64 unique germline samples with a wide range of known BRCA mutations. These were analysed using JSI SeqNext software and others. After optimisation, 99.84% (624/625) variants were detected at some level. However, there were 117 false positive calls, all in homopolymer regions. Distinguishing false positives from some true positives with a low variant fraction was challenging. Subsequently, the Nimagen EasySeq kit (employing single molecule Molecular Inversion Probes, smMIPs) with the Illumina MiSeq was used for 32 samples. There was a 100% variant call rate (376/376) with no false positive calls. Initial tumour results are also very convincing. Now proceeding to a full clinical validation., Establishing the pathogenicity of missense variants detected in Lynch syndrome / Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) families is a challenge for diagnostic laboratories. Here we consider two families from Northern Ireland who meet Amsterdam II Criteria for HNPCC, in whom the presence of a PMS2 gene missense variant c.137G>T p.(Ser46Ile) rs121434629 has been shown. This variant occurs within a conserved ADP/ATP binding region of the PMS2 protein. Disruption of this domain is predicted to result in reduced mismatch repair efficiency and has previously been reported in the literature as a recurrent and founder variant in the PMS2 gene. However, no co-segregation data has been published for this variant. Adoption of the ACMG Standards and guidelines (Richards et al Genetics in Medicine 2015) along with the release of ACGS best practice guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants has initiated a review of the classification of variants detected within the region against these standards. Bioinformatic analysis and evidence available in the published press, had led to a classification of likely pathogenic for this variant. However, addition of the co-segregation evidence provided by local families, at the strong level, enables the variant to be re-classified as pathogenic. In conclusion, we have shown co-segregation of the PMS2 c.137G>T p.(Ser46Ile) variant with Lynch syndrome associated phenotype to a Path P1 strong level of significance through family studies., The C677T polymorphism in the folate metabolising enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is associated with hypertension. Riboflavin is a cofactor for MTHFR in one-carbon metabolism, for generating methyl groups important in DNA methylation. Supplementation with riboflavin has been shown to lower blood pressure in MTHFR 677TT genotype individuals. The mechanism regulating this gene-nutrient interaction is currently unknown but may involve aberrant DNA methylation also implicated in hypertension. This study examined DNA methylation of hypertension-related genes in adults stratified by MTHFR genotype and the effect of riboflavin supplementation on methylation of these genes in the MTHFR 677TT genotype group. We measured DNA methylation using pyrosequencing in a set of candidate genes associated with hypertension including angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1), G nucleotide binding-protein subunit alpha 12 (GNA12), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3). Stored leukocyte samples from participants with the MTHFR C677T genotype who had participated in targeted RCTs (1.6mg/d for 16wks) at Ulster University were accessed for this analysis (n=120). Baseline methylation differed between MTHFR C677T genotype groups at NOS3 (p=0.026) and AGTR1 (p=0.045). Riboflavin supplementation in the MTHFR 677TT genotype group resulted in altered average methylation at IGF2 (p=0.025) and CpG site specific alterations at the AGTR1 and GNA12 loci. This study demonstrates an interaction between DNA methylation of hypertension-related genes and riboflavin supplementation in adults with the MTHFR 677TT genotype. Further work using a genome-wide approach is required to better understand the role of riboflavin in altering DNA methylation in these genetically at-risk individuals., Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered a major public health problem, affecting approximately 10% of the global population. While a comprehensive review of known CKD biomarkers yielded many results, it also highlighted a lack of research in chromosome Y. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome Y have previously been associated with a 50% increase in risk of developing coronary artery disease, a condition with close links to CKD. Therefore, Y chromosome SNPs may also impart increased risk of developing CKD. Individuals from the Genetics of Nephropathy: an International Effort (GENIE) consortium (n=791) and the Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Aging (NICOLA; n=1241) were genotyped using the Illumina HumanOmni1-Quad array and the Illumina CoreExome-24 array, respectively, to determine if any association exists between Y chromosome SNPs and CKD, or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a measure of kidney function. However, poor coverage of chromosome Y resulted in only 3 SNPs in the GENIE cohort and 421 SNPs in the NICOLA cohort passing quality control. Association analysis of both datasets did not reveal any significant associations. Due to limitations of this study, further analysis is required to determine whether SNPs on chromosome Y are associated with CKD and/or eGFR. An array with greater Y chromosome coverage will be selected and be used to re-genotype these individuals, and individuals from additional cohorts, allowing greater SNP coverage and direct comparison of SNPs between these cohorts. Increased SNP coverage and increased participant numbers will allow meta-analysis to be performed with sufficient power., Background: Tumour hypoxia is a major driver of prostate cancer progression and metastasis. miR-21 is a microRNA which has been previously linked to hypoxia, but this relationship remains poorly characterised in a prostate cancer setting. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the link between hypoxia and miR-21 in prostate cancer cells. Methods: We have used 2D and 3D cell prostate cell models of hypoxia to investigate the functionality of miR-21. Expression levels of miR-21 have been measured by qPCR and functional bioassays used to examine its effect on prostate cell behaviour. Target genes have been identified and bioinformatic analysis has been employed to investigate a clinical significance for miR-21 in prostate cancer. Results: miR-21 is induced by hypoxia in prostate cancer cell-lines. Over-expression of miR-21 impacts upon target genes which in turn affects cell behaviour. Data-mining of online repositories of clinical data and bioinformatic analysis of miR-21 cellular networks reveal that miR-21 exerts a wide influence on several important cell processes, the dysregulation of which can lead to development of prostate cancer. Conclusions: We propose that miR-21 could be an important microRNA in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and has potential as a biomarker in this disease., The Neolithic period begins in Europe around 8500 years before present (BP) and is characterized by the adoption of farming and domestication of various types of animal. In our project we focus on the structure of the Maltese population during the latter part of the Neolithic period. Nine individuals, from 4900 to 4350 years BP, collected from the Xaghra Circle site in the island of Gozo, were sampled. DNA was extracted from both teeth and the inner part of petrous bones giving an average endogenous DNA respectively of: 1.7% for 4 teeth and of 21% for 5 petrous bones. We then used a median of 363,579 SNPs from the Human Origin dataset to compare our samples with 37 ancient individuals from Neolithic and Bronze Age period and 604 present-day European individuals already published. PCA analysis shows, for the 5 high coverage samples, places the Maltese individuals with the early European farmers (EEF) from Germany and Hungary. Further analysis with D-statistics depict that the Maltese population do not resemble any hunter-gatherer population from Caucasus or Eastern Europe, while they show a higher affinity with Western European hunter gather individuals (WHG)., According to the WHO, glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world and is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. The total number of suspected cases of glaucoma is estimated to be over 60 million worldwide, increasing to 79.6 million by 2020. Commonly, glaucoma is treated using eye drops containing prostaglandin analogs, including latanoprost and bimatoprost. However, these treatments come with ocular adverse reactions including ocular surface irritation, acute iritis, conjunctival hyperemia, thickening and elongation of eyelashes, induced iris darkening as well as periocular skin pigmentation. Patient compliance has been shown to be affected by these side-affects including non-compliance for cosmetic reasons with thickening and lengthened eyelashes and the occurrence of pigmentation. This study aimed to identify whether there are differences in gene expression between those prostaglandin treatments containing preservatives and those without preservatives. Primary human trabecular meshwork cells were stained with phalloidin to determine morphology. The cells were treated with prostaglandins either with or without preservatives, gene expression analysis was performed by PCR to determine differences between preservative containing and preservative free treatments. Differences in gene expression were shown at different time-points after treatment. Differences were also shown between treatments which were preservative free and those treatments which contained preservative. With the significant differences in gene expression levels between prostaglandins containing preservatives and those without preservatives, it indicates that prostaglandins without preservatives are likely to produce less side effects in glaucoma patients., For the majority of its history the field of ancient population genetics was restricted to non-human samples due to the difficulties with modern contamination and the nature of ancient DNA (aDNA) sequences: short, highly degraded, chemically modified and present in low concentrations with high concentrations of microbial contamination. The development of efficient extraction techniques, the discovery that the petrous part of the temporal bone is a rich reservoir for aDNA and the development of high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS), have resulted in the rapid expansion of the field, with sequences from over 1000 ancient individuals published to date. Portugal occupies a unique position in Europe; facing both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean it was connected to two major maritime trade and migration routes, as well as experiencing influx from central mainland Europe throughout its prehistory. Many open questions remain about population changes in the Iberian Peninsula at major transition periods in European prehistory, such as the transition to the Bronze Age involving migrations from the Pontic Steppe, the source for the R1b Y-chromosome haplotype now dominant in European populations. In this study we present high quality whole genome sequences (0.052.9X, 13 samples at ~1X) from 25 ancient Portuguese individuals, covering a period of over 3000 years, to examine the demographic and selection processes acting on prehistoric Portuguese populations. We use principal component analysis (PCA), outgroup f3 statistics, Patterson’s D-statistic and ADMIXTURE analysis to investigate questions such as hunter-gatherer admixture in the Neolithic and Steppe introgression in the Bronze Age., Background: Epilepsy is a neurological condition affecting an estimated 50 million people worldwide and roughly 40,000 people in Ireland. Levetiracetam (LEV) is an effective anti-epileptic drug, but 10-20% of patients exposed to LEV report behavioural side-effects and up to 1% of those treated experience acute psychosis. We set out to determine contribution of common genetic variation to these adverse drug responses (ADRs). Methods: Individuals from the EpiPGX study cohort were screened for European ancestry and matched to predefined phenotypic criteria. Controls were exposed to LEV, but without any adverse reactions. GWAS were carried out on patients who experienced behavioural disorders (n=149), acute psychosis (n=19), or any affective symptoms in response to LEV treatment (n=90). After identification of a genome-wide significant hit in the affective disorder analysis, a further GWAS was performed in a replication cohort (n=68). Following this, polygenic risk scores (PRS) for all cases and controls were calculated using the results from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium’s GWASes of Schizophrenia (SCZ) and Bipolar Disorder (BIP). Results: A genome-wide significant result was found in SNP rs7500119 in the CALB2 gene. Upon replication the SNP lost genome-wide significance but maintained nominal significance. PRS analysis for both SCZ and BIP were predictive of LEV-induced psychosis. Discussion: The univariate analysis did not identify a genome-wide significant signal for neurological ADRs to LEV that survived replication in an independent cohort. Further work with larger sample sizes may identify such variants. Increased PRS for SCZ and BIP are associated with LEV-induced psychosis, this analysis will also benefit from a larger sample, The impact of natural selection on beneficial alleles can be observed in modern human genetic variation; however deciphering the origins of these alleles is complicated by the vast complexity of human history, in which many population splits and admixture events have occurred. Here we describe a new statistical framework of Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) that can detect which ancestral group an allele undergoing selection first appeared. We assume a specific model in which a source population splits into two groups that later undergo admixture to form the lineage leading to the contemporary population and simulate the origin of beneficial alleles at different stages of the population’s history. Using genetic variation observed at the allele at the present time, as well as the knowledge we have of the timing of demographic changes and admixture events, we test if our approach can accurately predict the time the allele arose, and in which ancestral population it first emerged in. In this presentation, we will show preliminary results from our simulation study and discuss a potential application of the method for whole-genome data from an admixed human population., There are over 12000 people in Northern Ireland living with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); a painful, systemic autoimmune disease, causing swelling, stiffness, loss-of-function in joints, disability and significantly lowering ones quality of life. Various medication options are available; low-dose (10 to 25 mg/wk.) methotrexate (MTX), a small-molecule disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD), is a first-line therapy, due to its affordability, cost-effectiveness and efficacy. Other DMARDs used in RA are sulfasalazine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, and leflunomide. However, there is significant person-to-person variability in treatment responses with nearly 50% of patients indicating poor or no-response to any of these medications. Serum drug metabolite concentration of 100 RA patients treated with DMARDs were determined using tandem mass-spectrometry. Allelic discrimination analysis using Taqman probes was performed on the following SNPs; rs246240 (ABCC1), rs1476413 (MTHFR), rs2231142 (ABCG2), rs3740065 (ABCC2), rs4149081 (SLCO1B1), rs4846051 (MTHFR), rs10280623 (ABCB1), rs16853826 (ATIC), rs17421511 (MTHFR) and rs717620 (ABCC2). Demographic analysis, clinical parameters and disease scores (e.g. DAS28) were also recorded. These SNPs are located within the genes involved in the metabolism of DMARDS and anecdotal evidence has been reported in the literature of their participation in modulating normal metabolism and function of DMARDs. Correlation statistics was used to determine if the genetic profiles associate with the emergence of drug metabolites responsible for poor or non-response to DMARDs. Our findings suggest that genetic-profiling studies may help predict future treatment responses of patients to certain DMARDs. A stratified medicine strategy can help prioritise treatments to those patients most likely to respond while avoiding ineffective treatments. Abbreviations: single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP); rheumatoid arthritis (RA), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD), methotrexate (MTX), Rare mutations in genes that encode centrosomal or ciliary proteins cause disorders that present with severe cognitive deficits and variable neuropsychiatric phenotypes. We set out to explore the involvement of centrosomal/ciliary genes in schizophrenia, a neuropsychiatric disorder that affects 1% of adults and is a major global health issue. Our analysis of publicly-available genome-wide association study (GWAS) data revealed that seven schizophrenia risk genes encode proteins with centrosomal functions. Of these, SDCCAG8 is also associated with educational attainment. To analyse the molecular function of SDCCAG8, we used genome editing to ablate it in SHSY5Y neuronal and hTERT-RPE1 retinal epithelial cells. Loss of SDCCAG8 impairs cells’ ability to make primary cilia and the signalling capacity of residual cilia, although centrosome structure appears normal by immunofluorescence microscopy. Recent RNA-Seq analysis on RPE1 SDCCAG8 deficient cells compared to wildtype cells revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs; n=2,045) in the absence of SDCCAG8. Pathway analysis of DEGs revealed that there is enrichment in axonal guidance signalling (p=2.51-15). There were also significant enrichments for several pathways that are involved in the production and turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM). Previously, many components of the ECM have been shown to be perturbed in patients with schizophrenia. Using MAGMA gene-set analysis, we found that set of DEGs were enriched for genes associated with schizophrenia (p=0.03) and cognitive ability (p=0.03). This study shows that a combination of gene editing and genomic analyses can help uncover the processes that implicate centrosome/ciliary genes in neurodevelopmental phenotypes., Scotland and Ireland are separated in places by less than 20 kilometres of sea. They share the Gaelic language and similar frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes, hinting at shared ancestry. The population structure within England and Ireland have recently been described. However, the extent of structure within the majority of Scotland, its surrounding islands, and their links to Ireland are currently unknown. We present an analysis of the British Isles and Ireland using a combined and comprehensive sample (n=2,556) of all major regions – expanding coverage in mainland Scotland (n=567), the Hebrides (n=57), the Isle of Man (n=40), Orkney (n=111) and Shetland (n=172). By analysing individuals with extended ancestry from specific regions, we demonstrate extensive structure in all regions of the British Isles and Ireland, as well as some of the finest scale structure observed worldwide within Orkney. We resolve the shared genetic history between Ireland and Mainland Scotland, confirm the strongest differentiation of Orkney and Shetland from other populations, show the major differentiation in Mainland Scotland is between the south-west and the north-east, and reveal the distinctiveness of the Hebrides and the Isle of Man. We additionally show decreasing cline of Norwegian ancestries across northern Britain, following the spread of the Norse Vikings. Our work represents a comprehensive description of genetic structure in the British Isles and Ireland and greatly expands the knowledge of genetic stratification within the north of the British Isles, informing on the study of rare genetic variants and genetic trait associations in these populations., The Savage et al. (in press) GWAS meta-analysis of intelligence of healthy controls supports increasing findings on variability in intelligence and evidence of overlap with schizophrenia. Utilising convenience sample of pre-existing Irish dataset of broad psychosis cases (916 cases and 330 controls), wherein the controls participated in the Savage et al. (in press) meta-analysis, the present study functioned as secondary analysis of said meta-analysis findings regarding the broad psychosis cases. With the five most significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as identified by Savage et al. (in press) and patient diagnosis as independent variables, this statistical regression analysis focused on the extent to which these genetic variances were of importance in a clinical population by examining the effects in schizophrenia of previously identified genetic variation associated with intelligence (IQ) in healthy controls. Further objective was to extend the Savage et al. (in press) findings to investigate the effects in schizophrenia of genetic variation on memory (working memory and episodic memory). As hypothesized the present study observed nominal trend association for SNP rs2726491 with decreased errors in performance IQ, and a nominally significant association with decreased errors in working memory for rs2726491 across both healthy and clinical population samples. These nominal associations would be suggestive of stronger effects in psychosis, however, the present study was underpowered to observe an association at the corrected level. Nevertheless, future research building on these suggestive findings could further our understanding of the biological psychopathology of schizophrenia, and crucially bring about improved cognitive function in schizophrenia patients., We present a model, algorithm, and results for multiway admixture events. This is where two or more genetically differentiated groups come together. Data from such events can inform us of the demographic history of a species, carry signatures of natural selection, and may increase the power of genome wide association studies. Our model is based on Li and Stephens style haplotype copying and delivers accurate local ancestry estimation along the genome for each admixed individual. Unlike existing methods that return local ancestry, we do not assume knowledge of the relationship between sub-groups of donor reference haplotypes and the unseen mixing ancestral populations. Instead, our approach infers these in terms of conditional copying probabilities. We also infer admixing proportions, timings, and recombination rates. Furthermore, we can estimate drift between modern reference populations and the unseen mixing groups using a version of Fst that is computed on putative partial genomes derived by assignment of chromosome segments to ancestral backgrounds. We demonstrate compelling results using the Human Genome Diversity Panel, including replication of some known admixture events, and we detail novel findings such as a recent 4-way admixture in San-Khomani individuals. Keywords: Population Genetics, admixture, demography, local ancestry estimation., Sibling transplant pairs have better transplant outcomes than unrelated donor-recipient (DR) pairs suggesting shared genetic ancestry between donors and recipients has potential for predicting transplant outcome. We set out to evaluate methods to detect and quantify shared ancestry using GWAS data, to see which could best predict renal-transplant outcome. We tested three different methods for estimating shared genetic ancestry on deceased donor DR pairs of European ancestry. Method 1 calculated identity by descent (IBD) which was then used to estimate the degree of relationship. Method 2 calculated genetic distance using identity by state which examines the number of shared alleles across the genome. Method 3 created a mosaic of an individual’s genome from the haplotypes of the other individuals in the dataset. The similarity of mosaic genomes in a given DR pair was used as a measure of shared ancestry. These measures were then tested against estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 1 year (DR pairs, n=1,450) and 5 years (DR pairs, n=1,309) post-kidney transplant, change in eGFR between 1 and 5 years (Δ eGFR; DR pairs, n=982) and time to graft failure (DR pairs, n = 1,806). We did not find significant correlations between any of the measures of shared ancestry in the European ancestry deceased-donor DR pairs and graft function. The genetic relationship between the vast majority of our donor-recipient pairs was distant, and not detectable via IBD. The effect size of shared ancestry at the genomic level on eGFR is limited, and not detectable in our analysis., Background: The treatment of comorbidities remains costly and represents a major priority in Evidence Based Medicine (EBM). Determining genetically the molecular-subclasses of pro-inflammatory comorbid conditions is important to stratify patients that may more effectively respond to specific treatment interventions. The objective of this study is to develop a Machine Learning (ML) based classifier to stratify patients with Type-2-Diabetes and different comorbidities. Methods: A preliminary dataset of samples from 254 people with Type-2-Diabetes recruited at NICSM were genotyped with an Affymetrix UKBioBank Axiom Array. SNP results for 80 patient samples of class DCM1 (i.e. Type-2 Diabetes associated with comorbidities of circulatory system) and 90 patient samples of class DCM2 (i.e. Type-2-Diabetes associated with comorbidities of digestive system) were filtered through feature selection using ANOVA, Chi-square and Fast Correlation Based Filter. The top-10 SNPs along with information from Electronic Care Records (ECR), were selected for building 5 ML binary classifiers, using Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, Artificial Neural Network, Decision Tree and Naive Bayes algorithms, and their performances were tested with a 10-fold cross validation. Results: Of the 5 classifiers, the Naive Bayes algorithm outperformed all others with an Area under the Curve score of 0.681, overall Classification Accuracy of 65.68% and Mathews Correlation Coefficient of 0.316. Conclusion: Further improvement in the performance of our ML classifier is currently in-progress. With the inclusion of further data from ECR, as well as data from public repositories, we hope to build a better classifier., This project aims to investigate the relationship between folate status and the accumulation of mutations within the human mitochondrial genome. Folate is an essential B vitamin that is required for DNA synthesis, methylation reactions and is a major contributor to NADPH production through the folate one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) pathway. As a diet with a suboptimal level of folate can impact on DNA precursor availability, there is a strong biological plausibility that this will cause an increased occurrence of mutations within a cell’s genome due to errors in DNA replication. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to many age-related conditions such as cardiac myopathies, neurological disorders and muscular wastage. The accumulation of mutations within the mitochondria over one’s lifetime may increase the level of mitochondrial dysfunction thus increasing the likelihood of developing such diseases. This project will look at the potential relationship between folate-status and the frequency of mutations occurring within the mitochondrial genome using a combination of both cell line and animal models plus a human cohort with known folate status and age ranges., Common variants associated with schizophrenia are enriched among highly constrained (HC) genes. As schizophrenia and cognition are genetically correlated, we hypothesized that genes associated with cognitive function are enriched for HC genes. Using MAGMA to perform gene set analysis of the largest available GWAS datasets, we found that HC genes (n=3,230 (loss-of-function intolerant)) are strongly enriched for genes associated with educational attainment(EA; p=1.27E-09) and cognitive ability(CA; p=5.64E-09) in comparison to genes under lesser or weak constraint (p>0.05 for both EA and CA). This signal remained significant following conditional analysis to co-vary for ‘brain-expressed’ (n=14,243) and ‘brain-specific’ (n=1,424) gene-sets. In schizophrenia, evidence shows that common variants are likely to persist in the population due to background selection (BGS) mechanisms. BGS refers to the phenomenon by which selection against deleterious variants reduces genetic diversity, impairing the overall efficiency of selection and allowing alleles with small effects to rise in frequency by drift. We ran a stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSR) analysis to test for heritability enrichment in EA and CA for SNPs within genomic regions that are under various types of selection. The heritability of EA and CA is enriched for SNPs in regions under background selection(p=0.028 for EA and p=0.002 for CA) and depleted for SNPs in regions under positive selection. Recent studies suggest that natural selection is acting against phenotypes such as EA or CA. This study suggests a mechanism by which variants contributing to these phenotypes are not removed by negative selection and are maintained in the population., Mutations in the photoreceptor-specific tubby-like protein 1 (TULP1) are associated with recessive retinitis pigmentosa 14 and Leber congenital amaurosis 15; severe, early-onset forms of retinal degeneration. We have explored an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene replacement therapy in a murine model carrying a targeted disruption of the Tulp1 gene (Tulp1 -/- mice). The human TULP1 cDNA driven by the chicken beta-actin promoter (CBA) promoter was generated in an AAV serotype 5 (AAV-CBAP-TULP1). 1x10e11 vg of AAV-CBAP-TULP1 (+1:600 of an AAV-EGFP vector for tracing) was delivered to TULP1-/- mice at postnatal day 2 via sub retinal injection. Immunoblotting and qPCR demonstrated that the replacement TULP1 protein had the correct molecular weight and that the level of expression of protein achieved was ~55 % (n=8; p, Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most frequent cause of end stage renal disease. There is a need for improved biomarkers for the early detection of DKD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding regulatory RNA molecules commonly found in urinary exosomes that may be differentially expressed during renal dysfunction. Therefore, we profiled urinary exosomal miRNA expression in type 2 DKD (T2DKD). Methods: Qiagen Human Urine Exosome Focus miRNA Panel was used to profile 87 miRNAs in a discovery cohort of 14 T2DKD and 15 age and gender matched type 2 diabetic patients with normal renal function (T2NC). Differentially expressed miRNAs were validated in a second cohort of 22 T2DKD, 18 non-diabetic patients with poor renal function (CKD), and 22 T2NC. Results: Three urinary miRNAs (miR-21-5p, let-7e-5p and miR-23b-3p) were significantly upregulated (P, Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder due to mutations in the WRN or LMNA genes, with an estimated global incidence of 1 in 1,000,000 - 10,000,000. It is a segmental progeroid disorder characterised by an array of clinical features consistent with accelerated aging. We report the case of a 28 year old female patient, the offspring of a consanguineous union, who was referred to our metabolic clinic for review. She reported a history of vocal cord paralysis aged 19 years and subcapsular cataracts aged 24 years. Moreover, she had been diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism, primary hyperparathyroidism and subfertility despite normal menstruation. Further diagnoses included NAFLD with mild fibrosis. On examination, she had skin atrophy, hyperkeratosis, a loud S2, scalp alopecia, axillary acanthosis nigricans, and marked visceral adiposity with lipodsytrophic upper and lower limbs. Echocardiography confirmed trace regurgitation in aortic, mitral and tricuspid valves and DEXA confirmed osteoporosis. HOMA score was > 11 confirming severe insulin resistance and AMH levels were low. Phenotypically the patient had a diagnosis of definite WS but genetic confirmation was sought. Analysis of LMNA did not identify pathogenic variants. An RT-PCR method with direct sequencing was developed in-house to examine the extensive coding region of WRN. This revealed a homozygous genotype for the nonsense variant g.129, 248C>T, c.3961C>T, p.Arg132Ter. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of WS in the Republic of Ireland. In cases with multiple early-onset morbidities a genetic basis should be considered, particularly if there is a risk of consanguinity., Hyperlucent zones within areas of pulmonary consolidations may represent cavitatory lung lesions on CT imaging, from multi-factorial causes such as TB, pulmonary infarction, pyogenic lung abscess, pneumocystis pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia and less frequently due to necrotic processes from fungi. We were presented with this clinical conundrum in a patient against a background of refractory asthma, chronic cough, worsening dyspnoea, poor spirometry results and becoming progressively unwell. Due to a strong history of cancer in the family, EBUS-TBNA was carried out to obtain lung-biopsy samples. Laboratory histological analysis and ROSE revealed hyphae and fungal spores within the tissue samples biopsied, no malignant cells were recovered from the lymph node biopsy samples in all stations. We initiated anti-fungal treatment; itraconazole, 200mg once daily for 2 days after which the patient began to show signs of improvement. Seven family members with prior history of fungal-lung disease had developed lung-cancer later in life, and anecdotal prior research had shown that a premature stop-codon mutation at the tyrosine-238 residue of the dectin-1 gene in a Dutch family had predisposed patients to risks of contracting fungal-lung disease and subsequently developing lung-cancers in the long-term. We carried out Sanger-sequencing of all the exons of the dectin-1 gene as well as whole-exome sequencing on the HiSeq (Illumina) platform to identify candidate markers that may explain the heritability in this Kent family of Irish descent. We highlight the results of this study in this presentation. Abbreviations: endo-bronchial ultra-sound transbroncial-needle-aspiration; EBUS-TBNA, Rapid-OnSite-Examination; ROSE, tuberculosis; TB, Lynch syndrome (LS) (previously Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer syndrome) is a cancer predisposition syndrome conferring variable risks of endometrial, colorectal, upper gastrointestinal, urinary and biliary tract cancers. Lynch syndrome is a dominantly inherited trait, caused by pathogenic germline variants in one of the mismatch repair (MMR) genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2; and more rarely by deletions in EPCAM causing hypermethylation of the MSH2promoter. A recent report suggested that germline variants in MSH6 or PMS2 are associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer. Other data with respect to this association is conflicting, and prospective studies have not shown evidence for this association. Here, we report a case of a 37-year old female patient with multifocal breast cancer demonstrating defective MMR, associated with a germline variant in MSH2. This prompted us to undertake a respective cohort study to assess the prevalence of breast cancer in patients with Lynch syndrome managed in our centre. We report on 60 consecutive patients (including the case described here above) tested and found to carry germline pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in MMR genes were identified from a prospectively maintained departmental database. Pedigrees from these patients were analysed, and number of breast cancers in probands and first and second degree relatives were recorded. Age at diagnosis, phenotypic data and genotype were noted., Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), usually23 known as a motor neuron disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder which causes death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles. ALS has no cure, and its underlying cause is mostly unknown, although a strong genetic component is known to play a role. The gene ATXN2 normally has a repeat structure of around 22-23 triplets encoding for glutamine (CAG) within the reading frame of the gene encoding the ataxin two protein. Studies have shown that harbouring more than 40 repeats causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). Recently, it was discovered that intermediate-length repeat expansions (27-33 repeats) in ATXN2 are significantly associated with the risk of ALS. The aim of this study is to genotype the ATXN2 gene in a cohort of controls and patients from the Irish ALS bank in order to assess the association between this genotype and ALS. The most common alleles in this cohort were 22, 23, and 27 repeats, at frequencies (cases and control combined) of 87.0%, 8.3% and 1.9%. Trinucleotide repeat counts ≥27, ≥29 and ≥30 for the larger allele were significantly associated with ALS (p < 3.6×10-3, corresponding to α = 0.05) and the odds ratio for ALS in the established ALS risk range was 1.90 (95% CI 1.03-3.51). This study further exemplifies the correlation between this gene and ALS in the Irish population, contributing to the research of causative genes for this devastating disease. Currently, our research is assessing the length of repeat expansions in other ataxia-associated genes, including ATXN1., Introduction: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive, incurable, autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disease. Genetic testing for HD has been available in the Department of Clinical Genetics since 1995. This clinic employs the gold-standard multistep approach to genetic testing, involving pre-test counselling, two blood draws and psychiatric review, allowing patients time to consider the consequences of testing and to withdraw at any time. Aims: To establish the uptake of predictive testing among first-degree relatives of patients diagnosed with HD. Methods: Families with at least one relative referred for genetic counselling between 2014 and 2016 were identified from a prospectively maintained departmental database. Familial pedigrees were analysed to identify at-risk relatives. Data was collected by retrospective chart review regarding number of first-degree relatives of the family proband attending clinical genetics for predictive testing, number who completed testing, diagnostic yield and patient demographics. Results: 241 asymptomatic adult first-degree relatives of the proband in 35 families were identified. 125 of these were children of the proband and 106 were siblings. 41 (17.4%) self-referred for predictive testing and 26 (10.8%) completed testing (9 positive; 17 negative). The median age for those seeking genetic testing was 36y (23-69). Patients completing testing were younger than those withdrawing from process (median 35 (23-55)-vs-40 (33-69y)). Conclusion: Uptake of genetic testing among relatives of patients affected by HD is currently low, in-keeping with rates reported in international literature. However, this may change in time with increasing advent of therapy. Decision-making in an incurable disorder is complex and may explain this low figure., Introduction: Over recent decades the life expectancy of those with Down Syndrome (DS) has increased dramatically. Much of this improvement can been attributed to early intervention, and the research which supports these interventions. Despite medical advancements, individuals with DS still have a greater mortality and morbidity compared with individuals from the general population and those with other forms of intellectual disability. Demonstrably there is a need for ongoing research to improve the quality and duration of life for those with DS. In modern academia there have been significant developments in the prenatal diagnosis of DS (e.g. Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing). Some of these developments have been met with controversy from members the DS community. Methods: A structured PubMed search was performed utilising comprehensive terms to identify publications focusing on DS, childhood and the prenatal period. This was compared to the total number of publications available on PubMed per year (1990-2017). Results: Since 1990, there are has been a general increase in the number of publications focusing on DS. However, the proportion of publications focusing on DS, compared to total PubMed publications, has decreased. Among those publications focusing on DS there has been a decline in the proportion of studies focusing on childhood and a proportionate increase in those focusing on the prenatal period. Conclusion: The results of this preliminary review of the literature suggest a general decline in the proportion of academic publications focusing on DS and a shift in focus away from childhood and towards prenatal studies, Introduction: Interstitial deletions of 12q are rare with around 6 cases including 12q21 deletions described in the literature. We identified a male infant with 12q21.1-q21.33 deletion with phenotypic features including wide sandal gap and longitudinal plantar creases, short upturned nose, low set ears, feeding difficulties and delayed development. Methods: Array-CGH using the Agilent (ISCA*v2) 8x60K oligo array (genome assembly Build GRCh37) was undertaken on a chorionic villus sample at 13 weeks gestation due to raised nuchal translucency, and confirmed on venous blood after birth. A comparison of a-CGH microarray profiles was undertaken on the existing described cases. Results: Array-CGH confirmed a ~16Mb deletion containing nine OMIMMorbid genes ALX1 (OMIM *601527), BBS10 (OMIM *610148), CEP290 (OMIM *610142), DUSP6 (OMIM *602748), KITLG (OMIM *184745), MYF6 (OMIM *159991), OTOGL (OMIM *614925), PTPRQ (OMIM *603317) and TMTC3 (OMIM *617218). Using overlapping features of different 12q21 cases allowed microarray profiles to confirm a common deletion region including a non-morbid gene LIN7A. Its role encodes a scaffold protein within the CASK pathway which is important in synaptic function and is a possible responsible gene for the intellectual disability and cortical development present in all described cases. Parental a-CGH was normal confirming our case is de-novo. Conclusion: We delineate a 12q21 deletion syndrome with characteristic phenotypic features. LIN7A is a consistent deleted gene in this region and may be responsible for the intellectual disability due to cortical maldevelopment in this syndrome., Trisomy 18 (T18) is a relatively common chromosomal disorder with a prenatal prevalence of ~1/2,500. Features associated with T18 include congenital heart defects (CHD), microcephaly, overriding fingers and rocker bottom feet. Radial ray anomalies (RRA) occur in ~ 1/10,000 pregnancies. RRA are associated with prenatal teratogen exposure, abnormal glycaemic control in pregnant women and syndromic disorders. To date there are few reported cases of T18 and bilateral RRA in the literature. We describe two cases of T18 with bilateral RRA: Case A: Male infant who passed shortly after delivery at 31 weeks gestation to 37 year old mother with a history of Crohn’s disease. PM identified CHD, significant growth restriction, overlapping fingers, bilateral talipes equinovarus and bi-lateral absent radii and thumbs. Case B: Male infant born at 16+4 weeks gestation to a 44 year old mother. PM examination identified significant growth restriction, an omphalocele, absent left radius, dysplastic right radius and absent thumbs, among other anomalies. For Case A and B karyotype and FISH analysis performed at post mortem confirmed T18. In both cases the diagnosis of T18 was not made antenatally. Here we discuss the importance of antenatal assessment which combines the use of ultrasound, clinical, genetic, cytogenetic and molecular testing in order to obtain the correct diagnosis from a wide spectrum of differentials. Foetal karyotype analysis should be considered in cases of RRA, especially if other malformations are detected. Cases with bilateral lesions have a significantly higher association with aneuploidy, in particular T18., Background: Clinical Genetics services provide a diagnostic, counselling and genetic testing service for children and adults affected by, or at risk of, a genetic condition, most of which are rare, or genetically heterogeneous. Appropriate triage of referrals is crucial to ensure the most urgent referrals are seen as quickly as possible, without negatively impacting the waiting times of less urgent cases. Aim: To examine triage practice in 6 Clinical Genetic centres across the UK and Ireland. Method: Thirteen simulated referrals were drafted based on common referrals to Clinical Genetics. Copies of each referral were forwarded to each centre, where 10 nominated clinicians were asked to triage each referral. Triaged referrals were returned to the coordinating author for analysis. An electronic questionnaire was contemporaneously completed by clinical leads in each unit to gather local demographic details and local operating procedures relevant to triage. Results: Widespread inconsistencies were noted both within and between units, with respect to acceptance of referrals to services, prioritisation, and designated clinic type. Referral rates, staffing levels, and waiting lists varied widely between units. Conclusion: Inconsistencies observed between units are likely influenced by a number of factors including; staffing levels, referral rates, and average family size. Inconsistency within units likely reflects the complex nature of many Clinical Genetic referrals and triage guidelines should help improve decision making in this setting., Ireland’s breast cancer(BC) incidence is 122.6/100,000. 3% of BCs are attributed to variants in BRCA1/BRCA2. Knowledge of pathogenic variants drastically changes the risk management of patients. Variants in other genes(CHEK2, ATM) confer moderate-risk; up to 50% of inherited BC risk is unexplained. Analysing multiple genes in a cost-effective manner is possible through next-generation sequencing(NGS). We aimed to identify variants contributing to Irish BC susceptibility using NGS. A custom gene-panel was designed; genes were primarily selected from clinical panels (BC, BC and ovarian cancer, broad cancer) and candidate genes identified through GWAS. Captured libraries from 90 BCs and 77 controls were sequenced using Illumina’s NextSeq. Variant calling was performed following GATK best practices. Following variant annotation (VEP, ANNOVAR, SnpEff), loss-of-function(LOF) and missense variants were analysed. Missense deleteriousness prediction scores were obtained from five sources. Clinvar reports were considered. Frequencies were obtained from ExAC/gnomAD. LOF variants were identified in BCs/controls in known BC risk genes BRCA1, ATM, CHEK2, and MSH6(candidate risk gene). A splice-region LOF variant in PBRM1 was identified (4 BCs:1 control). 22 novel LOF variants were identified. Deleteriousness prediction tools unanimously scored 40 missense variants “damaging”; three in BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM had opposing Clinvar reports. Rare missense variants were identified in FANCD2, SFN, ARID1B. Novel missense variants were identified in genes appearing on clinical panels(XPC, FANCA) and reported in GWAS(PTGS2, NOTH2, CYP1B1). These results demonstrate the challenges of accurately predicting variant pathogenicity, and highlights the need for caution when considering the use of broad panel testing on an unselected population., Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a population frequency of ~1 in 88, frequently co-occurring with other psychiatric disorders. While it is accepted that ASD is a highly heritable disorder (h2 >0.8), much of the effect of genetic variation on autism remains unclear. A major search is currently underway to seek out the variation underpinning this disorder. Methods and Results: A family was enrolled comprised of unaffected parents and 4 ASD-affected offspring. DNA was extracted from saliva samples using Perkin Elmer Prepito D cyto kit. All six samples were sequenced using SOPHiA GENETICS Whole Exome Panel covering 26,000 genes, run on HiSeq 4000 (2x250). QC was performed as standard. Data analysis was carried out using SOPHiA DDM. The identification and annotation of variants implicated in ASD will be reported. Discussion: This study will contribute to the autism genomics field with the most up to date technology in a clinically relevant family based study. The genes identified will add to those already associated with ASD, giving a deeper understanding of the genomics of the disorder. In turn, this genomic understanding will bring a clearer picture of the mechanism of disease, both on an individual level and on a global level. This gives the opportunity to develop personalised therapies and management strategies, improving patient outcomes. Genomics is certain to play a crucial role in the diagnosis and intervention of ASD in the future., Background: Little is known of the true epidemiological burden or character of mitochondrial disease in Ireland. Yet such information is important for provision/planning of evidence-based health policies/future services. Aim of study: 1) to characterise the cohort of patients with mitochondrial disease attending the National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disease(NCIMD)/Adult Metabolic Service in reference to phenotype (clinical and biochemical), genotype, treatments/management and outcomes. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on all patients attending the NCIMD/Adult Metabolic Service with a diagnosis of mitochondrial disease. Results: Fifty five patients (33/55 (60%) male and 22/55 (40%) female) have a mitochondrial disease diagnosis. Pathogenic variants were identified in 39/55 (71%), testing pending in 5/55 (9%) and no pathogenic variants were identified in 11/55 (20%). 31/55 (57%) patients have MELAS; 2/55 (4%) have Kearns-Sayre syndrome and 1/55 (2%) have leber hereditary optic neuropathy or pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (PDD) deficiency or neuropathy, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa. 19/55 patients (34%) have another mitochondrial disorder with only 9/19 (47%) having a confirmed genetic diagnosis. Conclusions: MELAS, due to m.3243A>G, is the most common mitochondrial disorder which is in keeping with international studies. 30% of patients have a mitochondrial diagnosis due an abnormal biochemistry. Mitochondrial disease criteria (Wolf NI et al., 2002) will be applied to identify those for further genetic testing. Low numbers of patients suggest there is a large cohort of mitochondrial patients not yet captured by this clinic. The study will be expanded to calculate the prevalence of adult mitochondrial disease in the Irish population., Abnormal methylation affecting allele-specific expression of the H19, IGF2, KCNQ1 and CDKN1C genes at the 11p15.5 locus are variably associated with congenital disorders of growth including Beckwith Weidemann syndrome (BWS), Silver Russell syndrome (SRS), and isolated lateralizing overgrowth. Methylation defects causing isolated hemi-hypertrophy commonly overlap with those causing BWS. At the 11p15.5 locus, hypomethylation of the H19 DMR (differentially methylated region) (IC1) on the paternal allele, or hypermethylation of the KCNQ1OT1: TSS – DMR (IC2) on the maternal allele are mechanisms underlying SRS. We present atypical cases related to SRS methylation abnormalities at the 11p15.5 locus. Patient 1 is a 2y-old girl with leg-length discrepancy, and asymmetric facies. Relatively small at birth (5lb 4oz), post-natal growth velocity was normal. Patient 2 is a 16y-old boy measuring over 6ft with isolated hemi-hypertrophy. In both cases, hypomethylation at H19 was reported. Patient 3 is a 2y-old boy with history of IUGR, speech delay and short stature. Investigations identified a maternally inherited duplication of KCNQ1OT1: TSS – DMR. His mother inherited the same duplication from her mother, and was mildly affected, with final adult height of 4’ 11”, without growth hormone treatment, and no issues with development or feeding. The Netchine-Harbison Clinical Scoring system outlines diagnostic criteria for SRS, including pre- and post-natal growth restriction, feeding issues, and characteristic facies. None of these cases would fulfil these criteria and yet have molecular defects consistent with SRS. A low threshold for investigation of methylation abnormalities should be adopted in cases of short stature or isolated hemi-hypertrophy., SHOX deficiency is characterised by a clinical spectrum from idiopathic short stature to Leri Weill dyschondroestosis with triad of disproportionate short stature, Madelung deformity and mesomelia. Heterozygous mutations or deletions of the SHOX gene located in terminal Pseudo-Autosomal pairing region (PAR1) of either Yp11.2 or Xp22.33, cause this condition in both sexes. This disorder behaves as an autosomal dominant disorder, (rather than X linked) due to its location within the pseudo-autosomal region. Case: The proband was seen by clinical geneticist due to a co-incidental paternally inherited chromosome deletion in her son. The proband was noted to be short (143cm, 7cm below 3rd centile) and has shortened and bowed forearms. Analysis by aCGH showed an atypical Xp chromosome deletion of 881kb that included the SHOX gene. (Typical deletion involving SHOX is about 1.5Mb). In addition, she had gain of Yq11.221-q12 chromosomal material, which was inserted onto the distal region of Xp. She and her elder sister attended paediatric endocrinologist 25 years ago for their short stature. Her sister responded to growth hormone therapy, pre-treatment height (10cm below the 3rd centile) improved to above 3rd centile, height 10cm > than the proband who was not treated. Their parents heights were both, Malan syndrome, also known as Sotos 2 syndrome as it clinically resembles Sotos syndrome, is a recently described overgrowth syndrome. It is associated with deletions or mutations affecting the N terminal DNA binding site and dimerization domain (exons 2 and 3) in the Nuclear Factor I type X encoding gene (NFIX) on chromosome 19p13. Other mutations within the donor splice site of exon 6 of NFIX are known to cause the distinct clinical entity Marshall Smith syndrome. Typical clinical features are tall stature, macrocephaly, craniofacial features such as narrow and long face with high forehead, developmental delay, intellectual disability and behavioural abnormalities such as autistic traits and anxiety. Musculoskeletal abnormalities such as advanced bone age and scoliosis are also well described. Here we report a case of Malan syndrome with typical and atypical features, thus expanding the known phenotype, who was originally treated and referred as clinically suspected Marfan’s syndrome. She presented to the Department of Clinical Genetics at 13 years of age having been referred by her General Paediatrician. She was tall and slim, macrocephaly, with mild intellectual disability who showed a mildly dilated aortic root for which she was prescribed a beta-blocker. Subsequent to genetic and biochemical investigation, a pathogenic mutation was identified in the NFIX gene. This case emphasises the need to consider NFIX gene analysis in FBN1 negative Marfanoid appearing patients presenting with an atypical history and features such as intellectual disability, joints contractures, and dilated aortic root. Moreover, screening Malan syndrome patients for aortic root dilatation may help further understanding of the possible involvement in vasculature development of the NFIX gene function., Guidelines published by the Institute of cancer research (2013) and NICE (2017) recommend testing all women diagnosed with high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) for germline pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. It is predicted that using these guidelines that 10% of cases in this cohort harbour a pathogenic variant. We have carried out a retrospective study on 2years of data (April 2016-March 2018) from genetic screening of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes on HGSOC patients. The aim of this audit was to establish the number and incidence of germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants identified within this cohort in Northern Ireland and to explore the contributing factors to these results. During this period, 155 women with ovarian cancer were screened for germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes by fluorescent sequence analysis of the coding sequence and associated splice sites and screening for whole exon deletion/duplication variants. The clinical details and family history of these patients were reviewed in light of existing screening guidelines and amendments to local testing protocols considered., The rapidly emerging field of Genomics promises improved diagnosis and personalised medicine at the front line of patient care. Genetic counsellors (GCs) bring essential skills and knowledge for delivering genomic information to patients and in education of healthcare professionals. In the Republic of Ireland there are 13 Genetic Counsellors (GC) working across different hospital sites with a variety of clinical roles. The majority have attained professional registration through the UK Genetic Counselling Registration Board (GCRB) or the European Board of Medical Genetics (EBMG) and/or an MSc in Genetic Counselling. The number of GCs falls significantly below recommendations for the Irish population as compared to other European countries. We are in the process of setting up a professional body called the Irish Association of Genetic Counsellors (IAGC) to represent the profession in Ireland. To achieve this two working groups have been established: Professional body: this working group has developed a constitution detailing membership, council roles and setting out the aims for the organisation - advocating for the profession, development of CPD opportunities and education of allied health professionals. Regulation: Given the significant implications associated with mishandling of genomic information this working group will aim to achieve consideration for the statutory regulation of the Genetic Counselling profession. Initial steps include direct approach to CORU - Ireland’s health and social care professional regulator. Our goal is to promote high standards of professional conduct, education, training and competency in the Genetic Counselling profession., Immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on tumour tissue to detect loss of mis-match repair (MMR) protein expression is used to screen individuals at risk of Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC). Germline mutation analysis for HNPCC is guided by loss of expression of MMR proteins on IHC and it has been local practice to arrange MLH1 mutation analysis for isolated loss of MLH1/PMS2 protein expression for all cases without testing the tumour tissue for BRAF or promoter hypermethylation as recommended by NICE guidelines due to lack of access to BRAF/promoter hypermethylation testing locally. Presence of BRAF and/or presence of methylation of MLH1 promoter region suggest sporadic cancer and therefore molecular testing for HNPCC is not indicated in these cases. It is likely that sporadic bowel cancer is being tested for HNPCC based on IHC results alone as per existing practice. This audit would help us to quantify the issue and will help us in creating a testing pathway incorporating BRAF/ promoter hypermethylation testing for better diagnostic yield. This would avoid unnecessary genetic testing and would be a cost saving measure for the service helping us to utilize our resources efficiently, Mutations in the LMX1B gene cause nail-patella syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant disorder which is characterized by abnormalities of the nails, knees, elbows, and pelvis. The features of nail-patella syndrome vary in severity between affected individuals, even among members of the same family. Other areas of the body that can be affected in this condition are eyes (glaucoma) and kidneys where progressive disease can cause renal failure. The LMX1B gene provides instructions for producing a protein that binds to specific regions of DNA and regulates the activity of other genes. On the basis of this role, the LMX1B protein is called a transcription factor. The LMX1B protein appears to be particularly important during early embryonic development of the limbs, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in the LMX1B gene lead to the production of an abnormally short, nonfunctional protein or affect the protein’s ability to bind to DNA. It is unclear how mutations in the LMX1B gene lead to the signs and symptoms of nail-patella syndrome. We describe a family with significant history of kidney failure and no systemic manifestations of nail-patella syndrome Molecular studies identified a pathogenic variant in one allele of LMX1B c.737G>A missense p.Arg246Gln predicted to result in an arginine to glutamine substitution at amino acid position 246. This variant has been described previously in multiple unrelated families who presented with autosomal dominant nephropathy without nail and patellar abnormalities, which suggest this variant mutation is phenotype specific. This case reports adds to a growing evidence of LMX1B-associated nephropathy without nail and skeletal manifestations seen in classical nail-patella syndrome., ICR guidelines recommended testing all women diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer (i.e. negative for the oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)) under 50 years old should be offered genetic testing for BRCA 1 and 2 pathogenic mutations. It was predicted that testing in this population should identify pathogenic mutations in around 10% of this cohort. This retrospective study will analyse 2 years (April 2016 – March 2018) of BRCA 1 and 2 testing in women diagnosed with triple negative breast cancer under 50 years of age. The main aim would be to find out if BRCA 1 and 2 mutations are accurately represented for our population and to explore the contributing factors to these results. For example, establish true pathology of the triple negative referrals tested and the strength of the family history of cancer in these cases. The hope is to identify whether tighter departmental guidelines for testing and developing a testing criteria proforma for mainstreaming could be beneficial for better mutation pick up rate., Background: Polycystic kidney disease, the most common inherited renal disease, is characterized by renal cysts and progressive reduction in kidney function. Although it is well established that autosomal dominant (ADPKD) is primarily caused by mutations in PKD1 and PKD2, sequencing of PKD1 is difficult due to multiple pseudogenes. Further, there is considerable unexplained variance in the age-of-onset of PKD even within families. Aims: Firstly, to apply NGS technologies for the molecular diagnosis of ADPKD. Secondly, to identify, using genomic and clinical data, large PKD ‘super-families’ to facilitate investigation of genetic modifiers of age-of-onset. Methods: NGS sequencing was performed using a custom Roche NimbleGen SeqCap targeted panel on the Illumina platform. Bioinformatics was performed using a custom, in-house pipeline based on GATK best practices. Copy number variants were identified from NGS data. Whole exome sequencing was performed on selected families using Roche NimbleGen library preparation. Pathogenicity was assigned to variants using ACMG pathogenicity guidelines. Results: 73 ADPKD patients were sequenced and a molecular diagnosis was obtained in 63% (41/73) indicating that NGS technologies were successful for variant identification in difficult to sequence PKD1 regions. We identified five pairs of individuals recorded as unrelated who shared rare PKD1 variants and have inflated genomic relatedness (IBD) scores. Conclusions: NGS with specific capture methods is suitable for the sequencing of renal disease genes including PKD1. We identified one large ADPKD pedigree chart using genomic data for the generation of Irish ADPKD ‘super-families’. Sequencing of additional ADPKD patients (underway) will facilitate expansion of ‘super-families’ concept., Approximately 80% of breast cancers overexpress the estrogen receptor α (ERα) and depend on this key transcriptional regulator for growth. The discovery of novel mechanisms controlling ERα function represents major advances in our understanding of breast cancer progression and potentially offers new therapeutic opportunities. Here, we investigated the role of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which remove ubiquitin moieties from proteins, in regulating ERα in breast cancer. We performed an RNAi loss-of-function screen using a library of shRNA vectors targeting all 108 known or putative human DUB genes. Suppression of a number of DUBs repressed or enhanced the activity of an estrogen-response-element (ERE) luciferase reporter. Interestingly, suppression of the BRCA2-associated DUB, USP11, was found to downregulate ERα transcriptional activity. Subsequent validation using two individual siRNAs targeted to USP11 revealed a reduction in expression of endogenous ERα target genes in ZR-75-1 cells, as quantified using qRT-PCR. Estradiol (E2) stimulation enhanced USP11 expression in the cell nucleus, while proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry revealed a significant change to the proteome in USP11 knockdown cells in the presence of E2 only. Furthermore, USP11 expression was found to be upregulated in LCC1 breast cancer cells when compared to other cell lines. RNA-seq in LCC1 USP11 knockdown revealed a downregulation of several putative ERα target genes and many cell cycle-associated genes. To support the prognostic relevance of USP11, immunohistochemical staining of a breast cancer tissue microarray (103 ERα+ patients) was performed. Kaplan-Meier analysis of this cohort revealed a significant association between high USP11 expression and poor overall (p=0.030) and breast cancer-specific survival (p=0.041). These results suggest a role for USP11 in ERα transcriptional activity and identify USP11 as a potential therapeutic target in ERα+ breast cancer.

Published
2019

99. BMP signaling underlies the craniofacial heterochrony in phyllostomid bats, a hyperdiverse mammal group

Author

Rachel Moon, Richard R. Behringer, McCormack M, Clifford J. Tabin, John J. Rasweiler, Arhat Abzhanov, Samantha Smith, Jessica Lin, and Jasmin Camacho

Subjects
Cranial neural crest, Evolutionary biology, Adaptive radiation, Evolutionary developmental biology, Peramorphosis, Adaptation, Biology, BMP signaling pathway, Bone morphogenetic protein, Heterochrony
Abstract

SummaryThe potential for variation and the capacity to evolve in response to ecological opportunity are important aspects of an adaptive radiation. Identifying the origin of phenotypic variation, in which natural selection might act upon, is a major goal of evolutionary developmental biology. The New World leaf-nosed bats (phyllostomids) are a textbook example of an adaptive radiation. Their cranial morphology is diverse along relative facial length, which is related to their diets. We previously used geometric morphometrics to reveal peramorphosis, a type of heterochrony, in the cranial evolution among phyllostomid bats. We then demonstrated that the mechanism of peramorphic diversity in phyllostomid rostrum length resulted from altered cellular proliferation. Here, we investigate the progenitors of the face, the cranial neural crest, and a key signaling pathway related to their proliferation and differentiation into mature tissues: the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). With geometric morphometrics, immunofluorescence, and confocal imaging—in three phyllostomid species and one outgroup bat species—we show the molecular patterns that underlie the adaptive and innovative traits seen in phyllostomid bats. Then, with mouse genetics, we mimic the BMP molecular pattern observed in nectar feeding bats and recapitulate the elongated morphological variation in mice. Surprisingly, we also observe an expansion in the nose-tip of mice, akin to the expanding leaf-nose tissue in phyllostomid bats. These data, combined with the mouse genetics literature on BMP signaling, suggest the BMP developmental pathway plays a central role in shaping the craniofacial variation necessary for adaptation in bats. Further, we speculate that the BMP signaling pathway could underlie other bizarre facial phenotypes in mammals that are derived from frontonasal mesenchyme, such as the proboscis. Overall, this study combines a comparative framework to developmental data, with a genetic approach, to directly investigate the role of development on complex morphology.

Published
2021
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