Search

In this study, new peripheral tetra-4-butylmorpholine substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine was synthesized through C–C bond formation using the palladium catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. Its structure was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV–vis, fluorescence, and MALDI-TOF-mass spectroscopic techniques. Its thermal property were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, the photophysical properties of the zinc(II) phthalocyanine were also investigated in DMSO.

The use of boric acid (H3BO3) and boron oxide (B2O3) for the synthesis of cobalt-based catalysts by the co-precipitation technique was investigated and catalytic activities in hydrogen generation were evaluated. Different cobalt salts [cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2 · 6H2O), cobalt sulfate (CoSO4 · 5H2O) and cobalt(II) nitrate (Co(NO3)2 · 7H2O)] were used with H3BO3 and B2O3 to prepare Co based catalysts. Crystalline, surface and chemical characteristics were clarified using X-ray diffraction (XRD); low temperature adsorption of nitrogen (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Three types of powder samples were obtained according to the different boron sources and cobalt salts, and it was found that an efficient Co based catalyst was obtained by co-precipitation of B2O3 and CoCl2 · 6H2O salt. Additionally, the effect of temperature, stabilizer ratio and NaBH4/catalyst ratio on parameters, characterizing the reaction of hydrogen generation was investigated. The zero order, first order and Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic models were used to identify the effect of Co based catalysts on the behavior of the catalytic system in hydrogen generation. Kinetic parameters of hydrogen generation for zero-order kinetic model were calculated for the following conditions: the rate of hydrogen generation is 0.93 L H2 g−1 catalyst min−1, the activation energy is 43.55 kJ mol−1 and the constant of Arrhenius equation is 11 min−1.

The new peripherally and non-peripherally tetra-1,3-bis[3-(diethylamino)phenoxy]propan-2-ol substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes (2a and 3a) and their quaternized amphiphilic derivatives (2b and 3b) have been synthesized and characterized using UV–vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS spectroscopic data and elemental analysis for the first time. The quaternized complexes (2b and 3b) show excellent solubility in water and DMSO which makes them potential photosensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. The photochemical (singlet oxygen generation and photodegradation under light irradiation) properties of these novel phthalocyanines are investigated in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for non-quaternized complexes and in DMSO, phosphate buffered solution (PBS) or PBS+triton X-100 (TX) solution for quaternized complexes. In this study, the effects of the aggregation of the molecules, quaternization, position of the substituents (peripherally or non-peripherally) and nature of the solvents (DMSO, PBS or PBS+triton X-100) on the photochemical parameters of the zinc (II) phthalocyanines are also reported. In addition, a spectroscopic investigation of the binding behavior of the quaternized zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes to bovine serum albumin (BSA) is also presented in this work.

In this study, the thermal behavior in terms of glass transition (T g), degradation, and thermal stability of four commercial new-generation posterior bulk fill composites (Surefill SDR, Dentsply; Quixfill, Dentsply; Xtrabase, Voco; and Xtrafill, Voco) activated by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The activation energies (E a) for the decomposition of the dental resins were calculated based on the Kissinger and Doyle kinetic models from the peaks of the endothermic curves obtained when the specimens were heated at four different temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C min−1) during DSC. The results show that the Xtrabase composite displayed the highest T g (120 °C at a 5 °C min−1 heating rate) and E a (157.64 kJ mol−1) values associated with thermal degradation from the main chain of the polymer.

In this study, the synthesis of phthalonitrile derivatives bearing fluoro-functionalized groups and their peripherally-tetra substituted zinc phthalocyanine complexes were reported. The phthalonitrile derivatives 2a-5a were prepared by nucleophilic substitution of 4-nitrophthalonitrile with 2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]ethanol, 2-{2-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]ethoxy}ethanol, 2-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenoxy)ethanol, 2-[2-(2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenoxy)ethoxy]ethanol, respectively. Zinc phthalocyanines bearing fluoro-functionalized groups (2b-5b) were obtained from the corresponding phthalonitrile derivatives. The newly synthesized phthalocyanines displayed good solubility in organic solvents such as chloroform (CHCl3), dichloromethane (DCM), tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). On the other hand, the singlet oxygen, photodegradation, fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetime of these complexes were determined in DMSO. The effects of the substitution with fluoro-functionalized groups on these parameters were also compared. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The synthesis and characterization of novel peripherally tetrakis-(5-chloroquinolin-8-yloxy) substituted metal-free (4), zinc(II) (5), lead(II) (6), cobalt(II) (7), copper(II) (8) and nickel(II) (9) phthalocyanines are described for the first time in this study. The spectroscopic, photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes) and photochemical properties (singlet oxygen production and photodegradation under light irradiation) of metal-free (4), zinc(II) (5) and lead(II) (6) phthalocyanines are investigated in N,N-dimetilformamid (DMF). The newly synthesized cobalt(II) (7), copper(II) (8) and nickel(II) (9) phthalocyanine compounds were not evaluated for this purpose due to open shell nature of these central metals in the phthalocyanine cavity. The influence of various the nature of the central metal ion (zinc, lead or without metal) on these properties has also been investigated and compared.

In the present study, synthesis, structural characterization, and hydrolysis of the promising hydrogen storage carrier ammonia borane (NH3BH3), were investigated. NH3BH3 was prepared by one-pot chemical reaction between sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and different ammonia salts [NH4X, X: SO4, CO3, Cl] in the presence of solvent, tetrahydrofurane (THF). Synthesizes with different temperatures (20–40 °C), reaction times (30–130 min), amount of added THF volume (50–200 ml) and NaBH4/(NH4)2SO4 input molar ratios (0.47–0.75) were performed in order to find the optimum reaction conditions for obtaining maximum product yield. The characterization of NH3BH3 products was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (RS), elemental analysis (C, H, N, O) and NMR spectroscopy. Characterization results indicated that NH3BH3 as a crystalline powder at 98% purity was achieved with 92.18% production yield. Additionally, hydrolysis of product NH3BH3 in the presence of amorphous Co–B catalyst at 22–80 °C under magnetic stirring (700 rpm) was performed. The maximum hydrogen generation rate was 5447.80 ml min−1 g cat−1 and the hydrolysis reaction kinetics were clarified based on zero-order, first-order and Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic models.

The synthesis and characterization of novel tetrakis N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (1) and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethyl-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (2) substituted phthalonitrile derivatives and their new organosoluble peripherally tetra-substituted zinc(II) (6 and 7) and magnesium(II) (8 and 9) phthalocyanines were studied in this study. Photophysical and photochemical data of these compounds were measured in dimethysulfoxide (DMSO). The magnesium(II) phthalocyanine derivatives showed excellent fluorescent properties and the corresponding zinc(II) phthalocyanines generated efficient singlet oxygen. The fluorescence quenching behavior of the studied tetra-peripherally substituted zinc(II) and magnesium(II) phthalocyanine compounds by the addition of 1,4-benzoquinone were also studied in DMSO. These molecules can distinctly be employed in the field of photodynamic therapy in combination with fluorescence imaging.

This article investigates the combustion characteristics and combustion kinetics of Eriobotrya japonica stones by thermogravimetric analysis. The combustion experiments were conducted at heating rates of 5 and 50°C/min in the presence of oxygen. The reaction degree, the activation energy, and the exponential factor of the combustion process were calculated by employing the Coats and Redfern kinetic model. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

The synthesis and characterization of peripherally tetra 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-5-(hexyloxy)phenoxy substituted metal-free (4), zinc(II) (5), oxotitanium(IV) (6), lead(II) (7), nickel(II) (8), copper(II) (9) and cobalt(II) (10) were described for the first time in this study. The photophysical and photochemical properties of metal-free (4), zinc(II) (5), oxotitanium(IV) (6) and lead(II) (7) phthalocyanines were investigated in toluene. The synthesized nickel(II) (8), copper(II) (9) and cobalt(II) (10) phthalocyanines were not evaluated for this purpose because of paramagnetic behavior of the central transition metals in the cavity for these complexes. General trends were described for photodegradation, singlet oxygen and fluorescence quantum yields, and fluorescence lifetimes of these compounds in toluene. The influence of the variety of central metal ions in phthalocyanine cavity on the spectroscopic, photophysical and photochemical properties were also determined. The fluorescence quenching behavior of the studied peripherally tetra 2-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl)-5-(hexyloxy)phenoxy substituted metal-free (4), zinc(II) (5), oxotitanium(IV) (6) and lead(II) (7) by the addition of 1,4-benzoquinone were also studied.

The objective of this study was to investigate the full in-vitro analyses of new-generation bulk-fill dental composites cured by halogen light (HLG). Two types' four composites were studied: Surefill SDR (SDR) and Xtra Base (XB) as bulk-fill flowable materials; QuixFill (QF) and XtraFill (XF) as packable bulk-fill materials. Samples were prepared for each analysis and test by applying the same procedure, but with different diameters and thicknesses appropriate to the analysis and test requirements. Thermal properties were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis; the Vickers microhardness (VHN) was measured after 1, 7, 15 and 30days of storage in water. The degree of conversion values for the materials (DC, %) were immediately measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The surface morphology of the composites was investigated by scanning electron microscopes (SEM) and atomic-force microscopy (AFM) analyses. The sorption and solubility measurements were also performed after 1, 7, 15 and 30days of storage in water. In addition to his, the data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, and both the Newman Keuls and Tukey multiple comparison tests. The statistical significance level was established at p

The new phthalodinitrile containing azine-bridged (3) was prepared by the reaction of 4-nitrophthalonitrile (2) and 4,4′-(1E,1'E)-hydrazine-1,2-diylidenebis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)diphenol (1). The new binuclear asymmetric type zinc(II) (5), oxotitanium(IV) (6), tin(II) (7), cobalt(II) (8), copper(II) (9) and nickel(II) (10) phthalocyanine complexes containing azine moiety were synthesized by the cyclotetramerization of azine containing phthalonitrile (3) and unsubstituted phthalonitrile (4). The aggregation behaviors of these compounds were investigated at different concentrations in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Furthermore, the photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes) and photochemical properties (singlet oxygen and photodegradation quantum yields) were studied for zinc(II) (5), oxotitanium(IV) (6) and tin(II) (7) phthalocyanine complexes in DMSO. The synthesized cobalt (8), copper (9) and nickel (10) phthalocyanine complexes were not evaluated for this purpose due to transition metal and paramagnetic behavior of central metals in the phthalocyanine cavity.

In this study, the solid-state reaction mechanism and kinetics were investigated for production of anhydrous sodium metaborate (NaBO2), an industrially and technologically important boron compound. To assess the kinetics of solid-state production of NaBO2, the chemical reaction between borax (Na2B4O7) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was investigated by use of the thermal analysis techniques thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). DTA curves obtained under non-isothermal conditions at different heating rates (5, 10 and 20 °C/min), revealed five endothermic peaks corresponding to five solid-state reactions occurring at 70, 130, 295, 463, and 595 °C. The stages of the solid-state reaction used for production NaBO2 were also analyzed by XRD, which showed that at 70 and 130 °C, Na2B4O7 and NaOH particles contacted between the grains, and diffusion was initiated at the interface. However, there was not yet any observable formation of NaBO2. Formation of NaBO2 was initiated and sustained from 295 to 463 °C, and then completed at 595 °C; the product was anhydrous NaBO2. Activation energies (E a) of the solid-state reactions were calculated from the weight loss based on the Arrhenius model; it was found that in the initial stages of the solid-state reaction E a values were lower than in the last three steps.

The synthesis of 7-oxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)coumarin-substituted peripherally and non-peripherally tetrakis- and peripherally octakis-tetrachloro zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes are described for the first time in this study. The new compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR, UV–vis spectroscopy and mass spectra. The photophysical and photochemical properties are important for photodynamic therapy applications and these properties of studied phthalocyanine complexes are investigated in N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF). The effects of the number of the substitution and the position (peripheral or non-peripheral) on the photophysical and photochemical parameters of the zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes are reported. The fluorescence quenching behaviour of the studied zinc(II) phthalocyanine complexes by the addition of 1,4-benzoquinone are also described.

The synthesis of tetra- and octa-(7-oxy-3-methyl-4-phenylcoumarin)-substituted indium(III) phthalocyanine complexes obtained from 3-nitrophthalonitrile, 4-nitrophthalonitrile and 4,5-dichlorophthalonitrile substituted with 7-oxy-3-methyl-4-phenylcoumarin are described for the first time in this study. The new compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, electronic spectroscopy and mass spectra. The photophysical and photochemical properties of the compounds are also studied in dimethylformamide (DMF). The effects of the number of the substitution and the position on the photophysical and photochemical parameters of the substituted indium(III) phthalocyanine complexes are also reported. Photophysical and photochemical properties of phthalocyanine complexes are very useful for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer applications. In particular, high singlet-oxygen quantum yields are very important for Type II mechanisms. These complexes have good singlet-oxygen quantum yields and show potential as Type II photosensitizers.

Currently, the energy requirements of the entire world are mostly provided by hydrocarbon-based fossil fuels, such as coal, fuel oil, or natural gas. Because of environmental pollution, decrease in energy sources, and difficulties in storing electricity, more attention is dedicated to new sources of energy, such as hydrogen. Presently, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) appears to be an excellent hydrogen-storage medium due to its high theoretical hydrogen yield by weight, 10.6%. The main aim of the present study is to investigate NaBH4 production from ulexite mineral (NaCaB5O9·8H2O). The experimental investigation consists of four steps, such as (1) Characterization of NaCaB5O9·8H2O by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and attenuated total reflectance of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; (2) Preparation of ulexite–borosilicate glass (NaCaB5O9·SiO2); (3) Synthesis of NaBH4 from ulexite–borosilicate glass; and (4) Separation of NaBH4 from the reaction mixture. NaBH4 can thus be produced by heating ulexite mineral form of borosilicate glass with metallic sodium under 3-atm. hydrogen pressure at 450–500 °C for 4 h.

In Turkey, pyrite ash is created as waste from the roasting of pyrite ores in the production of sulfuric acid. These processes generate great amounts of pyrite ash waste that creates serious environmental pollution due to the release of acids and toxic substances. Pyrite ash waste can be used in the iron production industry as a raw material because of its high Fe2O3 concentration. The aim of this study was to investigate the reduction behaviour of pyrite ash pellets. The pyrite ashes were reduced to obtain the iron contained in pellets. Pyrite ashes samples were pelletized dried at 105 °C for 24 h and sintered at 1200 °C for 30 min. then reduced in a pressure of 4 atm. under argon gas. The mineralogical transformations that occurred during reduction were analysed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. The X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence measurements of these samples showed that Fe3O 4 was successfully reduced to a metallic iron phase in a laboratory-scale electric arc furnace.

Objective: Tea (Camellia sinensis), has been used for health field in thousands of years. Caffeine is one of the key component in tea and investigation of caffeine is a popular working subject among the researches. The novelty of this study is not only the determination of the caffeine contents of the teas, but also how addition of lemon and carbonate effects the caffeine contents. Another aim of the study is the investigation of the daily caffeine intakes from teas.Methods: Tea infusions were prepared and caffeine contents were extracted by using chloroform and determined by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. For lemon and carbonate addition experiments, lemon was added before the caffeine analysis and carbonate was added at the beginning.Results: Maximum caffeine contents from highest to lowest were seen in black, earl grey and green in classic teas; fennel, mint and sage in herbal teas; lemon, apple and rosehip in fruit teas. With lemon addition caffeine contents were increased except green tea and with carbonate addition caffeine contents were decreased except black and fennel tea. Daily caffeine intakes are found between 32.10% (green tea with carbonate) - 77.20% (black tea with lemon), 1.85% (sage tea with carbonate) - 4.05% (fennel tea with lemon) and 2.10% (rosehip with carbonate) - 4.00% (lemon tea with lemon) in classic, herbal and fruit teas, respectively.Conclusion: The significance of this study indicates that herbal and fruit teas contain caffeine, which is assumed zero in literature. The caffeine amount of herbal teas (20.79±0.36-30.68±0.63 ppm) were found barely higher than the fruit teas (22.87±0.54-28.54±0.75 ppm) but daily maximum caffeine intakes were found less than 5%. The daily maximum caffeine intakes were found in the teas as 525.36±2.84-20.79±0.36 ppm, where lemon addition increased to 617.90±3.54-22.97±0.58 ppm and carbonate addition decreased to 488.54±2.05-16.84±0.28 ppm.

In this study, physical and chemical characteristic of the treatment sludge obtained byBergama- Ovac1k treatment plant and the possibility to evaluate them in glass industry wereinvestigated, In this treatment plant, 277,882 tons of sludge is annually produced. Thechemical composition of the waste sludge's is determined by gravimetric method and it isexamined by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) and Fourier TransformInfrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR) equipments. The chemical composition of the treatmentsludge showed that it is potential to be used in a glass industry to produce Borosilicate glassand Flat glass with the addition of chemical substances. In order to examine the compositionof the samples, their analyses were made by (FT-IR) and (XRF) equipments

In Turkey, pyrite, copper melting gases and sulfur are used as a raw material in sulfuric acid production. Pyrite ashes are obtained as a result of the sulfuric acid production process during the roasting of pyrite ores. These wastes are generally landfilled or dumped into the sea. Pyrite ash wastes can be utilized as a raw material in the production of iron ore, and thus environmental pollution can be avoided; however, these wastes need to achieve certain physical and chemical properties before they are used. Pyrite ashes are agglomerated into pellets to allow them acquire the required properties for use as iron ore in a blast furnace. The essential parameters affecting the pelletization of pyrite ashes are studied using bentonite as a binder. The metallurgical properties of pyrite ash, bentonite, a mixture of pyrite ash and bentonite, and sintered pellets are studied using X-ray analyses. Wet-drop, wet-crush, dry-crush and sintered-crush tests are carried out to investigate the strength of the pyrite ash wastes pellets prepared from feeds with different sieve size and bentonite content. The results of this analysis demonstrate that pyrite ashes can be agglomerated into pellets and used as feed for the blast furnace in the iron production industry.

Borates are attention getting chemical compounds because of their properties which leads them a wide usage area. Being sub-group of borates, potassium borates show non-linear optical properties and owing to this they can find applications in optical modulation, optical switching, optical logic and memory, signal processing. Potassium borates can be used in welding, insulation, metal refining and lubricating oil production applications, also. In this study, potassium borates were produced from potassium chloride (KCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ) when different molar ratios of B 2 O 3 were used to find out the optimum ratio for the synthesis at 80°C and 1 hour of reaction time. The molar ratios of reactants were examined as 1:1:3 (as KCl:NaOH: B 2 O 3 ), 1:1:4, 1:1:5, 1:1:6 and 1:1:7. The identification of products and the effects of different molar ratios on the final product were determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) methods. According to experimental results, the Santite (KB 5 O 8 ·4H 2 O) mineral with powder diffraction file number (pdf) code of 01-072-1688 was produced for all molar ratios whereas the optimum ratios in which highest XRD score was obtained was 1:1:7.

Dehydration is called as the water removal from hydrated structure. Dehydration behavior is important for the usage areas and transportation of minerals. Magnesium borates can be used as additive materials in areas such as in the production of superconducting materials, in the composition of detergents, due to the content of boron in the friction-reducing additives in oils and insulating coating compositions due to their good mechanic and thermal properties. In this study, dehydration behavior of Inderite (Mg(B 3 O 3 (OH) 5 ).5H 2 O) was experimented by both using microwave energy different and thermal analyses techniques. In microwave dehydration, power level was selected as 600W. Mass loss and drying rates were determined. In thermal dehydration, hydrated mineral was applied to thermal analysis (TG-DTG). Structural changes of hydrated and dehydrated samples were characterized using the techniques of XRD and FT-IR. XRD results show that crystallinity of sample may decrease in microwave dehydration. According to FT-IR results, characteristic band values of water disappeared at the end of the dehydration.

Aerogel has a meaning of an air gel that made of a gel solution [1]. Aerogels are transparent and highly porous materials which known with low density. Since the 1930’s, researchers have been focused on the synthesis methods and applications of aerogels [2]. In recent years, silica aerogels have been widely used in optics, microelectronic, electrical engineering, acoustics, heat insulation, capture of micro particles, pharmaceutical, chemistry, and biology [1-3]. In this study, the effect of the acid concentration on the synthesis of hydrophobic silica based aerogel was investigated. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and chlorotrimethylsilane (TMCS) were used in the synthesis as a silica source and silylation reagent, respectively. Different concentrations (0.5 M, 1 M, and 1.5 M) of acid solutions were prepared in order to see the effect of acid concentration in the synthesis of silica based hydrophobic aerogel. The synthesized samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle analysis. The obtained results show that the optimum acid concentration was found as 0.5 M.

The Investigation of the Element Contents in the Turkish Coffees Coffee is one of the most popular drinks across the world and its enormous commercial and social importance is obvious. Coffee has become the essential consumption matter and one of the rituals of many societies for several years. Turkish people's first confrontation with it dates back to 16th century, in Ottoman era. Since then, because of the differences in terms of preparation and presentation styles, the coffee has been named as “Turkish Coffee”. According to this presentation style, roasted and then finely ground coffee beans are boiled in a pot, usually with sugar, and served in a cup where the grounds are allowed to settle. Turkish coffee contains many components such as caffeine, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and minerals. There are many elements in the structure of the Turkish coffee and have various effect on human health. In this study, determination of magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and calcium (Ca) contents in Turkish coffee aimed for conscious consumption. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used for these analysis. From the results of experiments Mg, Fe and Ca contents were found in Turkish coffee as 21.46, 0.008 and 78.48 ppm respectively. Element contents which are found in 1, 2 and 5 cups of coffee are calculated. Analysis data were calculated with two different results such as daily intake for adults (mg) and percentage intake for adults (%). Furthermore, the daily intake of element from coffees that affects human health is also investigated.

Pyrite ash is created as waste from the roasting of pyrite ores during the production of sulphuric acid. These processes generate great amounts of pyrite ash waste that is generally land filled. This creates serious environmental pollution due to the release of acids and toxic substances. Pyrite ash waste can be utilized in the iron production industry as a blast furnace feed to process this waste and prevent environmental pollution. The essential parameters affecting the pelletization process of pyrite ash were studied using bentonite as a binder. Experiments were then carried out using bentonite and a mixture of bentonite with calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride in order to make the bentonite more effective. The metallurgical properties of pyrite ash, bentonite, calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride, a mixture of these and sintered pellets were studied using X-ray analysis. The crushing strength tests were carried out to investigate the strength of pyrite ash waste pellets. The results of these analyses showed that pyrite ash can be agglomerated to pellets and used in the iron production industry as a blast furnace feed. The crushing strength of the pellets containing calcium hydroxide and calcium chloride in addition to bentonite was better than the strength of pellets prepared using only bentonite binder.

In today's automotive industry in order to protect car bodies from corrosion, spray or immersion type zinc phosphating processes are applied. In both types, nickel and chromium are widely used though they are harmful to human health and environment. In this study, car body's corrosion performance, coated by no nickel (0 ppm) and low nickel (100, 200, 300 ppm) immersion type zinc phosphating (without chromium passivation) processes, are compared to the bodies that are coated by spray and immersion type processes including nickel (500–700 ppm) and chromium. After analyzing coating weight, composition, morphology of the crystals and salt spray test corrosion performance of car bodies specimens coated by no nickel and low nickel processes are as good as the ones coated by spray and immersion phosphating processes including nickel and chromium. In developing environment consciousness, it is inevitable to favor no nickel or low nickel processes since they give no harm to nature and human health.

Large quantities of solid waste generated from households, offices, shops, markets, restaurants, public institutions, industrial installations, water works and sewage facilities, construction and demolition sites, and agricultural activities. It causes environmental problems such as groundwater contamination, atmospheric and water pollution, etc. when it is disposed in landfills. Fly ash is the by-product of the coal combustion process for energy generation and remains a major problem in many parts of the world. The large amounts of fly ash are produced and the annual production of it has continued to increase. The disposal of fly ash may cause long-term adverse environmental effects. In this study, the silicon and aluminum in two different Turkish fly ashes (Afsin-Elbistan and Catalagzi) were activated by fusion with sodium hydroxide. The obtained leachates were analyzed for silicon and aluminum content by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In addition, the mineralogical and chemical properties of these fly ashes are compared.

This work presents the synthesis and characterization of metal-free, zinc(II), and indium(III)acetate phthalocyanines substituted with 2,3,6-trimethylphenoxy groups at the peripheral and non-peripheral positions. The photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes) and photochemical (singlet oxygen generation and photodegradation under light irradiation) properties of these novel phthalocyanines and unsubstituted zinc(II) and indium(III)acetate phthalocyanines were investigated in dimethylformamide solution. The effects of the types of substituents and their positions and the variety of central metal ions on the phthalocyanine core on their spectroscopic, photophysical and photochemical properties were also determined. The studied 2,3,6-trimethylphenoxy substituted metal-free, zinc(II) and indium(III)acetate phthalocyanines especially indium(III)acetate derivatives exhibited appropriate photophysical and photochemical properties such as high singlet oxygen generation and these phthalocyanines can be potential Type II photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy in cancer applications.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal, spectral, and surface properties of four different bulk fill materials – SureFil SDR (SDR, Dentsplay DETREY), QuixFil (QF, Dentsplay DETREY), X-tra base (XB, Voco) X-tra fil (XF, Voco) – polymerized by light-emitting diode (LED). Resin matrix, filler type, size and amount, and photoinitiator types influence the degree of conversion. LED-cured bulk fill composites achieved sufficient polymerization. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed different patterns of surface roughness, depending on the composite material. Bulk fill materials showed surface characteristics similar to those of nanohybrid composites. Based on the thermal analysis results, glass transition (Tg) and initial degradation (Ti) temperatures changed depending on the bulk fill resin composites.

In this study, zinc borate (ZB) was synthesized by reacting zinc oxide and boric acid in the presence of standard ZB (w/w, in terms of boric acid) in order to promote crystallization. The effects of seed, H3BO3/ZnO (boric acid/zinc oxide) ratio, reaction time, water volume, reaction temperature and cooling temperature on yield were investigated for pilot-scale equipment. The results indicated that the addition of seed (w/w) to a saturated solution of reactants increased the yield of the reaction. The results of reaction yields obtained from either magnetically or mechanically stirred systems were compared. At various reaction times, the optimal yield was 86.78 % in a saturated aqueous solution. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Thermogravimetric / Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA). The results displayed that ZB was successfully produced under the optimized reaction conditions and the product synthesized had high thermal stability.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.2.4432

The synthesis of peripherally and non-peripherally tetrakis-(7-oxy-3-methyl-4-phenylcoumarin) and peripherally octakis-[tetrachlorotetra-(7-oxy-3-methyl-4-phenyl coumarin)] substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanines are performed and characterized for the first time in this study. The new compounds show excellent solubility in organic solvents, which makes them candidates for use in different applications. Photophysical (fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes) and photochemical (singlet oxygen generation and photodegradation under light irradiation) properties of these novel coumarino phthalocyanines are investigated in dimethylformamide (DMF). The effects of the positions (peripheral or nonperipheral) of the substituents on the photophysical and photochemical parameters of the coumarino zinc(II) phthalocyanines are reported. The fluorescence quenching behavior of the studied zinc(II) phthalocyanines by addition of 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) are also described.

The physical and mechanical properties of monocrystals Bi 2 Te 3 , alloyed by two kinds of impurity are investigated: being easy diffusionable and hard diffusionable. Easy diffusibility of the additive (nickel, iron, silver, copper) at the certain parities (ratio) inside quintet and in among slide space can consolidate or “to loosen” layers.

The level-to-level and island growth of nano-layers: copper, nickel and boron realizes spontaneously between the layers Te1-Te1 in the process of the directed crystallization of bismuth telluride (doped by easily diffusing impurities). This was proved by the electron-microscopic photos of the chipped surface (0001) Bi2Te3, Bi2Te3 and Bi2Te3 . The wide set of island sizes 50-200 nm was revealed. The appearance nature of nano-layers, islands and their enlargement in the interlaminar space of the layered crystal of bismuth telluride is the same as on the open surfaces of the systems semiconductor-metal. The two-dimensional islands, which combining form the wetting layer of nano-thickness appear on the initial steps of the growth. It is established, that the copper layers, nano-sized by the height, are charged with extremal behavior of Hall thermoelectromotive force and other kinetic parameters Bi2Te3 . The temperature dependencies of coefficients of Hall, electroconductivity, mobility and other kinetic parameters revealed the oscillation character. These extremums can be connected with the consecution of the phase transfers, known as order-disorder transfers, connected with positional order. The anomal increase of the mobility of the charge carriers (more, than in 5 times) in the direction along axes of the (0001) Bi2Te3 layers at the temperature 105K is observed so it will be a great improvement that can be used in nano satellites.