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Supplementary Figure 1: ADR suppresses Notch1 signaling. Supplementary Figure 2: ADR inhibits the transcriptional activity of Notch1 by inducing HIPK2. Supplementary Figure 3: HIPK2 regulates the Notch1-IC protein stability through proteasomal degradation pathways. Supplementary Figure 4: HIPK2 facilitates Notch1-IC degradation by Fbw7 ubiquitin ligase. Supplementary Figure 5: HIPK2 physically interacts with Notch1-IC. Supplementary Figure 6: HIPK2 phosphorylates Notch1-IC at the T2512 residue. Supplementary Figure 7: HIPK2-mediated downregulation of Notch1-IC suppresses the tumorigenesis of breast cancer. Supplementary Figure 8: Somatic mutations in the CPD motif of Notch1-IC make it resistant to HIPK2. Supplementary Figure 9: Physiological effects of somatic mutations in the CPD motif of Notch1-IC. Supplementary Figure 10: A propose model of Notch1 signaling pathway regulation by HIPK2 in cancer during chemotherapy.

The receptor Notch1 plays an important role in malignant progression of many cancers, but its regulation is not fully understood. In this study, we report that the kinase HIPK2 is responsible for facilitating the Fbw7-dependent proteasomal degradation of Notch1 by phosphorylating its intracellular domain (Notch1-IC) within the Cdc4 phosphodegron motif. Notch1-IC expression was higher in cancer cells than normal cells. Under genotoxic stress, Notch1-IC was phosphorylated constitutively by HIPK2 and was maintained at a low level through proteasomal degradation. HIPK2 phosphorylated the residue T2512 in Notch1-IC. Somatic mutations near this residue rendered Notch1-IC resistant to degradation, as induced either by HIPK2 overexpression or adriamycin treatment. In revealing an important mechanism of Notch1 stability, the results of this study could offer a therapeutic strategy to block Notch1-dependent progression in many types of cancer. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4728–40. ©2016 AACR.

Liver cirrhosis is characterized by the extensive deposition of extracellular matrix such as fibril collagen, causing dysfunction and failure of the liver. Hepatic macrophages play pivotal roles in the transition from inflammatory to restorative properties upon hepatic injury. In particular, scar-associated macrophages (SAMacs) control liver fibrosis with the representative expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). However, the heterogenic SAMac population has not been well characterized yet. Here, we profiled heterogeneous liver macrophages using public databases of single-cell transcriptomics and found TIM4

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a diverse family of cell surface receptors implicated in various physiological functions, making them common targets for approved drugs. Many GPCRs are abnormally activated in cancers and have emerged as therapeutic targets for cancer. Neuropeptide FF receptor 2 (NPFFR2) is a GPCR that helps regulate pain and modulates the opioid system; however, its function remains unknown in cancers. Here, we found that NPFFR2 is significantly up-regulated in liver cancer and its expression is related to poor prognosis. Silencing of NPFFR2 reduced the malignancy of liver cancer cells by decreasing cell survival, invasion, and migration, while its overexpression increased invasion, migration, and anchorage-independent cell growth. Moreover, we found that the malignant function of NPFFR2 depends on RhoA and YAP signaling. Inhibition of Rho kinase activity completely restored the phenotypes induced by NPFFR2, and RhoA/F-Actin/YAP signaling was controlled by NPFFR2. These findings demonstrate that NPFFR2 may be a potential target for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify a relation between the level of silica exposure and the associated increase in the risk of radiologic usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern. METHODS We selected data of 796 individuals with pneumoconiosis who had undergone a chest computed tomography (CT). We estimated the silica exposure by comparing their occupational history with the data silica dust exposure. RESULTS Individuals employed as stonemasons demonstrated a 2.30-fold increase in the risk of developing UIP than coal mine workers (odds ratio [OR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 5.07). The high silica exposure group was associated with a 2.23-fold increase in the risk of developing UIP than the low silica exposure group (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.07 to 4.69). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that silica exposure is associated with an increased risk of developing UIP pattern, highlighting a dose-response relationship.

Enhancing adult neurogenesis in the brain has been suggested as a potential therapeutic for AD. We developed a screening platform ATRIVIEW® for molecules activating neuronal differentiation of adult mouse NSCs. Among FDA-approved drugs, the most potent hit was SNR1611 (trametinib), a selective MEK1/2 inhibitor. We found that trametinib increases the level of P15INK4b and Neurog2, suggesting a mechanism for how MEK1/2 inhibition induces neuronal differentiation. Oral administration of trametinib increased adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of the AD model mouse 5XFAD. Surprisingly, we also found that trametinib enhanced adult neurogenesis in the brain cortex. Consequently, trametinib rescued AD pathologies such as neuronal loss or cognitive impairment of 5XFAD mice. Finally, trametinib induced neurogenic differentiation of NSCs derived from AD patient iPSCs, which suggests its potential therapeutic application. Altogether, we suggest that restoration of endogenous adult neurogenesis by trametinib may be a promising therapeutic approach to AD.

Anti-inflammatory therapies have been shown to be effective in the prevention of various cardiovascular diseases, tumors, and cancer complications. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main active constituent of Nigella sativa, has shown promising therapeutic properties in many in vivo and in vitro models. However, TQ has poor bioavailability and is hydrophobic, prohibiting clinical trials with TQ alone. Studies have explored the combination of TQ with biological nanomaterials to improve its bioavailability. The TQ nanoparticle formulation shows better bioavailability than free TQ, and these formulations are ready for clinical trials to determine their potential as therapeutic agents. In this paper, we review current knowledge about the interaction between TQ and the inflammatory response and summarize the research prospects in Korea and abroad. We discuss the different biological activities of TQ and various combination therapies of TQ and nanomaterials in clinical trials.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES A dietary restriction on the intake of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) tract complications. Enteral nutrition (EN) is widely used for patients who cannot obtain their nutritional requirements orally, but many studies have reported EN complications, especially diarrhea, in up to 50% of patients. SUBJECTS/METHODS We performed a single-center, non-randomized, controlled trial to determine the effects of a low-FODMAP enteral formula on GI complications in patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Patients in the ICU who needed EN (n = 66) were alternately assigned to the low-FODMAP group (n = 33) or the high-FODMAP group (n = 33). RESULTS Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured, and stool assessment was performed using King's Stool Chart. We excluded patients who received laxatives, GI motility agents, proton pump inhibitors, antifungal agents, and antibiotics other than β-lactams. There were no differences in GI symptoms during 7 days of intervention, including bowel sound, abdominal distension, and vomiting between the 2 groups. However, diarrhea was more frequent in the high-FODMAP group (7/33 patients) than the low-FODMAP group (1/33 patients) (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a low-FODMAP enteral formula may be a practical therapeutic approach for patients who exhibit enteral formula complications. Our study warrants further randomized clinical trials and multicenter trials. Trial Registration Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0005660.

Despite the increase in the number of cases among South Korean sanitation workers, lung cancer as a result of exposure to occupational carcinogen has not been sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to identify exposure levels of sanitation workers to respirable crystalline silica (RCS) for various tasks and factors that affect individual RCS exposure. Exposure to RCS was assessed for 90 sanitation workers from seven companies. The obtained geometric mean value of the RCS was 2.6 µg m–3, which is a similar level to recommendations set by California’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment's Recommended Exposure Limit. Meanwhile, coal briquette ash (CBA) collectors exhibited the highest RCS concentration (24 µg m–3), followed by road cleaning workers who used a blower, municipal household waste collectors, sweepers, and drivers (p

The purpose of this study was to propose an effective exercise program for improving healthy physical fitness by examining how the combination of vacuum breathing exercise affects lung function and exogenous stress in general men who participate in general weight t raining. Subjects were 28 general men in their 20s to 30s who participated in general weight t raining, divided into 14 G.G (General Group) subjects who only performed general weight training and 14 V.G (Vacuum Group) subjects who performed vacuum breathing exercises for 8 weeks. The research results are as follows. In lung function, there was no significant change in G.G, and there was a significant increase in V.G. In exogenous stress, G.G increased significantly, and V.G decreased significantly. The lung function of the two groups had a significant effect between the time*groups. Exogenous stress also had a significant effect between Time*Groups. Therefore, if only weight training was performed, lung function development was difficult and exogenous stress increased, but vacuum breathing exercise was effective in developing lung function and reducing exogenous stress. It is believed that the efficiency of aerobic metabolism increases with the development of lung function and acts as a factor to reduce exogenous stress applied to the body during exercise.

This study is the concept of home training for modern people who cannot exercise properly in the recent Corona 19 era. Unlike conventional BOSU balls, the handy mini BOSU Pods is easy to carry and can enjoy a variety of fun exercises by connecting nearby objects and maintenance pods regardless of any place indoors or outdoors. The purpose of this study was to see how it affects balance, vascular health, and risk factors for metabolic disease. Exercise consisted of 50 minutes per day 3 times a week for a total of 8 weeks. As a result, through the Bosu Pods exercise, unipedal standing (right) and (left) in the sense of balance increased in the exercise group, showing a significant difference in the measurement period, and there was an interaction effect between the measurement period and the groups. Closed eyes stand (right) and (left) also increased in the exercise group, showing a significant difference in the measurement period and group, and it was found that there was an interaction effect. Vascular health did not show any difference between the timing and the group, but it was found to have an interactive effect. Metabolic disease risk factors decreased in body weight and body fat percentage, showing a significant difference, and it was found that there was an interaction effect only in body fat percentage, and only waist circumference, fasting blood sugar, and TG decreased at the time of measurement, showing a significant difference. There were no statistically significant changes in vascular health, systolic, diastolic blood pressure, and HDL-C. Taken together from the above results, BOSU Pods exercise is thought to be an exercise that can improve balance and improve vascular health and risk factors for metabolic diseases for obese women. Therefore, I think that if these exercises are programmed for a longer period of time, positive effects will appear physically and mentally in the era of Corona 19.

본 연구는 실제 현장인 건물외부에 광촉매 코팅제, 광촉매 페인트, 광촉매 숏크리트를 적용함으로써 미세먼지의 원인물질인 NOx의 저감효과를 정량적으로 분석하였다. NOx 저감을 확인하기 위해 실험실 환경에서 ISO 22197-1에 의거하여 예비시험을 실시한 후, 실제 건물을 대상으로 현장실험을 측정 및 분석하였다. 예비시험을 통해 NO 저감량은 광촉매 코팅재 7.29 μmol/150 ㎠, 광촉매 페인트 5.76 μmol/150 ㎠, 숏크리트 11.28 μmol/150 ㎠로 나타났으며 이는 일본광촉매협회에서 정한 평가 기준인 1.5 μmol/150 ㎠ 이상인 것을 참고할 때 광촉매 외장재료 3개의 제품 모두 NO 제거성능이 기준치 이상임을 확인하였다. 실험실 측정과 현장실험의 실험 조건을 최대한 동일하게 설정하기 위해 UV 광량과 해당 광량에 대한 NO 주입량이라는 변수를 분석하였고, 현장 실험을 위한 광촉매 반응기를 자체 제작하였다. 현장의 UV 광량을 측정하고 이를 고려한 NO 주입량을 3 ppm으로 결정하였다. 현장 실험 결과, NO 제거량은 광촉매 코팅을 적용한 A건물은 11.06 μmol/150 ㎠, 광촉매 페인트를 도포한 B건물은 맑은 날에 10.03 μmol/150 ㎠, 흐린 날은 4.87 μmol/150 ㎠로 나타났다. 광촉매 숏크리트를 설치한 C건물에는 맑은 날에 6.78 μmol/150 ㎠, 흐린 날에 2.62 μmol/150 ㎠로 나타났다. 3개의 건물 모두 맑은 날 측정한 NO 제거량이 2배 이상 높게 나타났다. 실험실에서 측정한 예비시험의 NO 제거 성능에 비해 현장에서 측정한 NO 제거 성능이 높았고, A, B건물이 C건물에 비해 NO 제거 성능이 높게 나타났다. 이는 예비시험을 실시한 실험시 조건보다 UV 광량이 다소 높은 것에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 광촉매 기술을 활용한 외장재를 실제 건물의 적용 시 주변건물과 환경조건을 고려하여 일조에 유리하게 외장재를 적용하여야 NO 저감을 극대화할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 실험실 조건에서 실시했던 ISO-22197-1 NO 제거 성능시험방법을 착안하여 실제 자연광 상태의 대기조건 하에서 건물에 적용해봄으로써, 실험실과 자연상태의 NO 제거성능을 비교하고 정량적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 향후 다양한 환경 조건의 실제 건물들에 적용하여 실험 결과의 객관성을 확보할 수 있는 연구를 수행할 계획이다.

Since various forms of supplemental data (SD) have been introduced in academic publications, it has become necessary to establish guidelines to systematically process, indicate, and distribute such data. This material aims to help the science journals establish rational SD policies and guidelines and to ensure compliance with such policies and to manage them consistently. Generally, SD can be approached in a literal way by categorizing ‘appendices’ as ‘additional or separately added complementary materials’ and ‘supplements’ as ‘materials supplemental to the research in a comprehensive sense,’ rather than by viewing SD as an independent component of an article. The recommended practices of the National Information Standards Organization of USA advise the classification of SD into either ‘integral content’ or ‘additional content’ according to the content’s functional relationship to the associated article. If a public depository is used for SD, the author can ensure the perpetuity of data accessibility by assigning a digital object identifier. Science journals should adopt appropriate SD policies and describe them in detail in the instructions for authors to ensure consistent compliance with those policies. Additionally, they should be able to inspect and maintain links, repositories, and metadata associated with the SD for specific articles on an ongoing basis.

In this study, we performed serial monitoring using targeted DNA sequencing to identify genetic alterations in adults with Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-ALL). Deep sequencing was performed by targeting the coding regions of 45 genes with recurrent driver mutations and 1129 single nucleotide polymorphism sites. Of the 43 patients that we examined, at least one case of genetic alterations was detected in 38 (88%) of the 43 patients at diagnosis (somatic mutations in 10 patients [23%] and copy number aberrations [CNA] in 36 patients [84%]). The most frequently detected CNA lesions were in

3-Caffeoyl-4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (CDCQ) is a natural chlorogenic acid isolated from Salicornia herbacea that protects against oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer. Nitric oxide (NO) plays a physiologically beneficial role in the cardiovascular system, including vasodilation, protection of endothelial cell function, and anti-inflammation. However, the effect of CDCQ on NO production and eNOS phosphorylation in endothelial cells is unclear. We investigated the effect of CDCQ on eNOS phosphorylation and NO production in human endothelial cells, and the underlying signaling pathway. CDCQ significantly increased NO production and the phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177. Additionally, CDCQ induced phosphorylation of PKA, CaMKII, CaMKKβ, and AMPK. Interestingly, CDCQ increased the intracellular Ca(2+) level, and L-type Ca(2+) channel (LTCC) blockade significantly attenuated CDCQ-induced eNOS activity and NO production by inhibiting PKA, CaMKII, CaMKKβ, and AMPK phosphorylation. These results suggest that CDCQ increased eNOS phosphorylation and NO production by Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation of PKA, CaMKII, CaMKKβ, and AMPK. Our findings provide evidence that CDCQ plays a pivotal role in the activity of eNOS and NO production, which is involved in the protection of endothelial dysfunction.

Crizotinib is a clinically approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring EML4-ALK fusion. Crizotinib was originally developed as an inhibitor of MET (HGF receptor), which is involved in the metastatic cascade. However, little is known about whether crizotinib inhibits tumor metastasis in NSCLC cells. In this study, we found that crizotinib suppressed TGFβ signaling by blocking Smad phosphorylation in an ALK/MET/RON/ROS1-independent manner in NSCLC cells. Molecular docking and in vitro enzyme activity assays showed that crizotinib directly inhibited the kinase activity of TGFβ receptor I through a competitive inhibition mode. Cell tracking, scratch wound, and transwell migration assays showed that crizotinib simultaneously inhibited TGFβ- and HGF-mediated NSCLC cell migration and invasion. In addition, in vivo bioluminescence imaging analysis showed that crizotinib suppressed the metastatic capacity of NSCLC cells. Our results demonstrate that crizotinib attenuates cancer metastasis by inhibiting TGFβ signaling in NSCLC cells. Therefore, our findings will help to advance our understanding of the anticancer action of crizotinib and provide insight into future clinical investigations.

Secondary-type mutations (STMs), namely SRSF2, SF3B1, U2AF1, ZRSR2, ASXL1, EZH2, BCOR, and STAG2, are more frequently detected in secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) than in de novo AML. Whether de novo AML with STMs should be differently managed is, however, unclear. In 394 patients diagnosed with de novo AML who had a normal karyotype, the genetic profiling via targeted deep sequencing of 45 genes revealed 59 patients carrying STMs (STM

Flavonoids have been shown to have anti-oxidative effects, as well as other health benefits (e.g., anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor functions). Luteolin (3′, 4′, 5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid found in vegetables, fruits, flowers, and herbs, including celery, broccoli, green pepper, navel oranges, dandelion, peppermint, and rosemary. Luteolin has multiple useful effects, especially in regulating inflammation-related symptoms and diseases. In this paper, we summarize the studies about the immunopharmacological activity of luteolin on anti-inflammatory, anti-cardiovascular, anti-cancerous, and anti-neurodegenerative diseases published since 2018 and available in PubMed or Google Scholar. In this review, we also introduce some additional formulations of luteolin to improve its solubility and bioavailability.

The skin is the main barrier between the body and the environment, protecting it from external oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet rays. It also prevents the entrance of infectious agents such as viruses, external antigens, allergens, and bacteria into our bodies. An overreaction to these agents causes severe skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, pruritus, psoriasis, skin cancer, and vitiligo. Members of the flavonoid family include apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol. Of these, apigenin has been used as a dietary supplement due to its various biological activities and has been shown to reduce skin inflammation by downregulating various inflammatory markers and molecular targets. In this review, we deal with current knowledge about inflammatory reactions in the skin and the molecular mechanisms by which apigenin reduces skin inflammation.

Since chronic inflammation can be seen in severe, long-lasting diseases such as cancer, there is a high demand for effective methods to modulate inflammatory responses. Among many therapeutic candidates, lignans, absorbed from various plant sources, represent a type of phytoestrogen classified into secoisolariciresionol (Seco), pinoresinol (Pino), matairesinol (Mat), medioresinol (Med), sesamin (Ses), syringaresinol (Syr), and lariciresinol (Lari). Lignans consumed by humans can be further modified into END or ENL by the activities of gut microbiota. Lignans are known to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, together with activity in estrogen receptor-dependent pathways. Lignans may have therapeutic potential for postmenopausal symptoms, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and psychological disorders. Moreover, the antitumor efficacy of lignans has been demonstrated in various cancer cell lines, including hormone-dependent breast cancer and prostate cancer, as well as colorectal cancer. Interestingly, the molecular mechanisms of lignans in these diseases involve the inhibition of inflammatory signals, including the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway. Therefore, we summarize the recent in vitro and in vivo studies evaluating the biological effects of various lignans, focusing on their values as effective anti-inflammatory agents.

Background: Melosira nummuloides is a microalga belonging to the Melosiracease diatom. The ability of the diatoms to mass-produce essential fatty acids and carotenoid pigments was reported, which has driven research and their industrial application. Melosira nummuloides mass-cultivated with Jeju Lava sea water contains fucoxanthin, which has excellent biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity activities. The effect of M. nummuloides ethanolic extract (MEE) on the reduction of fat accumulation was evaluated.Methods: C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were treated over 8 weeks with Melosira ethanolic extract. Cholesterol in serum and triglyceride in liver after the 8-week were evaluated. The expression of SREBP-1c, FAS, PPAR-γ, SCD-1 and p-AMPK were measured by western blotting respectively.Results: The MEE-treated C57BL/6J showed significant body weight and visceral fat loss compared to HFD group. Cholesterol in serum and triglyceride levels in liver showed a significant decrease in MEE groups. Levels of SREBP-1c, FAS, PPAR-γ and SCD-1 were low in mice fed an HFD+MEE.Conclusion: These results show MEE reduces blood lipid levels by regulating the expression of factors related to lipid synthesis and adipocyte differentiation in adipose tissue and inhibiting new lipid synthesis in the liver. M. nummuloides ethanolic extract confirmed its suitability as an anti-obesity agent.Keywords: Melosira nummuloides; C57BL/6J mice; obesity: weight loss; fatty acid synthesis

The immune system is one of the most important parts of the human body and immunomodulation is the major function of the immune system. In response to outside pathogens or high inflammation, the immune system is stimulated or suppressed. Thus, identifying effective and potent immunostimulants or immunosuppressants is critical. Ginsenosides are a type of steroid saponin derived from ginseng. Most are harmless to the body and even have tonic effects. In this review, we mainly focus on the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive roles of two types ginsenosides: the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type. PPT-type ginsenosides include Rg1, Rg2, Rh4, Re and notoginsenoside R1, and PPD-type ginsenosides include Rg3, Rh2, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, compound K (CK) and PPD, which activate the immune responses. In addition, Rg1 and Rg6 belong to PPT-type ginsenosides and together with Rg3, Rb1, Rd, CK show immunosuppressive properties. Current explorations of ginsenosides in immunological areas are in the preliminary stages. Therefore, this review may provide some novel ideas to researchers who study the immunoregulatory roles of ginsenosides.

This study is a secondary data analysis to identify factors affecting coronary artery disease in Korean adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data were analyzed 5573 subjects from the 1st and 2nd year (2016 ~ 2017) National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, except for no response or missing. According to the analysis method of complex sampling design method, SPSS / WIN 21.0 program was used to analyze complex sample descriptive statistics, Rao-Scott X² test, and complex sample logistic regression. In demographic factors, gender, age, and health-related factors include body mass index, depression, dyslipidemia, biochemical factors, total cholesterol, and lifestyle-related smoking were associated with coronary artery disease. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the importance of preventing coronary artery disease and to develop and apply a program for effective health care.

본 연구는 미세먼지의 2차 오염물질 저감을 위한 TiO2를 혼합한 광촉매 페인트와 UV 램프에 따른 NOx 농도 변화를 Mock-up 실험을 통해 실시한 것으로 그 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 산화티탄(TiO2)을 활용한 광촉매는 자외선과의 광반응을 통하여 2차 오염물질 발생을 감소시킬 수 있는 대표적인 물질로 알려져 있다. 그러나, 실내인 경우 자외선 도입이 어렵고 광원도 약하여 지금까지 사용이 쉽지 않은 형편이었다. 최근 기술의 발달로 대표적인 건축 자재 중 페인트에 광촉매를 혼합한 재료가 NOx 농도를 감소한다고 하는데 아직까지 검증되지 않은 상황이다. 둘째 본 연구에서 Mock up 실험을 통하여 광촉매 페인트가 도포된 밀폐된 실내에서 UV 램프 ON/OFF에 따른 NOx 농도 변화를 확인한 결과 UV램프 ON 상태가 OFF 상태에 비해 약 11.87%(3회 평균 값) 정도 NOx 농도가 감소되는 것을 확인하였다. 셋째, 광촉매 페인트가 도포된 벽면에 UV 램프 광량크기를 2배, 4배, 6배로 증가하면서 질소산화물(NOx) 농도변화를 측정한 결과 광량의 증가에 따라 NOx 농도 저감이 비례하진 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, UV 램프의 광량이 약 0.25 mW/cm2보다 2배인 0.5 mW/cm2에서 가장 높은 절감율(3회 평균 18.6%)을 나타내고 있었다. 또한, 마찬가지로 광촉매 페인트에서 UV 램프가동시(ON)에 램프비가동시(OFF) 보다 질소산화물(NOx) 농도는 15.44%~18.60% 저감되고 있음을 확인하였다. 추후 광촉매페인트의 면적과 UV 램프 광량의 크기에 따른 질소산화물(NOx) 농도 변화에 대한 세부 후속연구가 더 필요한 것으로 사료된다.